Nocturnal eating but not binge eating disorder is related to less 12 months' weight loss in men and women with severe obesity: A retrospective cohort study.

There is a paucity of studies on the frequency of binge-eating disorder (BED) and nocturnal eating (NE) and their potential role as barriers in non-surgical weight loss treatment in subjects with severe obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥35 kg m2 ). The aim was to identify BED and NE, and their effect on weight loss treatment. In total, 1132 (727 women, 405 men), BMI ~41 kg/m2 were patients in a 12-month weight loss programme at a specialist clinic. The questionnaire for eating and weight patterns-revised was completed by the patients before start of treatment. BED was diagnosed in 5.1% of men and 12.4% of women. NE prevalence was 13.5% and 12.7%, respectively. Mean (±SEM) 12-month weight loss was less in patients with NE compared to those without (-11.0 ± 1.5 vs -14.6 ± 0.7 kg, P = .008) but did not differ in patients with and without BED, (-12.3 ± 1.9 vs -14.2 ± 0.6 kg, P = .24). Factors associated with dropout were BED (odds ratio, OR 1.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14-2.17; P = .006) and previous weight loss attempts (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.0-1.7; P = .02). BED did not seem to hinder weight loss whereas NE resulted in less weight loss in patients with severe obesity who completed a 12-month treatment programme. Previous weight loss attempts affect both dropout and ability to lose weight.

Searching food during the night: the role of video-polysomnography in the characterization of the night eating syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the video-polysomnographic (VPSG) features of the night eating syndrome (NES), exploring the existence of potential subtypes. METHODS: In this study, 20 consecutive patients with NES according to the most recent diagnostic criteria underwent an overnight VPSG. None of them presented with a sleep-related eating disorder (SRED). VPSG recordings were reviewed identifying all eating episodes. For each episode, eating latency (time delay from awakening to food intake), eating duration (time between eating onset to eating offset) and sleep latency after eating offset (time delay from eating offset to sleep) were calculated. Total episode duration was considered as the time between awakening and sleep latency after eating offset. RESULTS: Ten patients fulfilled the A1 core criterion for NES (evening hyperphagia with consumption of at least 25% of the daily caloric intake after the evening meal); within this group, eight patients also fulfilled the A2 criterion (at least two episodes of nocturnal eating per week) and were thus included in the evening hyperphagia (EH) subgroup. The remaining 10 patients satisfied only the A2 core criterion for NES, constituting the nocturnal ingestion (NI) subgroup. We recorded 20 eating episodes, seven in the EH group and 13 in the NI group. In the EH subgroup, three eating episodes occurred before sleep onset, one after an awakening from non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stage 1 sleep, two from NREM stage 2 and one from REM sleep. All 13 NI episodes occurred after an awakening from sleep (1 from NREM stage 1 sleep, 8 from NREM stage 2 and four from NREM stage 3). In EH patients, eating latency, total episode duration and sleep latency after eating offset were significantly longer than in NI patients. CONCLUSION: Our VPSG data from a case series of 20 patients referred to our center for nocturnal eating indicate potential different NES subtypes. This distinction may have an impact on patients' treatment and follow-up.

The relationship between Night Eating Syndrome, depression and chronotype in a non-clinical adolescent population.

PURPOSE: The aim of the current study was to assess the prevalence of Night Eating Syndrome (NES) in a population of non-clinical adolescents and to investigate the relationship between NES, depression and eveningness dimension. METHODS: The data were collected from a sample of 301 subjects, 181 females and 120 males, aged between 15 and 19 (mean value 17.64, SD=1.3). All subjects were invited to answer demographic questions and to take a self-report battery composed by three questionnaires: the Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ), the Morningness Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). RESULTS: The distribution of chronotypes in the sample was: morning type 9%, intermediate 68.4% and evening type 22.6%. 4% of the participants (12 subjects) reached the criteria for NES. The data indicate that MEQ and NEQ scores are significantly inversely correlated (r=-0.157; p<0.01); 58.3% of the participants who reached the criteria for NES received low scores on the MEQ. The BDI scores resulted significantly associated with the NEQ variable (r=0.275; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study, as far as we are aware, which has investigated the relationship between chronotype, depression and NES in an adolescent non-clinical population. The findings of our study highlight the high prevalence of NES in the adolescent population and indicate a significant association between eveningness dimension, Depression and NES.

The relationship between food insecurity and binge and night eating symptoms in prebariatric surgery patients is mediated by depressive symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Eleven percent of households in the United States experience food insecurity, which is a lack of access to adequate, desirable food for a healthy lifestyle. Although food insecurity is associated with increased risk of obesity and nonadherence to dietary management of chronic diseases such as diabetes, the correlates of food insecurity have not yet been studied in a bariatric surgery population. OBJECTIVES: To replicate, in a bariatric sample, previous findings that food insecurity is related to eating pathology and to test the hypothesis that this relationship is mediated by depressive symptoms. SETTING: University hospital, United States. METHODS: Two hundred forty bariatric surgery candidates responded to self-report measures of food insecurity and mood, night-eating, and binge-eating symptoms. The sample was 74% female and 71% white, with a mean age of 41.09 (11.84) years. Based on responses to the United States Department of Agriculture Adult Food Security Survey Model, 15.8% were categorized as food insecure and 25.8% as marginally food secure. Multiple regression models with bootstrapping for confidence interval estimates were used to explore mediation hypotheses. RESULTS: Food insecurity was positively associated with symptoms of night eating and binge eating, and these relationships were cross-sectionally mediated by depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Food insecure bariatric candidates may be at increased risk of poorer postoperative outcomes because of lack of access to needed food and the detrimental mental health impact of this lack of access.

A Review of the Relationship between Night Eating Syndrome and Body Mass Index.

PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW: To review literature on night eating syndrome (NES) and body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) published in the last 5 years. RECENT FINDINGS: Since December, 2013, 11 studies examined the association between NES and BMI. Five of these studies reported a positive relationship, five showed no relationship, and one produced mixed findings. Emotional eating and age were moderators. Twelve studies examined whether there was a difference in BMI between those with and without NES with only five of these finding differences. A primary weakness of the recent literature base is that it is almost entirely cross-sectional. Recent findings regarding the relationship between NES and BMI are mixed. Future research should examine the relationship between these variables longitudinally and continue to examine moderating variables that explain why some individuals manifest excess weight with NES and others do not.

Night Eating Syndrome and Its Relationship with Emotional Eating, Sleep Quality and Nutritional Status Among Adolescents' Boys.

Current study was aimed to evaluate the relationship between emotional eating and night eating syndrome (NES) with sleep quality among adolescents in Tabriz-Iran. The current study was conducted among eighty adolescent boys aged 12-16 years old from Tabriz-Iran. Night eating syndrome and Emotional eating were measured by validated specific questionnaires. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire (PSQI) was used for assessment of sleep quality. Emotional and very emotional eaters had significantly higher protein and fat intake. Among components of PSQI, subjective sleep quality, sleep disturbances and daytime dysfunction scores among emotional and very emotional eaters were significantly higher. Moreover, adolescents with NES, had higher PSQI score and lower carbohydrate intake; whereas, intake of fat among NES group was significantly higher (P < 0.05). Our results indicated poor sleep quality and higher dietary fat intake among adolescents with emotional eating disorder and NES. Therefore, it is necessary to consider healthy nutritional pattern including low fat intake in prevention of developing emotional eating and NES among adolescents.

Why I eat at night: A qualitative exploration of the development, maintenance and consequences of Night Eating Syndrome.

Night Eating Syndrome (NES), as a diagnosis, presents as a combination of disordered eating, sleep and mood. Patients identified as having both NES and obesity demonstrate poorer outcomes in terms of weight loss compared to those with NES only. However, research focusing on psychological factors associated with NES remains relatively underdeveloped. This study aimed to explore the relationship between NES and the experience of emotion from the perspective of patients accessing a weight management service. Ten adults who met diagnostic criteria for moderate or full NES took part in a semi-structured interview. Data were analysed using a constructivist approach to grounded theory. A core concept to emerge from the analysis was termed 'emotional hunger'; reflecting an urge or need to satiate a set of underlying unmet emotional needs. It was underpinned by the following interrelated themes: (1) Cultivating a dependency on food; (2) Relying on food to regulate emotions; (3) Understanding the significance of night-time; (4) Acknowledging the consequences of night eating. This study provides an in-depth understanding of the relationship between NES and the experience of emotion from the perspective of patients attending a weight management service. Results have potential to inform future service development, particularly around the adoption of a more holistic approach to night eating behaviours.

Disordered eating and obesity: associations between binge-eating disorder, night-eating syndrome, and weight-related comorbidities.

Binge-eating disorder (BED) and night-eating syndrome (NES) are two forms of disordered eating associated with overweight and obesity. While these disorders also occur in nonobese persons, they seem to be associated with weight gain over time and higher risk of diabetes and other metabolic dysfunction. BED and NES are also associated with higher risk of psychopathology, including mood, anxiety, and sleep problems, than those of similar weight status without disordered eating. Treatments are available, including cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), interpersonal psychotherapy, lisdexamfetamine, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for BED; and CBT, SSRIs, progressive muscle relaxation, and bright light therapy for NES.