Nodding syndrome phenotypes.

Nodding syndrome (NS) is a progressive encephalopathy of children and adolescents characterized by seizures, including periodic vertical head nodding. Epidemic NS, which has affected parts of East Africa, appears to have clinical overlap with sub-Saharan Nakalanga syndrome (NLS), a brain disorder associated with pituitary dwarfism that appears to have a patchy distribution across sub-Sahara. Clinical stages of NS include inattention and blank stares, vertical head nodding, convulsive seizures, multiple impairments, and severe cognitive and motorsystem disability, including features suggesting parkinsonism. Head nodding episodes occur in clusters with an electrographic correlate of diffuse high-amplitude slow waves followed by an electrodecremental pattern with superimposed diffuse fast activity. Brain imaging reveals differing degrees of cerebral cortical and cerebellar atrophy. Brains of NS-affected children with mild frontotemporal cortical atrophy display neurofibrillary pathology and dystrophic neurites immunopositive for tau, consistent with a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. The etiology of NS and NLS appears to be dominated by environmental factors, including malnutrition, displacement, and nematode infection, but the specific cause is unknown.

Universal classifications, national approaches and specific situations: a comparative study on the conceptualization of nodding syndrome in Uganda and Tanzania.

This paper presents a comparative study on conceptualizations of the poorly understood nodding syndrome (NS) in Uganda and Tanzania. NS has been constructed as a biomedical category to serve global health discourse as well as national contexts of managing the condition. The paper looks into the shifting meanings and conceptualizations of NS in the affected areas of Kitgum (UG) and Mahenge (TZ) district. The perceived universality of biomedical classifications is problematized as conflicting with the specific contexts of lucluc and kifafa cha kusinzia. Reconciliation proves to be challenging, poignantly evoking the cultural construction as such of any medical condition.