Inaugural Patient-Reported Registry of Pediatric Opsoclonus-Myoclonus-Ataxia Syndrome: Presentation, Diagnosis, and Treatment of 194 Patients.

BACKGROUND: Opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome (OMAS) is a rare neuroimmune disease with peak onset at 18 months, associated with neural crest tumors in 50% of patients. In part due to its rarity, misdiagnosis at onset is common, can delay treatment, and may contribute to adverse outcomes. Patient-reported registries may overcome some of these challenges in rare disease research. In this context, the OMSLife Foundation collaborated with the National Organization of Rare Diseases to create a patient-reported registry in OMAS. METHODS: Retrospective analysis was performed of data entered by parents of patients with OMAS into nine online surveys assessing demographics, symptoms at onset, triggers, time of diagnosis, treatment, and additional therapies. RESULTS: A total of 194 patients were enrolled. There was a female predominance (54%) and high rate of parental autoimmunity (31%). Age at onset peaked between 12 and 18 months overall. The age of onset was older in female patients (median [interquartile range]: females 22 [15 to 31] vs males 18 [14 to 23], P = 0.0223, P = 0.0223). Symptoms at onset most commonly included ataxia (84%) and were typically severe. Initial misdiagnosis occurred in nearly 50% and tumor discovery was delayed in 18 patients, but overall median time to correct diagnosis was 25 days. Most patients (56%) received combination immunomodulatory therapies, and nearly all underwent supportive therapies. CONCLUSIONS: Patient- and parent-powered research is feasible in OMAS and created the second largest published cohort of pediatric patients with OMAS. Results were similar to other large cohorts and also validated findings from prior case reports and smaller case series.

Clinical Presentation, Management, and Diagnostic Performance of 2021 Criteria for Paraneoplastic Neurologic Syndromes in Childhood.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes (PNSs) are remote neurologic immune-related effects of tumors. The clinical characteristics of pediatric PNSs remain unclear. We retrospectively examined the clinical characteristics of cases of pediatric PNSs and assessed the performance of the 2021 diagnostic criteria in children. METHODS: Patients hospitalized in the Beijing Children's Hospital between June 2015 and June 2023 and fulfilling the description of definite by 2004 diagnostic criteria of PNSs were included. A retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics was conducted, and the 2021 diagnostic criteria were applied to rediagnostic stratification. RESULTS: Among the 42 patients included, the most common neurologic syndrome was opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) (62%), followed by rapidly progressive cerebellar syndrome (26%). Most tumors were neuroblastomas (88%), with few being ovarian teratomas (10%). Approximately 71% (30/42) of patients were classified as definite and 24% (10/42) as probable according to the 2021 criteria. All cases judged as probable exhibited rapidly progressive cerebellar ataxia with neuroblastoma. For OMS, chemotherapy was administered based on the tumor's risk stage, accompanied by regular infusion of IV gamma globulin and oral steroids following tumor diagnosis. Twenty-one patients underwent regular follow-ups over 4.92 (0.58-7.58) years. The initial hospitalization recorded a median score of 12 (7-14) on the Mitchell and Pike OMS rating scale, decreasing to 0 (0-5) at the final follow-up. In cases of rapidly progressive cerebellar syndrome, a similar therapeutic regimen was used. Nine patients underwent regular follow-ups over 4.42 (1.17-7.50) years. The mean modified Rankin scale score at first hospitalization was 4 (3-4), reducing to 1 (0-4) at the final follow-up. Only 17% (5/30) of patients across both groups exhibited poor response to this regimen. Among these 5 patients, 4 belonged to the low-risk group (without chemotherapy). DISCUSSION: OMS followed by rapidly progressive cerebellar ataxia are the most common forms of PNSs in children and are associated with neuroblastoma. An aggressive approach with multiple immunotherapies may improve the prognosis of neuroblastoma-associated PNSs. The 2021 criteria perform well in pediatric PNSs. However, we propose upgrading the classification of antibody-negative rapidly progressive cerebellar ataxia with neuroblastoma to definite diagnosis. This adjustment aims to further improve the diagnostic efficacy of this diagnostic criterion in childhood.

A rare clinical presentation of COVID 19: opsoclonus-myoclonus ataxia syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can have symptoms like many neurological diseases, and one of the rare forms of these presentations is opsoclonus-myoclonus ataxia syndrome (OMAS). The pathogenesis of OMAS in adults has not been clearly elucidated and OMAS can be fatal. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a 71-year-old male patient who was admitted to the emergency department with complaints of involuntary tremor-like movements in his hands, feet and mouth, and speech impediment for three days, and was followed up with COVID-19. The patient was diagnosed with OMAS and clonazepam treatment was started. He died three days later due to respiratory arrest. Our case is the first case diagnosed with COVID-19-associated OMAS in Turkey. DISCUSSION: OMAS has no definitive treatment. Early diagnosis and initiation of corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy, if necessary, can be life-saving. In COVID-19 patients with unexplained clinical findings, awareness of different and rare diseases and a multidisciplinary approach has vital importance.

Characteristics of Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome in Patients of the Largest Pediatric Hospital in Latin America.

BACKGROUND: Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome (OMS) is a rare neuroinflammatory disorder characterized by ataxia, opsoclonus, and myoclonus. Clinical diagnosis of OMS has been challenging; therefore, we sought to determine the clinical and treatment profiles of patients with OMS at the largest pediatric hospital in Latin America. METHODS: We analyzed the data of patients diagnosed with OMS between 2010 and 2020 at Pequeno Principe Hospital (Brazil) to determine the corresponding clinical profile more accurately. RESULTS: Of the approximately 50,000 visitors to our pediatric neurology department from 2010 to 2020, 10 patients with OMS were observed. Five nontumor cases included three parainfectious and two idiopathic cases. The median time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 34 days. All patients with diagnostic OMS criteria in the idiopathic, nontumor group underwent whole-exome sequencing, with potentially pathogenic mutations identified in two cases. Nine patients were treated with methylprednisolone pulse, followed by oral steroids; eight received one or more intravenous immunoglobulin treatments; and six received azathioprine and cyclophosphamide. Complete symptomatic recovery was observed in only one patient. CONCLUSIONS: OMS diagnosis remains challenging. Diagnostic suspicion is necessary to improve the management of these patients and allow early immunosuppressive treatment. Paraneoplastic etiology is the most prevalent. In idiopathic patients who do not respond to immunosuppressive treatment, tests, such as whole-exome sequencing, may reveal a differential diagnosis. Genetic alterations that increase the risk of tumors may be an important clue to the pathophysiology of OMS.

Successful use of tacrolimus for treatment-refractory neuroblastoma-associated opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome: A case series.

Opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome (OMAS) is an autoimmune central nervous system disorder, primarily manifesting as a paraneoplastic sequalae to neuroblastoma, and characterized by motor disorders and behavioral disturbances. OMAS is typified by aberrant B-cell and T-cell activation. Current treatment involves immunosuppression using corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, and rituximab. However, these approaches often lead to treatment-related toxicities and symptomatic recurrences with chronic neurocognitive impairment. We treated three children with refractory neuroblastoma-associated OMAS with tacrolimus, a T-cell-targeting calcineurin inhibitor, effectively controlling symptoms within a month and enabling the discontinuation of immunosuppression with minimal side effects. Tacrolimus shows promise as a therapeutic option for refractory OMAS.

[Clinical and prognostic analysis of opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome in children].

Objective: To summarize the clinical and prognostic features of children with opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome (OMAS). Methods: A total of 46 patients who met the diagnostic criteria of OMAS in the Department of Neurology, Beijing Children's Hospital from June 2015 to June 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Centralized online consultations or telephone visits were conducted between June and August 2023. The data of the children during hospitalization and follow-up were collected, including clinical manifestations, assistant examination, treatment and prognosis. According to the presence or absence of tumor, the patients were divided into two groups. The chi-square test or Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the differences between the two groups. Univariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the factors related to OMAS recurrence and prognosis. Results: There were 46 patients, with 25 males and the onset age of 1.5 (1.2, 2.4) years. Twenty-six (57%) patients were diagnosed with neuroblastoma during the course of the disease, and no patients were categorized into the high-risk group. A total of 36 patients (78%) were followed up for≥6 months, and all of them were treated with first-line therapy with glucocorticoids, gammaglobulin and (or) adrenocorticotrophic hormone. Among the 36 patients, 9 patients (25%) were treated with second-line therapy for ≥3 months, including rituximab or cyclophosphamide, and 17 patients (47%) received chemotherapy related to neuroblastoma. At the follow-up time of 4.2 (2.2, 5.5) years, 10 patients (28%) had relapsed of OMAS. The Mitchell and Pike OMS rating scale score at the final follow-up was 0.5 (0, 2.0). Seven patients (19%) were mildly cognitively behind their peers and 6 patients (17%) were severely behind. Only 1 patient had tumor recurrence during follow-up. The history of vaccination or infection before onset was more common in the non-tumor group than in the tumor group (55%(11/20) vs. 23%(6/26), χ²=4.95, P=0.026). Myoclonus occurred more frequently in the non-tumor group (40%(8/20) vs. 4%(1/26), χ²=7.23, P=0.007) as the onset symptom. Univariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the tumor group had less recurrence (OR=0.19 (0.04-0.93), P=0.041). The use of second-line therapy or chemotherapy within 6 months of the disease course had a better prognosis (OR=11.64 (1.27-106.72), P=0.030). Conclusions: OMAS in children mostly starts in early childhood, and about half are combined with neuroblastoma. Neuroblastoma in combination with OMAS usually has a low risk classification and good prognosis. When comparing patients with OMAS with and without tumors, the latter have a more common infection or vaccination triggers, and myoclonus, as the onset symptom, is more common. Early addition of second-line therapy is associated with better prognosis in OMAS.

Benign paraspinal ganglioneuroma with paraneoplastic opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome.

Opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome (OMAS) is a rare immune-mediated movement disorder occurring as a paraneoplastic manifestation of neuroblastic tumours (NTs), especially neuroblastoma in infancy. Ganglioneuroma (GN), the benign tumour in the spectrum, is rarely associated with OMAS. We report the case of a child in her second year of life presenting with acute onset of progressive paraplegia and OMAS. MRI showed diffuse and infiltrating left paraspinal mass from T3-T9 levels with differentials of neuroblastoma or ganglioneuroblastoma. Histopathological and immunohistochemistry examination of the excised tumour showed maturing GN. The OMAS was managed with intravenous immunoglobulin and steroids. In the 6-month follow-up, the child has a residual motor weakness with myelomalacia in neuroimaging. The case report substantiates the occurrence of OMAS as paraneoplastic manifestation in NTs, including benign, in children younger than 2 years with a female predilection.

Síndrome opsoclono-mioclono paraneoplásico en paciente con adenocarcinoma de esófago / Paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome in a patient with oesophageal adenocarcinoma

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Síndrome opsoclonus mioclonus de evolución benigna y cáncer de próstata / Benign opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome and prostate cancer

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Mujer de 68 años con síndrome de ojos bailarines / A-68-year-old woman with dancing eyes syndrome

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Perfil neuropsicológico en el síndrome opsoclono-mioclono-ataxia como forma de presentación de tumores neuroblásticos / Neuropsychological profile in opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome presenting as neuroblastic tumours

Introducción. Las mejoras sociosanitarias experimentadas en la sociedad occidental han incrementado de forma significativa la supervivencia de los pacientes con el síndrome opsoclono-mioclono-ataxia (SOMA). Sin embargo, diversos estudios han informado de déficits neurológicos, cognitivo-conductuales y de desarrollo persistentes en el 70-80% de estos pacientes. Pacientes y métodos. Se revisan los casos de tumores neuroblásticos diagnosticados en un período total de 13 años y seis meses (desde enero de 2000 a mayo de 2013) y su asociación a SOMA en el servicio de pediatría de un hospital general de tercer nivel. Además, se lleva a cabo la evaluación neuropsicológica exhaustiva de tres niños diagnosticados de SOMA. Resultados. Hemos objetivado déficits en inteligencia, atención, velocidad de procesamiento, memoria, lenguaje, habilidades visuoespaciales y visuoconstructivas, motricidad fina y funciones ejecutivas. Además, hemos comprobado alteraciones en el perfil psicológico. Conclusiones. Se aportan datos que enfatizan el papel del cerebelo en el procesamiento cognitivo complejo en población infantil, probablemente vinculado a alteraciones neuromadurativas de esta estructura motivadas por deficiencias del sistema inmunológico. Los resultados encontrados son interpretados en el marco conceptual de la neuropsicología Infantil y su interés por estudiar las relaciones cerebro-conducta en el contexto dinámico del desarrollo cerebral (AU)

Introduction. Sociosanitary improvements experienced in western society have significantly increased the survival of patients with opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome (OMAS). However, several studies have reported neurological, cognitivebehavioral and development persistent deficits in 70-80% of these patients. Patients and methods. We reviewed cases of neuroblastic tumors diagnosed in a total period of 13 years and six months (from January 2000 to May 2013) and its association with OMAS in the pediatric service of a general hospital of a third level. Furthermore, it conducts a full neuropsychological study in three children diagnosed with OMAS. Results. We objectified deficits in intelligence, attention, processing speed, memory, language, visuospatial and visuoconstructive skills, fine motor skills and executive functions. In addition, we found alterations in the psychological profile. Conclusions. Data emphasize the role of the cerebellum in complex cognitive processing in child population probably linked to neurodevelopmental deficits in this structure caused by deficiencies of the immune system. The results are interpreted in the framework of child neuropsychology and their interest in studying the brain-behavior relationships in the dynamic context of brain development (AU)

Síndrome de opsoclonia-mioclonia-ataxia em paciente com AIDS / Opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome in an AIDS patient

É relatado aqui o caso de uma mulher de 38 anos com AIDS que desenvolveu a síndrome de opsoclonia-mioclonia-ataxia em um período diferente dos outros casos já relatados na literatura. A síndrome de opsoclonia-mioclonia-ataxia já tinha sido relatada como manifestação inicial de AIDS, assim como no momento da soroconversão de HIV e na síndrome de reconstituição imune. Este caso é único, uma vez que a paciente tinha contagem elevada de CD4 e carga viral negativa no momento em que a síndrome de opsoclonia-mioclonia-ataxia ocorreu.

We report the case of a 38-year-old woman with AIDS who developed opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome during a period different from other cases reported in literature. Opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome had already been reported as the initial neurological presentation of AIDS, as well as at the time of HIV-seroconversion and immune reconstitution syndrome. Our case is unique since the patient had an elevated CD4 count and negative viral load in the period when the opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome occurred.

Síndrome de kinsbourne / Kinsbourne syndrome

Antecedentes: El Síndrome Kinsbourne es un desorden neurológico raro caracterizado por movimientos oculares irregulares, involuntarios y multidireccionales (opsoclonos), polimioclonias difusas y ataxia. Puede ser de etiología paraneoplásica (neuroblastoma) en el 50% de pacientes, pero existen múltiples causas dentro de ellas, las para y post infecciosas. Caso clínico: Masculino de 1 año de edad, con inestabilidad de la marcha. Como único antecedente proceso respiratorio y gastrointestinal (rinorrea hialina, tos productiva así como diarrea) una semana previa al inicio del padecimiento. A la exploración física presentaba ataxia a la bipedestación que imposibilitaba la marcha. Ante la ausencia de otra sintomatología es considerado inicialmente como una cerebelitis postinfecciosa, posteriormente se agregan al cuadro clínico polimioclonias y opsoclonos, con estos datos se hace el diagnóstico de síndrome de Kinsbourne. La Imagen de resonancia magnética cerebral, electroencefalograma, citoquímica y cultivo de líquido cefalorraquídeo no mostraron alteraciones. Se realizó tomografía axial abdominal y catecolaminas en orina en busca de neuroblastoma, ambos estudios normales. Se dio manejo con prednisolona a dosis de 2 mg/kg/día. Al mes de tratamiento el paciente estaba asintomático Conclusión: el síndrome opsoclonos mioclonos es una entidad rara que debe ser considerada como diagnóstico diferencial en los casos de ataxia aguda...

Síndrome de opsoclonus-mioclonus secundario a neuroblastoma torácico. Presentación de un caso clínico y discusión de nuevas estrategias terapéuticas / Syndrome thoracic neuroblastoma secondary to opsoclonus-myoclonus. Presentation of a case and discussion of new therapeutic strategies

El síndrome de opsoclonus-mioclonus o síndrome de Kinsbourne es un trastorno poco frecuente. El diagnóstico es clínico y se caracteriza por la presencia de opsoclonus, mioclonías, ataxia, irritabilidad y trastornos del sueño. En 45% de los casos se asocia con la presencia de neuroblastoma. Es un trastorno de origen inmunitario y sutratamiento es en base a inmunosupresores, inmunomoduladores y resección tumoral en los casos secundarios a neuroblastoma. Durante años los corticoides han sido el tratamiento gold standard, asociándose posteriormente la inmunoglobulina endovenosa. Sinembargo, dada la alta prevalencia de corticodependencia y de sus efectos adversos, así como el mal pronóstico neurológico (entre 70% y 80% de los casos pueden tener secuelas neurológicas: déficit cognitivo, alteraciones visuales, motoras, práxicas, del lenguaje y conductuales), las investigaciones en los últimos años se han centrado en la utilización de nuevos fármacos. Los últimos estudios publicados avalan el uso de la terapia multimodal con el agregado de un tercer fármaco como el rituximab o laciclofosfamida. Se presenta el caso clínico de un varón de 2 años y 4 meses con diagnóstico de síndrome deopsoclonus-mioclonus se cundario a un neuroblastomatorácico en el que se realizó la resección tumoral y tratamiento con corticoides, inmunoglobulina y ciclofosfamida. Presentó una recaída frente al descenso de los corticoides y, actualmente, al año y seis meses del diagnóstico bajo dosis bajas de corticoides tiene un retraso en la adquisición del lenguaje sin otros síntomas acompañantes...

Síndrome de Kinsbourne manifestando-se com quadro de encefalite pós-viral / Kinsbourne syndrome manifesting with signs of post-viral encephalitis

OBJETIVO: Descrever um caso de síndrome de Kinsbourne manifestando-se com quadro de encefalite pós-viral e rever a da literatura. DESCRIÇÃO DO CASO: Criança do sexo feminino, dois anos e seis meses, encaminhada de outro serviço com história de ataxia, irritabilidade e dificuldades articulatórias na fala após episódio prodrômico de febre, lesões de pele e mucosa. Com hipótese de encefalite pós-viral, a avaliação clínica evidenciou quadro de síndrome opsoclônus-mioclonia-ataxia ou síndrome de Kinsbourne. Foi afastada a associação de neuroðblastoma oculto e iniciada terapêutica com corticosteroide. Durante internação e acompanhamento ambulatorial, houve regressão progressiva e normalização do quadro clínico e neurológico inicial. COMENTÁRIOS: Apesar de se tratar de uma doença rara, o diagnóstico de síndrome de Kinsbourne deve ser reconhecido pelos pediatras e intensivistas, com objetivo de instituir traðtamento específico precoce, embora com resultados variáveis, sendo fundamental a exclusão de neuroblastoma oculto.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of Kinsbourne syndrome manifesting with signs of post-viral encephalitis, and to review the literature. CASE DESCRIPTION: Female child, aged two years and six months. She was referred from another hospital with a history of ataxia, irritability, and dysphasia after a prodromal episode of fever, skin and mucosa lesions. Referred with suspected post-viral encephalitis, the child was diagnosed with the opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome (Kinsbourne syndrome). The association of occult neuroblastoma was dismissed and therapy with corticosteroids was initiated. During hospitalization and outpatient treatment, there was a progressive regression and normalization of the clinical and neurological original condition. COMMENTS: Albeit a rare disease, the diagnosis of Kinsðbourne syndrome should be recognized by pediatricians and intensivists in order to start an early specific treatment, being important to exclude occult neuroblastomas. The results of the treatment are variable.

Síndrome opsoclono-mioclono-ataxia posmalaria: un caso pediátrico / Post-malarial opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome: a paediatric case

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Síndrome opsoclono-mioclono-atáxico paraneoplásico / Paraneoplastic opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia syndrome

El síndrome opsoclono-mioclono-atáxico (SOMA)es un trastorno del movimiento muy infrecuente, de origenautoinmune y de aparición a cualquier edad, másprobable entre los 6-36 meses.Se presenta el caso de una niña de 30 meses, previamentesana, que desarrolló progresivamente en cuatrodías marcha inestable, temblor intencional, habla escandida,irritabilidad y trastorno del sueño. El resto de laexploración física y neurológica era normal. Presentóexantema leve tres semanas antes. Al ingreso, la analíticageneral, cultivos, tóxicos en orina, serologías, electroencefalogramay tomografía cerebral (TC) fueron normales.La punción lumbar mostró linforraquia leve. Al quintodía desde el inicio, la ataxia impedía la sedestación y eltemblor era generalizado agravado probablemente pormioclonias intencionales. Aparecieron entonces movimientosoculares rápidos, sacádicos, multidireccionales,aunque conjugados. Ante el diagnóstico de opsoclono,se solicitó radiografía de tórax observando una masa torácicaparavertebral, corroborada en la TC torácica. Lacirugía confirmó un ganglioneuroblastoma localizado. Laenolasa neuronal específica en sangre y catecolaminasen orina fueron normales. El opsoclono desapareció conprednisona oral a altas dosis y tras cirugía. Un año despuésprecisaba dosis mínima de corticoide por apariciónde leve inestabilidad de la marcha e irritabilidad al suspenderla medicación(AU)

Opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia syndrome (OMAS)is a very infrequent paraneoplastic or postinfectiousmovement disorder, which may occur at any age, mostcommonly between 6 and 36 months of age.In four days, a previously healthy 30-month-oldgirl progressively developed gait instability, intentiontremor, dysarthric speech, irritability and altered sleep.Physical and neurological examination did not revealadditional deficits. She had had a transient exanthemawithout fever three weeks before. Basic blood analysis,serologies, cultures, urine toxin detection, EEG and cerebralCT were normal. Lumbar puncture showed minimallymphocytosis. On the fifth day following the onsetof symptoms, the ataxia worsened, precluding sitting,and the tremor was aggravated by intentional myoclonus.Chaotic saccadic, large amplitude multidirectionalbut conjugated eye movements appeared. An opsoclonuswas suspected and a chest X-ray and CT revealeda paravertebral thoracic mass. Surgery confirmed alocalized ganglioneuroblastoma. Blood neuron-specificenolase and urine catecholamine levels were normal.Opsoclonus disappeared with high doses of prednisoneand following surgery. Ataxia improved but the patientstill required low daily doses of steroids for one year(AU)