RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of the hormone actions and receptors expressed in the female pelvic floor muscles, relevant for understanding the pelvic floor disorders. METHODS: We performed a literature review focused on the expression of hormone receptors mainly in the pelvic floor muscles of women and female rats and rabbits. RESULTS: The impairment of the pelvic floor muscles can lead to the onset of pelvic floor dysfunctions, including stress urinary incontinence in women. Hormone milieu is associated with the structure and function alterations of pelvic floor muscles, a notion supported by the fact that these muscles express different hormone receptors. Nuclear receptors, such as steroid receptors, are up till now the most investigated. The present review accounts for the limited studies conducted to elucidate the expression of hormone receptors in pelvic floor muscles in females. CONCLUSION: Hormone receptor expression is the cornerstone in some hormone-based therapies, which require further detailed studies on the distribution of receptors in particular pelvic floor muscles, as well as their association with muscle effectors, involved in the alterations relevant for understanding pelvic floor disorders.
Asunto(s)
Hormonas Esteroides Gonadales/biosíntesis , Células Neuroendocrinas/metabolismo , Diafragma Pélvico/fisiología , Receptores de Péptidos/biosíntesis , Animales , Femenino , Expresión Génica , Hormonas Esteroides Gonadales/genética , Humanos , Células Neuroendocrinas/patología , Diafragma Pélvico/patología , Receptores de Péptidos/genética , Incontinencia Urinaria de Esfuerzo/genética , Incontinencia Urinaria de Esfuerzo/metabolismo , Incontinencia Urinaria de Esfuerzo/patologíaRESUMEN
Neurodevelopmental disorders are prevalent, frequently occur in comorbidity and share substantial genetic correlation. Previous evidence has suggested a role for the ADGRL3 gene in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) susceptibility in several samples. Considering ADGRL3 functionality in central nervous system development and its previous association with neurodevelopmental disorders, we aimed to assess ADGRL3 influence in early-onset ADHD (before 7 years of age) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The sample comprises 187 men diagnosed with early-onset ADHD, 135 boys diagnosed with ASD and 468 male blood donors. We tested the association of an ADGRL3 variant (rs6551665) with both early-onset ADHD and ASD susceptibility. We observed significant associations between ADGRL3-rs6551665 on ADHD and ASD susceptibilities; we found that G-carriers were at increased risk of ADHD and ASD, in accordance with previous studies. The overall evidence from the literature, corroborated by our results, suggests that ADGRL3 might be involved in brain development, and genetic modifications related to it might be part of a shared vulnerability factor associated with the underlying neurobiology of neurodevelopmental disorders such as ADHD and ASD.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/genética , Trastorno del Espectro Autista/genética , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Receptores de Péptidos/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Edad de Inicio , Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad/epidemiología , Trastorno del Espectro Autista/epidemiología , Encéfalo/embriología , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Niño , Simulación por Computador , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Genéticos , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/biosíntesis , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/fisiología , Trastornos del Neurodesarrollo/epidemiología , Trastornos del Neurodesarrollo/genética , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/biosíntesis , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/fisiología , Receptores de Péptidos/biosíntesis , Receptores de Péptidos/fisiología , Distribución por Sexo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Pregnancy is characterized by maternal systemic and intrarenal vasodilation, leading to increases in the renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). These responses are mainly mediated by nitric oxide (NO) and relaxin. The impact of cigarette smoking on the maternal adaptations to pregnancy is unclear. Here we evaluated the effects of chronic exposure to nicotine on systemic and intrarenal parameters in virgin (V) and 14-day pregnant (P) Wistar rats. V and P groups received saline or nicotine (6 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)) respectively, via osmotic minipumps for 28 days, starting 14 days before pregnancy induction. Nicotine induced a 10% increase in blood pressure in the V group and minimized the characteristic pregnancy-induced hypotension. Renal sympathetic nerve activity (rSNA) and baroreflex sensitivity were impaired by nicotine mainly in the P group, indicating that the effect of nicotine on blood pressure was not mediated by nervous system stimulation. Nicotine had no effect on GFR in the V rats but reduced GFR of the P group by 30%. Renal expression of sodium and water transporters was downregulated by nicotine, resulting in increased fractional sodium excretion mainly in the P group, suggesting that nicotine compromised the sodium and water retention required for normal gestation. There was a reduction in the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in both the kidney tissue and renal artery, as well as in the expression of the relaxin receptor (LGR7). These results clearly show that nicotine induced deleterious effects in both virgin and pregnant animals, and abolished the maternal capacity to adapt to pregnancy.