Retorno de investimento de sistemas de tratamento de resíduos em granjas de suínos / Return on investment of wastewater treatment systems in swine farms

Os investimentos em sistemas de tratamento de resíduos de suínos (STRS) buscam muito mais contemplar questões de segurança, sanidade e de atendimento a requisitos da legislação ambiental do que investigar possibilidades de explorar economicamente os resíduos devidamente tratados. Este estudo analisou o retorno de investimentos de diferentes STRS sendo realizado entre os meses de outubro de 2013 a maio de 2014. Para a coleta de dados, foi elaborado um questionário eletrônico aplicado por meio de entrevistas em 37 granjas do estado de São Paulo escolhidas aleatoriamente. Para análise de viabilidade econômica dos diferentes STRS, utilizou-se a técnica de orçamento de capital (PAYBACK e TIR). As granjas foram divididas em quatro categorias: GEEBC - Geração de energia elétrica, biofertilizante e créditos de carbono; GEEBI - Geração de energia elétrica e biofertilizante; GEEEL - Geração de energia elétrica; SGPVA - Sem geração de produtos de valor agregado. O melhor resultado econômico foi observado na categoria GEEBC com tempo médio de retorno financeiro de nove anos. Observou-se que 73% dos pesquisados não exploravam o valor econômico dos resíduos tratados, mantendo seus investimentos com intuito de contemplar a legislação ambiental vigente.(AU)

The investments in wastewater treatment of swine systems (WTSS) search on safety, health and fulfillment of the requirements of environmental legislation to investigate to the possibilities of economically exploit properly treated effluent. This study analyzed the return on investment of different WTSS. Was being carried out between the months of October of 2013 to May of 2014. For data collection an electronic questionnaire applied through interviews on 37 farms in the State of São Paulo chosen randomly. To analyze the economic feasibility of different WTSS we used the technique of Capital Budget (PAYBACK and IRR). The farms were divided into four categories: GEEBC-generated electricity, biofertilizer and carbon credits; GEEBI-generated electricity and biofertilizer; GEEEL-generated electricity; NGVAP- no generating value-added products. The best economic result was observed in the category GEEBC with an average Payback time of nine years. It was observed that 73% of respondents do not exploit the economic value of the treated effluent, keeping your investments with a view to contemplate the environmental regulations.(AU)

Retorno de investimento de sistemas de tratamento de resíduos em granjas de suínos / Return on investment of wastewater treatment systems in swine farms

Os investimentos em sistemas de tratamento de resíduos de suínos (STRS) buscam muito mais contemplar questões de segurança, sanidade e de atendimento a requisitos da legislação ambiental do que investigar possibilidades de explorar economicamente os resíduos devidamente tratados. Este estudo analisou o retorno de investimentos de diferentes STRS sendo realizado entre os meses de outubro de 2013 a maio de 2014. Para a coleta de dados, foi elaborado um questionário eletrônico aplicado por meio de entrevistas em 37 granjas do estado de São Paulo escolhidas aleatoriamente. Para análise de viabilidade econômica dos diferentes STRS, utilizou-se a técnica de orçamento de capital (PAYBACK e TIR). As granjas foram divididas em quatro categorias: GEEBC - Geração de energia elétrica, biofertilizante e créditos de carbono; GEEBI - Geração de energia elétrica e biofertilizante; GEEEL - Geração de energia elétrica; SGPVA - Sem geração de produtos de valor agregado. O melhor resultado econômico foi observado na categoria GEEBC com tempo médio de retorno financeiro de nove anos. Observou-se que 73% dos pesquisados não exploravam o valor econômico dos resíduos tratados, mantendo seus investimentos com intuito de contemplar a legislação ambiental vigente.

The investments in wastewater treatment of swine systems (WTSS) search on safety, health and fulfillment of the requirements of environmental legislation to investigate to the possibilities of economically exploit properly treated effluent. This study analyzed the return on investment of different WTSS. Was being carried out between the months of October of 2013 to May of 2014. For data collection an electronic questionnaire applied through interviews on 37 farms in the State of São Paulo chosen randomly. To analyze the economic feasibility of different WTSS we used the technique of Capital Budget (PAYBACK and IRR). The farms were divided into four categories: GEEBC-generated electricity, biofertilizer and carbon credits; GEEBI-generated electricity and biofertilizer; GEEEL-generated electricity; NGVAP- no generating value-added products. The best economic result was observed in the category GEEBC with an average Payback time of nine years. It was observed that 73% of respondents do not exploit the economic value of the treated effluent, keeping your investments with a view to contemplate the environmental regulations.

Organic Waste Buyback as a Viable Method to Enhance Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries.

Many developing countries have inadequate Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management systems due to lack of not only the awareness, technologies, finances, but also a proper governance that is able to enforce and monitor the regulations. Not all the solutions practiced by and in developed countries fit to the developing country contexts. The local conditions and limitations must always be taken into account when proposing waste management options for developing countries. The excessively high organic waste fraction in MSW and relatively inexpensive labor markets available in developing countries are two of the strengths that have not yet been utilized fully. This manuscript is an attempt to point out the benefits we receive from the above two strengths if we establish organic waste buyback programs. This can only become successful if we find solutions to: (1) collect source-separated organic waste, and then (2) find stable markets for the products made from organic waste. Compost or biogas could be the best bet developing countries can consider as products. However, there must be some policy interventions to support buyback programs at the waste collection stage as well as at the product marketing stage. Implementation of such organic waste buyback centers that can offer some incentives can indirectly motivate residents to do source separation. This will in turn also help promote more recycling, as any waste bin that has no organics in it is much easier for anyone (e.g., waste pickers) to look for other recyclables. Developing country settings such as the Green Container composting program in Cajicá, Colombia, and buyback centers in South Africa that are presented later in the manuscript are thought to be the places where the concept can be implemented with little effort. The environment, economy, and society are considered to be the three dimensions (or pillars) of sustainability. Interestingly, the organic waste buyback centers solution has positive implications on all three aspects of sustainability. Thus, it also supports the 2030 Agenda of the United Nations (UN), by making specific contributions to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) such as zero hunger (SDG 2), affordable and clean energy (SDG 7), climate action (SDG 13), clean water and sanitation (SDG 6), and sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11).

Programas municipais de coleta seletivas em parceria com catadores de materiais recicláveis, no Estado de São Paulo / Municipal Selective Collection Programs without waste pickers organization in São Paulo State

No Brasil, o Programa Municipal de Coleta Seletiva (PMCS) pode ser executado pelo próprio município, por empresa contratada ou em parceria com uma organização de catadores. Mais de 50 por cento dos PMCS no Estado de São Paulo é realizado por essas organizações. Logo, a maioria dos estudos foca-se nessas organizações, mas os municípios que não possuem parceria também precisam ser estudados. Objetivo - Analisar e avaliar PMCS realizados sem parceria com organização de catadores, na perspectiva de sustentabilidade socioeconômica, ambiental e institucional. Métodos - Para esse estudo, 7 municípios foram selecionados conforme os critérios porte do município e tempo de existência mínima de 2 anos do PMCS, a partir de dados do Sistema Nacional de Informações sobre Saneamento e ligações telefônicas Os municípios estudados foram divididos em pequeno (4) e grande (3) porte. Os responsáveis pelo PMCS foram entrevistados, com base em questionário semiestruturado. Os resultados permitiram caracterizar os PMCS e alimentar 13 indicadores e 2 índices de sustentabilidade de PMCS. Resultados - Foram identificados 4 arranjos institucionais de execução dos PMCS, envolvendo a prefeitura municipal e empresa terceirizada. Os municípios de grande porte apresentam mais indicadores favoráveis à sustentabilidade que os de pequeno porte. A produtividade é maior nos de grande porte, mas a remuneração é melhor nos pequenos...

In Brazil, the Municipal Program for Selective Collection (MPSC) can be performed by the municipality itself, by a company contracted or through a partnership with waste pickers organization. More than 50 per cent of the MPSC in São Paulo State is performed by these organizations. Then, most of the studies focuses on these organizations, but the municipalities that dont have partnership also need to be studied. Objective - To analyze and evaluate MPSC performed without partnership with waste pickers organization, through the perspective of socioeconomic, environmental and institutional sustainability. Methods For this study, 7 municipalities were selected according to the criteria: size and minimum time of existence, using data form the National Sanitation Information System and phone calls. The municipalities studied were divided into small (4) and large (3) sizes. The people responsible for MPSC were interviewed, based on a semi-structured questionnaire. The results allowed to characterize the MPSC and feed 13 indicators and 2 MPSC sustainability indexes. Results - Were identified 4 institutional arrangements of MPCS, involving the city government and outsourcing company. The large cities have more favorable indicators of sustainability than the small ones...

Who owns urban waste? Appropriation conflicts in emerging countries.

Managing solid waste in developing cities is not an easy task and many public policies have failed to bring the expected results. It is here argued that comprehending the solid waste handling in the South implies reconsidering the proper definition of waste. Where does the product end and where does rubbish begin? The answer to this question is far from being obvious. Solid waste appears as a blurred concept. Such a thorny issue is all the more relevant today, as municipal solid waste management approaches in the developing world are being reformulated: dumping sites are banned, sanitary landfills are imposed, and separate collection is being introduced. The current sector transformations are here analysed through a novel theoretical analysis combined with an original qualitative and quantitative empirical work. Through two case-studies of one-million inhabitant cities from emerging countries, it is shown that if appropriation conflicts arise that is because the urban solid waste deposit in Southern countries can be defined as an impure public good. This issue does not only involve private service operators and informal wastepickers; several other actors covet the urban solid waste deposit's cream, that is, recyclable items. In emerging countries, huge industrial groups are starting to target domestic recyclable waste as an alternative for raw materials, which costs are increasing ever more.

The cost of waste of consumable materials in a surgical center / O custo de desperdício de materiais de consumo em um centro cirúrgico / El costo del desperdicio de materiales de consumo en um centro quirúrgico

OBJECTIVES: to identify the types, quantities and cost of the consumable materials sent, used, returned unopened and wasted in surgical operations; to classify the incidences of waste as avoidable or unavoidable losses, and to calculate the rate of waste of the consumable materials in the peri-operative period in the Surgical Center of a São Paulo university hospital. METHOD: a descriptive-exploratory case study with a quantitative approach. The convenience sample corresponded to 105 types of consumable materials sent for the 275 operations observed between February and May 2011. RESULTS: the items wasted most were surgical sutures, surgical cotton sutures, and gauze compresses. The total cost of the waste was R$ 709.84. The mean percentage of waste in the sample was 9.34%, of which 1.23% was avoidable and 8.14% unavoidable. CONCLUSION: the study evidenced that the effective management of material resources reduces the costs of the processes, and reduces waste. .

OBJETIVOS: identificar os tipos, as quantidades e o custo dos materiais de consumo encaminhados, utilizados, estornados e desperdiçados nas cirurgias; classificar os desperdícios como perdas evitáveis e não evitáveis, e calcular o índice de desperdício dos materiais de consumo no intraoperatório no Centro Cirúrgico de um hospital universitário de São Paulo, SP. MÉTODO: estudo de caso, descritivo e exploratório, com abordagem quantitativa. A amostra de conveniência correspondeu a 105 tipos de materiais de consumo encaminhados para 275 cirurgias observadas, entre fevereiro e maio de 2011. RESULTADOS: os itens mais desperdiçados foram fios cirúrgicos, fio cirúrgico algodão e as compressas de gaze. O custo total de desperdício foi de R$ 709,84. O percentual médio de desperdício na amostra foi de 9,34%, sendo 1,23% evitável e 8,14% não evitável. CONCLUSÃO: o estudo evidenciou que o gerenciamento eficiente dos recursos materiais reduz custos dos processos e diminui desperdícios. .

OBJETIVOS: identificar los tipos, las cantidades y el costo de los materiales de consumo encaminados, utilizados, extornados y desperdiciados en las cirugías; clasificar los desperdicios como pérdidas evitables y no evitables, y calcular el índice de desperdicio de los materiales de consumo en el intraoperatorio en el Centro Quirúrgico de un hospital universitario de Sao Paulo. MÉTODO: estudio de caso, descriptivo y exploratorio, con abordaje cuantitativo. La muestra de conveniencia correspondió a 105 tipos de materiales de consumo encaminados para 275 cirugías, observadas entre febrero y mayo de 2011. RESULTADOS: los ítems más desperdiciados fueron hilos quirúrgicos, hilo quirúrgico de algodón y las compresas de gasas. El costo total del desperdicio fue de R$ 709,84. El porcentaje promedio de desperdicio en la muestra fue de 9,34%, siendo 1,23% evitable y 8,14% no evitable. CONCLUSIÓN: el estudio evidenció que la administración eficiente de los recursos materiales reduce costos de los procesos y disminuye desperdicios. .

The cost of waste of consumable materials in a surgical center.

OBJECTIVES: to identify the types, quantities and cost of the consumable materials sent, used, returned unopened and wasted in surgical operations; to classify the incidences of waste as avoidable or unavoidable losses, and to calculate the rate of waste of the consumable materials in the peri-operative period in the Surgical Center of a São Paulo university hospital. METHOD: a descriptive-exploratory case study with a quantitative approach. The convenience sample corresponded to 105 types of consumable materials sent for the 275 operations observed between February and May 2011. RESULTS: the items wasted most were surgical sutures, surgical cotton sutures, and gauze compresses. The total cost of the waste was R$ 709.84. The mean percentage of waste in the sample was 9.34%, of which 1.23% was avoidable and 8.14% unavoidable. CONCLUSION: the study evidenced that the effective management of material resources reduces the costs of the processes, and reduces waste.

Evaluación regional de los servicios de manejo de residuos sólidos / Regional evaluation of the services of solid waste management

Este contexto muestra que hasta ahora los esfuerzos por mejorar los servicios de manejo de los RRSS, se han dirigido mayormente al nivel operativo municipal , donde se han desarrollado los servicios de limpieza y la gestion de los residuos sólidos , por tanto, es alla donde principalmente se debia recurrir en busqueda de la mayor parte de información relacionada a los indicadores principales y aspectos financieros que la Evaluación Regional de los Servicios de Manejo de Residuos Sólidos 2002 requieran

Indicadores ambientais no Brasil: aspectos ecológicos, de eficiência e distributivos / Environmental indicators in Brazil: ecological aspects, of the efficiency and distributives

Procura apresentar indicadores ambientais que näo retratem somente os aspectos ambientais (degradaçäo e exaustäo dos usos dos recursos naturais), mas também revelem a dimensäo econômica (eficiência alocativa do uso dos recursos) e equitativa (distribuiçäo dos custos e benefícios do uso dos recursos) das principais questöes ambientais do Brasil. Indica alguns aspectos que definem o grau de sustentabilidade uma economia brasileira