Tratamento conservador de pneumoretroperitônio pós-colangiopancreatografia retrógrada- relato de caso / Conservative treatment of post-cholangiopharyngeal pneumonography per case retrograde pancreatography - Conservative treatment of post-cholangiopharyngeal pneumonography per case retrograde pancreatography - case reportcase report

Introdução: A colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) faz-se um procedimento chave no estudo de pacientes com patologia do sistema biliopancreático. Entretanto, por ser uma técnica invasiva, a mesma apresenta algumas complicações inerentes ao procedimento como pancreatite, hemorragia, infecção e perfuração. Esta última, apesar de rara, exibe uma morbimortalidade elevada se não diagnosticada precocemente. Quanto ao manejo terapêutico desta condição, ainda há um escasso número na literatura que defina seu tratamento como cirúrgico ou não cirúrgico. Relato de caso: Este relato descreve um caso de perfuração pós-CPRE com pneumorretroperitônio em um paciente de 52 anos portador de icterícia obstrutiva, tratado conservadoramente com desfecho clínico laboratorial favorável.

Retroneumoperitoneo y celulitis retroperitoneal: complicaciones inusuales de la enfermedad diverticular del colon / Pneumoretroperitoneum and retroperitoneal cellulitis: unusual complications of colonic diverticular disease

Se reporta dos casos de retroneumoperitoneo con neumo-mediastino, consecuencias de perforaciones diverticulares en el espacio retroperitoneal, en pacientes portadores de diverticulitis aguda y septicemia. En ambos casos no se comprobó contaminación peritoneal alguna, siendo sometidos a Colectomia parcial tipo Hartmann con buena evolución; al momento del reporte ambos han sido sometidos al restablecimiento del tránsito colo-rectal. Se discuten los problemas diagnósticos y los posibles mecanis-mos del paso del aire - y gérmenes bacterianos - al mediastino.

We report two cases of retropneumoperitoneum with pneumomediastinum, as a result of diverticular perforations in the retroperitoneal space, in patients with acute diverticulitis and septicemia. In both cases the patients underwent partial colectomy (Hartmann procedure) with good evolution, and no sign of peritoneal contamination was found. Currently both patients have undergone colorectal transit restoration. We discuss problems with the diagnosis and possible mechanism of the air and bacterial germ passage to the mediastinum.

Tratamento não cirúrgico bem sucedido de pneumoretroperitônio causado por CPRE / Successful nonsurgical treatment of pneumoretroperitoneum following ERCP

Complicações relacionadas à colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) incluem pancreatite, hemorragia, colangite e perfuração. A perfuração relacionada à CPRE é infrequente, entretanto apresenta taxas de mortalidades elevadas. O diagnóstico requer um alto grau de suspeição clínica para a detecção precoce para permitir o tratamento adequado da perfuração e melhor prognóstico. O tratamento depende da localização e mecanismo da perfuração. Relatamos um caso de tratamento não operatório de um paciente com extenso retropneumoperitônio após perfuração por CPRE.

Complications related to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) include pancreatitis, hemorrhage, cholangitis, and perforation. ERCP-related perforation is uncommon, but mortality rates are high. Diagnosis requires a high clinical suspicion for early detection to allow optimalmanagement of the perforation and a better prognosis. Treatment depends on the location and mechanism and increasingly involves nonoperative management. We report a case of successful nonsurgical treatment of a patient with extensive air involving the peritoneum, retroperitoneum, thorax, mediastinum, and subcutaneous tissues following an ERCP perforation.

[Retropneumoperitoneum due to endoscopic dilation. Is conservative management possible?]. / Retroneumoperitoneo secundario a dilatación endoscópica de anastomosis colorrectal: ¿permite un manejo conservador?

BACKGROUND: The incidence of anastomotic stricture varies due to the different definitions given to the condition. In most cases they are asymptomatic, and if there are symptoms, they are usually those of a partial intestinal obstruction. CASE REPORT: The case is presented of an 80 year old patient who underwent a lower anterior resection for rectal neoplasm. After ileostomy closure, he presented with subocclusive symptoms caused by stenosis of colorectal anastomosis. This stenosis was managed with endoscopic dilations, and one of these dilations produced an anastomotic perforation with pneumoperitoneum, retropneumoperitoneum, and pneumothorax. Once the patient was clinically and haemodynamically stable, the perforation was treated with conservative measures, resolving the complication satisfactorily. CONCLUSIONS: The literature describes several management options for colorectal anastomoses strictures, such as surgical resection, rubber dilators, endoscopic dilation, all of which might produce colonic perforation. Its management ranges from conservative measures to surgical intervention.

Pneumomediastinum and pneumoretroperitoneum: an extremely rare presentation of acute appendicitis.

A 22-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain for 12 days. On examination, the abdomen was slightly distended and painful to palpation in the right flank. Subsequent abdominal imaging showed inflammation in the right iliac fossa, retroperitoneal air pockets with inflammation, and signs of pneumomediastinum. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a perforated retrocaecal appendix with abscess extending to the retroperitoneum. Surgical intervention involved a right hemicolectomy followed by end-to-side anastomosis of the ileum to the transverse colon. Histopathological examination of the resected specimen revealed intense inflammation of the caecum and no signs of malignancy. The patient was discharged in good condition 54 days after surgery.

Pneumoretroperitoneum, pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema after endoscopic submucosal dissection of a rectal lateral spreading tumor / Pneumorretroperitônio, pneumomediastino e enfisema subcutâneo após dissecção endoscópica da submucosa de lesão retal de crescimento lateral

Introduction: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is an already established procedure in the treatment of gastric and esophageal cancer in its early stages. Colorectal lesions, initially approached by endoscopic mucosal resection en bloc or in fragments, are the current focus for submucosal approach, especially for superficial lateral spreading tumor of 20 mm-diameter. The experience of Japanese centers, which are reference in therapeutic endoscopy, demonstrates reduction in the rate of disease recurrence with this approach and, according to specific histopathological criteria, may avoid colectomy in some cases of malignant neoplasia. Case report: The patient was 50-year-old female. She underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection of a rectal lateral spreading tumor measuring 50 mm, located 8 cm from the anal margin. The procedure was performed without major complications, with just two points for muscle layer detachment, without gross perforation and closed with metal clips. However, the patient developed air leakage to the peritoneum, retroperitoneum, mediastinum and subcutaneous tissue, being only treated with clinical procedures and without additional intervention. Conclusion: It is vital to know and be able to apply the technique of ESD, in addition to addressing its complications, since despite the numerous benefits compared to surgery, ESD can result in serious outcomes. (AU)

Introdução: A dissecção endoscópica da submucosa (ESD) já é procedimento consagrado no tratamento do câncer gástrico e esofagiano em suas fases precoces. As lesões colorre-tais, inicialmente abordadas por mucossectomia, em bloco ou em fragmentos, são o foco atual para a abordagem submucosa, principalmente para os tumores de crescimento lateral superficial a partir de 20 mm de diâmetro. A experiência de centros japoneses, referências em endoscopia terapêutica, demonstram redução no índice de recidiva da doença com esta abordagem e, segundo critérios histopatológicos específicos, podem evitar uma colectomia em alguns casos de neoplasia maligna. Relato de caso: Trata-se de paciente de 50 anos, submetida à dissecção endoscópica da submucosa de lesão de crescimento lateral, com 50 mm, localizada no reto, a 8 cm da margem anal. O procedimento foi realizado sem maiores intercorrências, com apenas dois pontos de afastamento da muscular, sem perfuração grosseira, fechados com clipe. Entretanto, a paciente evoluiu com escape aéreo para peritônio, retroperitônio, mediastino e subcútis, sendo tratada sem intervenção adicional, apenas com manejo clínico. Conclusão: É de fundamental importância conhecer e saber aplicar a técnica da ESD, além de abordar suas complicações, uma vez que, mesmo repleta de benefícios em relação à cirurgia, ela pode apresentar desfechos graves. (AU)

[Pneumoperitoneum, pneumoretroperitoneum, bilateral pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema due ERCP]. / Neumoperitoneo, neumoretroperitoneo, neumotórax bilateral, neumomediastino y enfisema subcutáneo secundario a CPRE.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has become an essential procedure in the diagnosis and treatment of biliopancreatic diseases. Complications of this procedure are potentially serious, being necessary to know how to recognize them for the application of the appropriate treatment. We report the case of a 79-year-old woman who developed a massive subcutaneous emphysema, bilateral pneumothorax, retropneumomediastinum, retropneumoperitoneum and pneumoperitoneum due to iatrogenic duodenal injury secondary to ERCP. The clinical suspicion for early diagnosis of iatrogenic injury after ERCP will determine the correct treatment of this complication and will achieve better outcomes.

Neumoperitoneo, neumoretroperitoneo, neumotórax bilateral, neumomediastino y enfisema Subcutáneo secundario a CPRE / Pneumoperitoneum neumoretroperitoneo, bilateral pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema secondary to ERCP

La colangiografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) se ha convertido en un procedimiento esencial en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las enfermedades biliopancreáticas. Las complicaciones de este procedimiento son infrecuentes, pero potencialmente graves, siendo necesario saber reconocerlas para la aplicación del tratamiento adecuado. Presentamos el caso clínico de una mujer de 79 años que desarrolló un enfisema subcutáneo, neumotórax bilateral, retroneumomediastino, retroneumoperitoneo y neumoperitoneo debido a una lesión iatrogénica del duodeno secundaria a una colangiografía retrógrada endoscópica. El diagnóstico precoz de las lesiones iatrogénicas tras la realización de una CPRE determinará el correcto tratamiento de esta complicación, que debe comprender variaciones en la clínica y fisiología del paciente.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has become an essential procedure in the diagnosis and treatment of biliopancreatic diseases. Complications of this procedure are potentially serious, being necessary to know how to recognize them for the application of the appropriate treatment. We report the case of a 79-year-old woman who developed a massive subcutaneous emphysema, bilateral pneumothorax, retropneumomediastinum, retropneumoperitoneum and pneumoperitoneum due to iatrogenic duodenal injury secondary to ERCP. The clinical suspicion for early diagnosis of iatrogenic injury after ERCP will determine the correct treatment of this complication and will achieve better outcomes.

Imágenes en abdomen: aire donde no tiene que haber aire / Images abdomen: air which does not have to be air

La presencia de aire en lugares del abdomen donde normalmente no tiene que haber aire representa, en general, un riesgo potencial de muerte para el paciente si no se hace un diagnóstico temprano y un manejo agresivo, ya sea médico o quirúrgico. El diagnóstico por imágenes juega un rol fundamental en estos casos. Las principales causas son la perforación de vísceras huecas y la producción de gas en procesos infecciosos. En general, el estudio de estos pacientes comienza con radiología o ecografía pero el método más sensible y específico es la TC, la que detecta muy bien la localización y la extensión del gas anormal.

Trauma do duodeno retroperitoneal / Retroperitoneal duodenum trauma

O trauma abdominal pode causar lesäo extremamente grave no duodeno fixo, a qual em concomitância com lesöes pancreáticas assume proporçöes altas de morbidade e mortalidade. Cuidados especiais devem ser tomados com retroperitônio nas exploraçöes cirúrgicas abdominais e nos doentes com trauma fechado da parede abdominal, os quais seguem dor forte por mais de dez horas. Todos os meios devem ser utilizados para o diagnóstico da lesäo duodenal antes de decorridas vinte e quatro horas do trauma, o que fará morbidade e mortalidade baixarem a proporçöes bastante significativas