Kidney Replacement Therapies and Ultrafiltration in Cardiorenal Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Some patients with cardiorenal syndrome 1 and congestion exhibit resistance to diuretics. This scenario complicates management and is associated with a worse prognosis. In some cases, rescue treatment may be considered by starting kidney replacement therapies or ultrafiltration. This decision is complex and necessitates a profound understanding of these techniques and the pathophysiology of this syndrome. These modalities are classified into continuous, intermittent, and ultrafiltration therapies, each with its own advantages and disadvantages that are pertinent in selecting the optimal treatment. SUMMARY: In patients with diuretic-resistant cardiorenal syndrome, extracorporeal ultrafiltration and kidney replacement therapies have the potential to relieve congestion, restore the neurohormonal system, and improve quality of life. KEY MESSAGES: (i) In cardiorenal syndrome, the resistance to diuretics is common. (ii) Extracorporeal ultrafiltration and renal replacement therapies are rescue options that may improve the management of these patients. (iii) Better understanding of these modalities will help the development of new devices which are friendlier, safer, and more affordable for patients in these clinical settings.

Cardiorenal syndrome: classification, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. Literature review / Síndrome cardiorrenal: clasificación, fisiopatología, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Una revisión de las publicaciones médicas.

The cardiorenal syndrome is a complex entity in which a primary heart dysfunction causes kidney injury (Types 1 and 2) and vice versa (Types 3 and 4), being either acute or chronic events, or maybe the result of a systemic disease that involves both organs (Type 5). Approximately 49% of heart failure cases present some grade of kidney dysfunction, significantly increasing morbidity and mortality rates. Its pathogenesis involves a variety of hemodynamic, hormonal and immunological factors that in the majority of cases produce fluid overload; the diagnosis and treatment of such constitutes the disease's management basis. Currently, a clinical based diagnosis is insufficient and the use of biochemical markers, such as natriuretic peptides, or lung and heart ultrasound is required. These tools, along with urinary sodium levels, allow the evaluation of therapy effectiveness. The preferred initial decongestive strategy is based on a continuous infusion of a loop diuretic with a step-up dosing regimen, aiming for a minimal daily urine volume of 3 liters, with the possibility to sequentially add potassium sparing diuretics, thiazide diuretics and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors to reach the diuresis goal, leaving ultrafiltration as a last resource due to its higher rate of complications. Finally, evidence-based therapy should be given to improve quality of life, decrease mortality, and delay the deterioration of kidney and heart function over the long term.

El síndrome cardiorrenal es una entidad compleja en la que la disfunción primaria cardíaca produce daño renal (tipos 1 y 2) y viceversa (tipos 3 y 4) y los episodios pueden ser agudos o crónicos o bien efecto de una enfermedad sistémica que afecta a ambos órganos (tipo 5). Hasta 49% de los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca muestra algún grado de disfunción renal, lo que aumenta de manera significativa la morbilidad y mortalidad. Su patogenia incluye diversos factores hemodinámicos, hormonales e inmunológicos que en la mayor parte de los casos producen sobrecarga hídrica, y cuyo diagnóstico y tratamiento son la base de su atención. En la actualidad, el diagnóstico clínico es insuficiente y se requieren marcadores bioquímicos, como péptidos natriuréticos, o el uso de ultrasonido pulmonar y cardíaco; estas herramientas, junto con la medición del sodio urinario, también permiten vigilar la efectividad terapéutica. De modo inicial se prefieren las medidas descongestivas con diuréticos de asa en infusión continua a dosis escalonadas para alcanzar una diuresis mínima de 3 L por día, con la posibilidad de agregar diuréticos ahorradores de potasio, tiazidas e inhibidores de la anhidrasa carbónica de modo secuencial para alcanzar el objetivo; como último recurso se recurre a la ultrafiltración en virtud de su mayor tasa de complicaciones. Por último, se debe indicar tratamiento con base en la evidencia para mejorar la calidad de vida, reducir la mortalidad y retrasar el deterioro de la función renal y cardíaca a largo plazo.

Peritoneal Dialysis for the Treatment of Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 1: A Prospective Brazilian Study.

This study aimed to explore the role of high-volume peritoneal dialysis (HVPD) in cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) type 1 patients in relation to metabolic and fluid control and outcome. Sixty-four patients were treated by HVPD (prescribed Kt/V = 0.50/session), flexible catheter and cycler. Mean age was 68.8 ± 15.4 years, 54.7% needed intravenous inotropic agents and/or intravenous vasodilators, 31.2% were on mechanical ventilation, acute coronary syndrome (ACS) was the main cause of acute disease heart failure (ADHF) 48.3%, median left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 38% and the main dialysis indications were uremia and hypervolemia. Blood ureic nitrogen and creatinine levels stabilized after 4 sessions at around 50 and 4 mg/dL, respectively. Negative fluid balance (FB) and ultrafiltration (UF) increased progressively and stabilized around 2.6 L and -2.5 L/day, respectively. Weekly-delivered Kt/V was 3.0 ± 0.42, and 32.8% died. There was a significant difference between the survivors (S) and non-survivors (NS) in age (71.4 ± 15.7 vs 63.6 ± 17.6, p < 0.001), main diagnosis of ADHF (ACS: 76.2 vs 34.8%, p = 0.04), mechanical ventilation (52.4 vs 20.1%, p = 0.03), fluid overload (FO) at predialysis moment (52.4 vs 25.6%, p = 0.04), and FB and UF from the 2nd to 5th dialysis session. In conclusion, HVPD treatment was effective in CRS type 1 patients, allowing adequate metabolic and fluid control. Age, ACS, FO and positive FB after 2 HVPD sessions were higher in NS patients.

Terapia dialítica no paciente cardiopata / Dialysis therapy in patients with heart disease

A otimização das medidas para controle volêmico tem papel preponderante naabordagem de pacientes com disfunção cardíaca e renal combinada, uma vez quealterações crônicas ou agudas em um desses órgãos, em geral, induzem ou perpetuam anormalidades (funcionais e/ou estruturais) no outro. Esta revisão de literatura propõe uma análise sobre as principais medidas terapêuticas no cardiopata com disfunção renal...

Optimizing the methods used in the control of volemia is very important in the treatment of patients with combined heart and renal dysfunction, as chronic or acute changes in either of these organs generally induces or perpetuates abnormalities (functional and/orstructural) in the other. This literature review analyzes the main therapeutic methods used in heart disease with renal dysfunction...

Síndrome cardiorrenal tipo 1 en la unidad de cuidados intensivos coronarios del Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza / Cardiorenal syndrome type 1 in the intensive coronary care unit of the Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza

Objetivos: Evaluar la incidencia de síndrome cardiorrenal tipo 1 (SCR1) en una unidad de cuidados intensivos coronarios y su asociación a mortalidad intrahospitalaria a 30 días, así como a otras características epidemiológicas. Métodos: Se revisaron las historias clínicas de todos los pacientes hospitalizados con diagnóstico de falla cardíaca aguda en un periodo de 4 años. Se definió como SCR1 la presencia de falla cardíaca aguda más una creatinina al ingreso ≥ 0.3 mg/dL con respecto a la creatinina basal calculada por la fórmula MDRD75, y/o una elevación ≥ 50% de la creatinina al ingreso en un periodo de 48 h. Resultados: La incidencia de SCR1 fue del 27.87%, IC95%: 20.13-36.71 (34 de 122). Hubo una mayor frecuencia de SCR1 en los pacientes que ingresaron con diagnóstico de shock cardiogénico (RR: 2.02; IC95%: 1.20-3.93; p = 0.0378) y en los que tenían niveles más altos de hemoglobina (p = 0.0412). El SCR1 se asoció a una mayor mortalidad intrahospitalaria a 30 días (HR: 4.11; IC95%: 1.20-14.09; p = 0.0244). Conclusiones: La incidencia de SCR1 en la unidad de cuidados intensivos coronarios encontrada en nuestro estudio es similar a la descrita en estudios extranjeros. La presencia de shock cardiogénico como causa de falla cardíaca y valores más altos de hemoglobina se asociaron a una mayor incidencia de SCR1. Los pacientes con SCR1 tuvieron mayor mortalidad intrahospitalaria a 30 días.

Objectives: This study sought to evaluate the incidence of cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) type 1 in a coronary care unit and its association with hospital mortality within 30 days of admission, as well as other epidemiological characteristics. Methods: The medical records of all the patients who were hospitalized with the diagnosis of acute heart failure in a 4-year period were reviewed. CRS type 1 was characterized by the presence of acute heart failure and an elevation of serum creatinine ≥ 0.3 mg/dL in comparison to the baseline creatinine calculated by the MDRD75 equation and/or the elevation of ≥ 50% of the admission serum creatinine within a 48 h period. Results: The incidence of CRS type 1 was 27.87%, 95% CI: 20.13-36.71 (34 of 122). There was a higher frequency of CRS type 1 in those patients who were admitted with the diagnosis of cardiogenic shock (adjusted RR 2.02, 95% CI: 1.20-3.93, p = 0.0378) and in those with higher hemoglobin levels (p = 0.0412). The CRS type 1 was associated with an increase of 30-day mortality (HR: 4.11, 95% CI: 1.20-14.09, p = 0.0244). Conclusions: The incidence of CRS type 1 in the coronary care unit found in our study is similar to those found in foreign studies. The history of stroke and the higher values of hemoglobin were associated with a higher incidence of cardiorenal syndrome type 1. Patients with CRS type 1 had a higher hospital mortality within 30 days of admission.

[Cardiorenal syndrome type 1 in the intensive coronary care unit of the Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza]. / Síndrome cardiorrenal tipo 1 en la unidad de cuidados intensivos coronarios del Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate the incidence of cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) type 1 in a coronary care unit and its association with hospital mortality within 30 days of admission, as well as other epidemiological characteristics. METHODS: The medical records of all the patients who were hospitalized with the diagnosis of acute heart failure in a 4-year period were reviewed. CRS type 1 was characterized by the presence of acute heart failure and an elevation of serum creatinine ≥0.3mg/dL in comparison to the baseline creatinine calculated by the MDRD75 equation and/or the elevation of ≥50% of the admission serum creatinine within a 48 h period. RESULTS: The incidence of CRS type 1 was 27.87%, 95% CI: 20.13-36.71 (34 of 122). There was a higher frequency of CRS type 1 in those patients who were admitted with the diagnosis of cardiogenic shock (adjusted RR 2.02, 95% CI: 1.20-3.93, p=0.0378) and in those with higher hemoglobin levels (p=0.0412). The CRS type 1 was associated with an increase of 30-day mortality (HR: 4.11, 95% CI: 1.20-14.09, p=0.0244). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of CRS type 1 in the coronary care unit found in our study is similar to those found in foreign studies. The history of stroke and the higher values of hemoglobin were associated with a higher incidence of cardiorenal syndrome type 1. Patients with CRS type 1 had a higher hospital mortality within 30 days of admission.

El síndrome cardiorenal en insuficiencia cardíaca: un paradigma en evolución / The cardiorenal syndrome in heart failure: an envolving paradigm

Background: Heart failure constitutes a significant source of morbidity and mortality in the United States and its incidence and prevalence continue to grow, increasing its burden on the health care system. Renal dysfunction in patients with heart failure is common and has been associated with adverse clinical outcomes. This interaction, termed the cardiorenal syndrome, is a complex phenomenon characterized by a pathophysiological disequilibrium between the heart and the kidney, in which malfunction of one organ subsequently promotes the impairment of the other. Multiple neuro-humoral mechanisms are involved in this cardiorenal interaction, including the deficiency of and/or resistance to compensatory natriuretic peptides, leading to sodium retention, volume overload and organ remodeling. Management of patients with the cardiorenal syndrome can be challenging and should be individualized. Emerging therapies must address the function of both organs in order to secure better clinical outcomes. To this end, a multidisciplinary approach is recommended to achieve optimal results.

Síndrome cardiorenal / Cardiorenal syndrome

El Síndrome Cardio Renal (SCR) en una entidad compleja y sólo recientemente reconocida, que está en plena fase de definición, estudio de su patogénesis y fisiopatología. El SCR fue primero descrito como el empeoramiento de la función renal en los pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda o crónica descompensada, y reúne a internistas, cardiólogos, nefrólogos e intensivistas, siendo además un importante marcador pronóstico de la misma. Si bien la presencia de compromiso de la función renal es frecuente en los pacientes cardiópatas, especialmente en aquellos con insuficiencia cardiaca, no es menos frecuente el compromiso cardiovascular y miocárdico expresado como insuficiencia cardiaca (IC), en los pacientes con enfermedad renal terminal...

The Cardio-renal Syndrome (CRS) is a complex and a recently recognized entity, which is in full stage of definition, pathogenesis and pathophysiological study. The CRS was first described as a failure of the renal system in patients with Acute or Chronic Cardiac Deficiency not compensated, and it groups internists, cardiologists, nephrologists, and intensivists, being, moreover, an important marker prognosis. Although the presence of compromise of the kidney function is frequent in heart disease patients, especially in those with Cardiac Deficiency, it is not less common the cardiovascular and myocardial compromise, named as Cardiac Deficiency (CD), in patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease...