The role of foreign body response in peri-implantitis: What is the evidence?

Historically, there has been broad consensus that osseointegration represents a homeostasis between a titanium dental implant and the surrounding bone, and that the crestal bone loss characteristic of peri-implantitis is a plaque-induced inflammatory process. However, this notion has been challenged over the past decade by proponents of a theory that considers osseointegration an inflammatory process characterized by a foreign body reaction and peri-implant bone loss as an exacerbation of this inflammatory response. A key difference in these two schools of thought is the perception of the relative importance of dental plaque in the pathogenesis of crestal bone loss around implants, with obvious implications for treatment. This review investigates the evidence for a persistent foreign body reaction at osseointegrated dental implants and its possible role in crestal bone loss characteristic of peri-implantitis. Further, the role of implant-related material release within the surrounding tissue, particularly titanium particles and corrosion by-products, in the establishment and progression in peri-implantitis is explored. While it is acknowledged that these issues require further investigation, the available evidence suggests that osseointegration is a state of homeostasis between the titanium implant and surrounding tissues, with little evidence that a persistent foreign body reaction is responsible for peri-implant bone loss after osseointegration is established. Further, there is a lack of evidence for a unidirectional causative role of corrosion by-products and titanium particles as possible non-plaque related factors in the etiology of peri-implantitis.

Unusual lymphadenopathy diagnosed by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration.

Oxidized cellulose, used as hemostatic in thoracic surgery, may cause in some cases foreign body reactions, and simulate other diseases. We report the case of a 39-year-old man operated on a middle lobe lobectomy for atypical carcinoid. The follow up chest-CT showed enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes, so endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration was performed suspecting recurrence of the tumor. The cytology results showed amorphous fragments such as foreign body reaction secondary to Pahacel®, used as hemostatic during the surgery. A few days later, the patient was re-operated on suspicion of mediastinitis induced by the endoscopic procedure. The aim of this case is to consider the foreign body reaction to Pahacel®, in patients with postoperative thoracic lymphadenopathy. It is also important to remember that in these patients the endoscopic procedures allow the diagnosis but may cause mediastinitis.

Absceso periostomal secundario a perforación intestinal por cuerpo extraño: presentación de un caso / Periostomal abscess secondary to bowel perforation due to foreign body ingestion: a case report

Resumen Objetivo: Reportar un caso de absceso periostomal, su diagnóstico clínico e imagenológico y manejo. Materiales y Método: Paciente de 77 años usuaria de colostomía con dolor abdominal asociado a aumento de volumen y enrojecimiento de la piel alrededor de la colostomía. Una tomografía computada de abdomen muestra un cuerpo extraño perforante de la pared colónica ostomizada, asociado a formación de un absceso. Resultados: Se practica una incisión de la colección, dando salida a gran cantidad de pus y cuerpo extraño correspondiente a tibia de ave. Se inicia cobertura antibiótica y se instala drenaje Penrose. Controles posteriores muestran regresión del absceso y drenaje sin débito. Discusión: 80%-90% de los cuerpos extraños ingeridos son eliminados sin complicación y < 1% producen perforación. Esto es más común en segmentos intestinales angulados o intervenidos quirúrgicamente. La clínica es inespecífica y el diagnóstico requiere una imagen que identifique signos sugerentes. Conclusión: Un absceso periostomal y la perforación intestinal por cuerpo extraño son cuadros infrecuentes. La alta sospecha diagnóstica y una evaluación imagenológica pueden dar una respuesta precisa. Además del manejo quirúrgico, debe asociarse cobertura antibiótica para enteropatógenos y generalmente un sistema de drenaje.

Aim: To report a case of periostomal abscess, its clinical and imaging diagnosis and management. Materials and Method: 77-year-old patient, user of a colostomy with abdominal pain associated to swelling and redness of the skin next to the colostomy. A computed tomography of the abdomen showed a foreign body perforating the ostomized bowel associated to the formation of an abscess. Results: An incision of the gathering was performed, giving out a great quantity of pus and the foreign body, which corresponded to a bird's tibia. Antibiotic therapy was given, and a Penrose drainage installed. Further controls showed regression of the abscess and no flux from drainage. Discussion: 80%-90% of ingested foreign bodies are eliminated without complications and < 1% produce perforation. This is more common in angled intestinal segments or surgically intervened ones. Clinical features are unspecific, and diagnosis requires suggesting imaging signs. Conclusion: Periostomal abscesses and bowel perforation due to foreign body are infrequent. High diagnostic suspicion and an imaging evaluation may give a precise answer. Besides surgical management, antibiotic coverage for enteropathogens must be associated and a drainage system too in most cases.

Clinical Features, Histopathology and Differential Diagnosis of Sarcoidosis.

Sarcoidosis is a chameleon disease of unknown etiology, characterized by the growth of non-necrotizing and non-caseating granulomas and manifesting with clinical pictures that vary on the basis of the organs that are mainly affected. Lungs and intrathoracic lymph nodes are the sites that are most often involved, but virtually no organ is spared from this disease. Histopathology is distinctive but not pathognomonic, since the findings can be found also in other granulomatous disorders. The knowledge of these findings is important because it could be helpful to differentiate sarcoidosis from the other granulomatous-related diseases. This review aims at illustrating the main clinical and histopathological findings that could help clinicians in their routine clinical practice.

Rhinoliths: Analysis of 24 Interesting Forgotten Foreign Body Cases.

Rhinoliths are petrified masses formed by accumulation of endogenous or exogenous salts around a nidus. Although rarely formed by the body, the most common cause is foreign bodies forgotten in the nose at childhood. Rhinoliths are rare and have been reported as a single case report in the literature. In this study, 24 different and different cases will be analyzed. Twenty-four interesting patients who were operated for rhinolith in the otorhinolaryngology clinic between 2014 and 2019 and were not seen in the literature before were analyzed retrospectively. The characteristics of these patients such as age, sex, additional pathology, foreign body coexistence, type of anesthesia used, and previous surgical status were analyzed. Fourteen patients were male and 10 were female (58.3% male, 41.7% female). The mean age was 30.4 (minimum 2, maximum 62). Twelve of the foreign bodies were on the right and 12 on the left (50%). Foreign body localization was 13 (54.1%) between the inferior turbinate (IT) and septum and 11 (45.9%) between the middle turbinate and septum. Tissue destruction was seen in 12 (50%; 7 septum, 5 IT) patients. Fifteen patients had additional pathology (mostly septum deviation). General anesthesia was used in 14 patients and local anesthesia was used in 10 (58.3%-41.7%) patients. Two patients (n = 2) had rhinoliths due to forgotten nasal packing after surgery and forgotten silicone nasolacrimal tube after dacryocystorhinostomy surgery. Rhinoliths should be considered with unilateral malodorous runny nose and resistant sinusitis attacks. The diagnosis is rigid endoscope and computed tomography imaging. It usually occurs as a result of forgotten foreign bodies. Rhinoliths may also form as a result of forgotten tampon after previous nose or eye surgery.

Management of button batteries in the upper gastrointestinal tract of children: A case-series study.

Button batteries are the second most frequently-ingested foreign bodies and can lead to serious clinical complications within hours of ingestion. The purpose of this study was to analyze the outcomes of 14 children with button batteries lodged in the upper gastrointestinal tract.Totally 14 children with button batteries lodged in the upper gastrointestinal tract were included. The diagnosis was made primarily by the history of button battery ingestion, physical examination and chest-abdomen X-ray examination.The button batteries lodged in the esophagus were removed by esophagoscope, and those in the gastrointestinal tract were under observation. Among 10 children with batteries in the first esophageal stenosis, 9 were cured and 1 suffered from tracheoesophageal fistula. One case of battery in the second esophageal stenosis was dead due to intercurrent aortoesophageal fistula. Two cases of batteries in the third esophageal stenosis were cured after removal, and 1 case of the battery in the gastrointestinal tract discharged spontaneously.Ingested button batteries are mainly lodged in the esophageal stenoses and are easy to cause esophageal injury and severe complications. Early detection, prompt treatment, strengthening observation and regular follow-up after discharge may help to decrease the incidence of complications and improve the outcomes.

Chronic neck sinus secondary to retained polyglactin 910 suture following sub-total thyroidectomy: a case study.

OBJECTIVE: Reaction to sutures is a rare cause of non-healing in clean wounds. Cases of severe reaction to silk sutures have been reported, causing chronic infection and failure of thyroidectomy wound healing. We report a case of retained polyglactin 910 suture presenting with a chronically discharging sinus of the neck after sub-total thyroidectomy. CASE: The patient, a 37-year old female, presented with a simple benign multinodular goitre. She had subtotal thyroidectomy and was discharged on day six postoperatively, after satisfactory primary wound healing. The patient observed swelling, pus/discharge and extrusion of the suture in the neck three weeks after surgery. Discharge did not stop after initial wound debridement under local anaesthesia. Computed tomography (CT) scan showed a small area of ring-enhancement soft tissue density, anterior to the right thyroid remnant. Subsequent wound exploration under general anaesthesia revealed a sinus tract extending to the thyroid bed with undegraded strands of thickened polyglactin 910 suture. Suture remnants were removed and the wound healed satisfactorily a week later. CONCLUSION: Non-healing post thyroidectomy wounds should raise suspicion of a retained suture. Early recognition and surgical intervention will shorten the period of morbidity.

Pilas de botón impactadas en esófago: una emergencia quirúrgica potencialmente fatal en la infancia / Impaction of button batteries in the esophagus: a potentially fatal surgical emergency in infancy

Con la reciente popularización de las pilas de botón, ha aumentado la incidencia de casos de niños que las ingieren. A diferencia de otros cuerpos extraños, es más probable que las pilas de botón desarrollen complicaciones graves debido a la posibilidad de lesionar precozmente los tejidos con los que contactan. Se presenta el caso de un niño de 22 meses de edad que ingirió una pila de botón que quedó impactada en esófago cervical. Su retirada por vía endoscópica fue imposible, precisando esofagotomía abierta para su extracción. En el postoperatorio presentó una fístula esófago-cutánea que cerró espontáneamente, y una estenosis esofágica que se resolvió mediante dilataciones endoscópicas con balón. Analizamos las recomendaciones descritas en la literatura reciente contrastándolas con nuestro protocolo de actuación ante ingesta de cuerpos extraños, y se proponen medidas a la industria electrónica para reducir el riesgo de ingestión de pilas de botón en niños pequeños

With the recent popularization of button batteries, the incidence of cases of children who ingest them has risen. Unlike other foreign bodies, button batteries are more likely to develop severe complications due to the possibility of early injury to the tissues in direct contact with them. We present the case of a 22-month-old boy who ingested a button battery which subsequently became lodged in the cervical esophagus. The endoscopic attempt to remove the battery failed, requiring an open esophagotomy for its extraction. In the postoperative period, he presented an esophagocutaneous fistula that closed spontaneously, and an esophageal stricture that was treated successfully with endoscopic balloon dilations. We reviewed the literature analyzing the recommendations recently outlined and contrasted them with our own protocol for management of ingested foreign bodies. In addition, measures aimed at reducing the risk of button battery ingestion in small children are proposed to the electronics manufacturing industry

A data-driven polynomial approach to reproduce the scar tissue outgrowth around neural implants.

Despite the huge complexity of the foreign body reaction, a quantitative assessment over time of the scar tissue thickness around implanted materials is needed to figure out the evolution of neural implants for long times. A data-driven approach, based on phenomenological polynomial functions, is able to reproduce experimental data. Nevertheless, a misuse of this strategy may lead to unsatisfactory results, even if standard indexes are optimized. In this work, an effective in silico procedure was presented to reproduce the scar tissue dynamics around implanted synthetic devices and to predict the capsule thickness for times before and after experimental detections.

Case report: inflammatory pseudotumor in the lung parenchyma caused by a medical suture originating from a cardiac surgery 35 years ago.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of the iatrogenic foreign body retained after surgery is extremely low. Iatrogenic foreign body retained is surrounded by normal tissue, which responds to foreign matter to form inflammatory pseudotumors. Surgical sponge or swap is the most common type of foreign body. There were no reports of medical sutures remaining as foreign bodies in the lung parenchyma to form inflammatory pseudotumors. CASE PRESENTATION: A CT scan of a 50-year-old female showed an irregular soft tissue mass in the left upper lobe with rough edge and spiculation. After 20 months, the size increased from 2.8 × 1.9 cm to 3.2 × 2.2 cm. The patient underwent a ventricular septal repair surgery for congenital Fallot tetralogy 35 years ago and a left breast surgery for breast cancer. She had a family history of lung cancer. Evaluation of this mass highly suggested a lung malignant lesion. The patient underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy and her pathology revealed an intrapulmonary inflammatory pseudotumor caused by a medical prolene suture. Based on her medical history and other reports of iatrogenic foreign bodies, we believe that this suture retained from the heart surgery 35 years ago entered the pulmonary artery, moved to the distal branch, and eventually formed an inflammatory pseudotumor in the lung parenchyma. Here we reported and analyze this rare case. CONCLUSION: We reported a rare case of inflammatory pseudotumor in the lung parenchyma caused by a medical suture, and determined it was a prolene suture retained in the body during a cardiac surgery 35 years ago. Diagnosis of this rare disease required sufficient imaging experience. Besides, appropriate surgical exploration can help with the diagnosis and treatment.

Vulvovaginitis recurrente por cuerpo extraño oculto / Occult foreign body: A rare cause of recurrent vulvovaginitis

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Aspiración de cuerpo extraño en paciente adulto durante un procedimiento dental. A propósito de un caso / Foreign-matter aspiration in an adult patient during a dental procedure. A case report

La aspiración de cuerpos extraños en las vías aéreas puede ser potencialmente mortal. Estos fenómenos ocurren sobre todo en niños, siendo la primera causa de muerte accidental en menores de un año. No obstante, que esto ocurra en pacientes adultos es menos frecuente. La clínica suele ser muy variable, pudiendo persistir la sensación de ahogo y disnea tras la aspiración del cuerpo extraño o bien una vez concluida la aspiración, encontrarse asintomático. Una buena anamnesis es primordial para orientar el diagnóstico y desobstruir la vía aérea lo más pronto posible. El tratamiento de elección en pacientes adultos es el broncoscopio flexible, también llamado fibrobroncoscopio. A continuación, describimos un caso de un paciente de 44 años que acude a Urgencias por presentar accidentalmente una aspiración de un destornillador dental. Aunque se encontraba asintomático al momento de la valoración, las características de dicho cuerpo extraño (tamaño, punzante, localización, etc.) hicieron necesaria una derivación a un centro de referencia y una broncoscopia de urgencia

The aspiration of foreign matter into the airways can be potentially fatal. This phenomenon occurs primarily in children, constituting the leading cause of death in children under one year old. However, its occurrence in adult patients is less frequent. Symptoms tend to vary greatly, from a persistent feeling of choking or dyspnea after the aspiration of the foreign matter to being asymptomatic after the aspiration. A thorough medical history is key to guide the diagnosis and clear the airway as soon as possible. The treatment of choice in adult patients is flexible bronchoscopy, also known as fibrobronchoscopy. Below, we will describe the case of a 44-year-old patient who went to the emergency room after accidentally aspirating a dental screwdriver. Although he was asymptomatic at the time of the examination, the characteristics of the foreign matter (size, sharpness, location, etc.) made referral to a reference center and an emergency bronchoscopy necessary

Cuerpo extraño en vía aérea inferior de dos años de evolución: reporte de caso / Foreign body in lower airway of two years of evolution: case repor

La aspiración de un cuerpo extraño es un acontecimiento fatal que puede conducir a la muerte, definido como el ingreso de manera accidental de un objeto, orgánico o inorgánico, a la vía aérea, alojándose ya sea en la laringe, tráquea o bronquios. Este evento es común en la población pediátrica especialmente entre niños de 18 meses a 3 años. El sitio de alojamiento más común es en el bronquio derecho. El diagnóstico tardío de cuerpo extraño en bronquio está relacionado a neumonías recurrentes, bronquiectasias y atelectasias. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 12 años de edad con antecedentes de sospecha de aspiración de cuerpo extraño en vía aérea desde hace 2 años. Presentando en ese intervalo de tiempo tos productiva de color verde amarillento y persistente, halitosis, neumonías a repetición, y con hipocratismo digital simétrico. Con ayuda de Imágenes por tomografía axial computarizada y broncoscopia virtual se evidencia el cuerpo extraño alojado en bronquio principal izquierdo, revelando el pulmón izquierdo colapsado, hepatizado, con bronquiectasias inferiores, desplazamiento de corazón hacia la izquierda y pulmón derecho sobre distendido. * Médico residente de Tercer año pediatría, UNHA-VS...(AU)

Hemoptisis como manifestación de la ectopia torácica de cálculos biliares / Hemoptysis as a Manifestation of Gallstone Ectopia in the Lungs

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The unexpected finding: A fish bone mimicking a gastric tumour lesion / El hallazgo inesperado: una espina de pescado simulando una lesión tumoral gástrica

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Spontaneous Resolution of Cholesteatoma in a Patient on Long-Term Infliximab.

OBJECTIVE:: To describe an observed case of spontaneous regression of cholesteatoma in a patient on chronic anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) therapy and inspire further research into the role of TNF-a in cholesteatoma. METHODS:: Clinical assessment of disease in a single-patient case report. RESULTS:: A 49-year-old woman suffered a severe case of Stevens-Johnson syndrome when she was 12 years old, leaving her with bilateral corneal opacification and tympanic membrane perforations with extensive cholesteatoma. For her corneal opacification, a corneal prosthesis was placed, which was complicated by a foreign body reaction necessitating long-term therapy with infliximab, a monoclonal antibody against TNF-a that is therapeutic in some chronic inflammatory diseases. She was otherwise healthy and took no other medications. While on infliximab, the patient had spontaneous and complete resolution of her cholesteatoma without any surgical intervention. CONCLUSIONS:: This surprising case suggests that there may be a prominent role of TNF-a in cholesteatoma pathophysiology and that TNF-a may be an effective target for nonsurgical therapy.

Sinovitis vellonodular pigmentada en rodilla y asociación a material extraño / Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee related to foreing material

Objetivos: Se pretende ver la asociación entre SVNP y la exposición a material extraño. Material y método: Analizamos retrospectivamente 201 pacientes sometidos a cirugía abierta durante 2016, dividiendo dicha muestra en 2 grupos, los pacientes con algún implante previo (PTR u osteosíntesis), y los que no habían tenido ningún material, las muestras de tejido sospechoso de proliferación fueron enviadas al anatomopatólogo, analizando los resultados con test Chi². Resultados: Se obtienen 7 casos de SVNP, de los cuales 6 de ellos habían estado en contacto con material extraño, tras analizar la asociación estadística, se obtiene una significación suficiente para aceptar que pueda haber relación entre la exposición a material y SVNP. Conclusión: La SVNP es una enfermedad rara, de etiología incierta, varías hipótesis intenta explicar el origen: alteraciones citogenéticas o cromosómicas, enfermedades que cursen con hemorragias articulares, traumatismos de repetición hiperplasia inflamatoria del tejido sinovial. Comunicaciones recientes han relacionado la etiología de la SVNP con una reacción del tejido sinovial a cuerpo extraño en cadera y rodilla, y con el presente trabajo se recalca la asociación entre material extraño y la aparición de esta rara entidad

Objectives: It is intended to approach the association between PVNS and exposure to foreign material. Material and method: We retrospectively analyzed 201 patients undergoing open surgery during 2016, dividing the sample into 2 groups, those with a previous implant (TKA or osteosynesis), and those who had not had any material, samples of tissue suspected of proliferation were sent to the anatomopathologist, analyzing the results using Chi² test Results: 7 cases of PVNS were obtained, of which 6 had been in contact with foreign material, after analyzing the statistical association, a sufficient significance was obtained to accept that there may be a relationship between the exposure to material and PVNS. Conclusion: PVNS is a rare disease of uncertain etiology, several hypotheses try to explain the origin: cytogenetic or chromosomal alterations, diseases that occur with joint hemorrhages, recurrent trauma, inflammatory hyperplasia of synovial tissue. Recent reports have linked the etiology of PVNS with a reaction of foreign body synovial tissue in the hip and knee, and the present work emphasizes the association between foreign material and the appearance of this rare entity

Reacción paradójica tras administración de midazolam intranasal / Paradoxical reaction after intranasal midazolam administration

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