24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure after Adenotonsillectomy in Childhood Sleep Apnea.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of adenotonsillectomy (T&A) on ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) in childhood obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). STUDY DESIGN: From 2012 to 2017, children aged 4-16 years with symptoms and polysomnography-diagnosed OSA (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] >1) underwent T&A. PSG studies and 24-hour ABP monitoring were performed before and at 3 months after surgery. RESULTS: In total, 159 children were enrolled (mean age, 7.8 ± 3.3 years; 72% male). T&A significantly reduced the AHI from 12.4 ± 15.9 events/hour to 2.7 ± 5.7 events/hour (P < .001). A decrease was observed in the children's overall diastolic blood pressure (65.1 ± 6.1 mm Hg to 63.8 ± 7.4 mm Hg, P = .04) after surgery. In subgroup analysis, 100 (63%) patients were classified as nonhypertensive, and 59 (37%) were classified as hypertensive. Linear mixed model analysis revealed that compared with the children without hypertension, those with hypertension had superior improvement in systolic and diastolic blood pressure during daytime and nighttime (all P values < .01). The ABP changes after surgery were not correlated with the AHI changes. Finally, preoperative hypertension was an independent risk factor of postoperative hypertension among these children (OR 3.66; 95% CI 1.70-7.86). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, in children with OSA, the 24-hour ABP change after T&A is small. However, among children with preoperative hypertension, there is significant BP improvement after T&A surgery.

Hipertrofia de amígdala lingual y apnea obstructiva del sueño en población pediátrica: una asociación a considerar / Hypertrophy of the Lingual Tonsils and pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: an assocciation to consider

Las amígdalas linguales (AL) forman parte del Anillo de Waldeyer (AW). La hipertrofia de amígdala lingual (HAL) se debe habitualmente a hiperplasia, generalmente asintomática. Su etiología no está precisada, pero se reconoce como causa de Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño (AOS) residual, posterior a adenoamigdalectomía (AA). Su identificación en el examen físico es dificultosa, por lo que resulta relevante la sospecha, junto con una nasofibroscopía. Según condiciones y sintomatología del paciente se puede complementar el estudio con otras técnicas diagnósticas, como polisomnograma (PSG) y resonancia magnética (RM). La cirugía es exitosa para el tratamiento de estos casos. Dentro de las complicaciones descritas para este procedimiento destacan: hemorragia, obstrucción de la vía área, dificultad en la intubación orotraqueal y dolor en el posoperatorio. Actualmente no existe una técnica quirúrgica de elección. Debido a la morbilidad asociada a AOS resulta fundamental el diagnóstico de esta patología, ya que es susceptible de tratamiento.

Lingual tonsils are part of Waldeyer`s Ring. The hypertrophy of the lingual tonsils is generally due to hiperplasia, without symptoms. The etiology is not clear, but it is a known cause of residual Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), after adenotonsilectomy. Their identification during the physical exam results dificult, so the suspicious and the nasofibroscopy are relevant. Acording to the particular patient it is posible realize additional exams, like polisomnography and magnetic nuclear resonance. Surgery is succesful for this cases. The complications include: bleeding, airway obstruction, anestesia dificulties and pain. Currently there is not a particular techniqe of choice. OSA is associated to morbidity, therefore it is fundamental to diagnose this pathology, because it is posible to treat it through surgery.

A comprehensive protocol to evaluate the use of blood and its components in Latin America and the Caribbean / Un protocolo integral para evaluar el uso de la sangre y sus componentes en América Latina y el Caribe

Blood transfusion safety is a critical part of appropriate health care. Considering the limited information available on the use of blood and its components in Latin America and the Caribbean, the Grupo Cooperativo iberoamericano de Medicina Transfusional (Ibero-American Cooperative Group for Transfusion Medicine; GCIAMT), through its Research and International Affairs committees, carried out a project to develop a protocol that would facilitate the evaluation of blood usage at the country, jurisdiction, and institutional levels in varied country contexts. Experts in blood safety from the Pan American Health Organization (Washington, DC, United States), the University of São Paulo (São Paulo, Brazil), the Hemocentro of São Paulo (São Paulo, Brazil), and GCIAMT designed a 2-step comprehensive blood-use evaluation protocol: step 1 collects data from blood requests, and step 2, from medical charts. At a minimum, 1 000 analyzed requests are necessary; as such, study periods vary depending on the number of transfusion requests issued. An Internet-based application, the Modular Research System-Study Management System (MRS-SMS), houses the data and produces reports on how hospitals request blood, how blood is issued, who requires blood and blood components, and as an added benefit, how many blood units are wasted and what the real demand for blood is.

La seguridad de las transfusiones de sangre constituye una parte fundamental de una apropiada atención de salud. Teniendo en cuenta la limitada información disponible sobre el uso de la sangre y sus componentes en América Latina y el Caribe, el Grupo Cooperativo Iberoamericano de Medicina Transfusional (GCIAMT), mediante sus comités de Investigación y de Asuntos Internacionales, llevó a cabo un proyecto de elaboración de un protocolo que facilitara la evaluación del uso de la sangre a nivel de país, jurisdiccional e institucional, en diversos contextos de país. Expertos en seguridad de la sangre de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (Washington, DC, Estados Unidos), la Universidad de São Paulo (São Paulo, Brasil), el Hemocentro de São Paulo (São Paulo, Brasil) y el GCIAMT diseñaron un protocolo integral de evaluación del uso de la sangre en 2 etapas: en la primera se recopilan datos de las solicitudes de sangre, y en la segunda, de las historias clínicas. Como mínimo, es preciso analizar 1 000 solicitudes; por ello, los períodos de estudio varían en dependencia del número de solicitudes de transfusión expedidas. Una aplicación basada en internet, el Modular Research System, Study Management System, alberga los datos y elabora informes sobre cómo solicitan sangre los hospitales, cómo se expide la sangre, quién requiere sangre y componentes sanguíneos y, como beneficio añadido, cuántas unidades de sangre se desperdician y cuál es la demanda real de sangre.

Análisis crítico de un artículo: adenoamigdalectomía en niños con apnea del sueño / Adenotonsillectomy for childhood sleep apnea: CAT

Introducción: el síndrome de apnea/hipopnea del sueño infantil se asocia a numerosos resultados adversos a nivel cognitivo y conductual. El factor de riesgo más comúnmente identificado para presentar síndrome de apnea/hipopnea del sueño es la hipertrofia adenoamigdaliana, para el cual el tratamiento primario es la adenoamigdalectomía. Objetivo: evaluar la eficacia de la adenoamigdalectomía temprana versus la conducta expectante, en lo que respecta a factores cognitivos, conductuales, calidad de vida y sueño, en niños con síndrome de apnea/hipopnea del sueño. Pacientes y método: se analiza críticamente el artículo de Marcus (2013), estudio multicéntrico, enmascarado simple, aleatorizado, controlado, en siete centros de estudio del sueño. Resultados: en un seguimiento a siete meses, la proporción de remisión espontánea en el grupo control de parámetros polisomnográficos sugiere que 46 por ciento de los niños revierten espontáneamente las alteraciones, efecto que se observó en 79 por ciento de los niños en el grupo intervenido. Conclusión de los revisores: la cirugía adenoamigdaliana para el tratamiento de la apnea obstructiva del sueño en escolares no mejora significativamente la atención o la función ejecutiva, pero sí mejora algunos desenlaces de comportamiento, calidad de vida y variables polisomnográficas. Sin embargo, esta mejoría se aprecia en una alta proporción de niños que no recibieron el tratamiento, mejoría principalmente evidenciada en las variables polisomnográficas. Por lo tanto, no sería un requisito indispensable el realizar esta cirugía para revertir dicho cuadro clínico.

Introduction. Obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in children is associated with numerous adverse cognitive and behavioral consequences. The most common risk factor identified for OSAHS is tonsillar enlargement, and primary treatment is adenotonsillectomy. Aim. To compare the efficacy of early adenotonsillectomy versus watchful waiting, on cognitive, behavioral, quality of life and sleep outcomes in children with OSAHS. Patients and Methods. We critically appraised the Marcus (2013) article, a multicenter, single masked, randomized, controlled study in seven sleep centers. Results. After a seven month follow-up, the rate of spontaneous remission in polysomnographic parameters control group shows that 46 percent of children spontaneously revert untoward outcomes, compared to 79 percent of children in the intervention group. Reviewer’s conclusion. Adenotonsillar surgery for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in school-age children does not significantly improve attention or executive function, but it does improve some behavioral outcomes, quality of life, and polysomnographic variables. However, this improvement was also observed in a high proportion of children who received no treatment, mainly regarding polysomnographic variables. Thus surgery does not appear to be necessary to reduce symptoms.

Improvement of exercise capacity and peripheral metaboreflex after bariatric surgery.

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery is the only predictable method to obtain weight loss in severe obesity. Poor physical performance of obese individuals may be mediated by the peripheral metaboreflex, which controls blood flow redistribution to exercising muscles. Weight reduction improves exercise capacity through several possible mechanisms that are insufficiently understood. We hypothesized that the metaboreflex is one among the causes of improvement in exercise capacity after weight loss. This study thus aimed to examine the effect of bariatric surgery on exercise performance and metaboreflex. METHODS: Severely obese patients were assessed before and 3 months after bariatric surgery. Metaboreflex was evaluated by the technique of selective induction by post-exercise circulatory occlusion (PECO+) after isometric handgrip exercise at 30% of maximum voluntary contraction. The exercise capacity was assessed by 6-min walking test. RESULTS: Seventeen patients completed the protocol. Body mass index decreased from 46.4 ± 2 to 36.6 ± 2 kg/m2 (P < 0.001). The distance walked in 6 min increased from 489 ± 14 to 536 ± 14 m (P < 0.001). The peripheral metaboreflex activity, expressed by the area under the curve of vascular resistance, was lower after than before bariatric surgery (42 ± 5 to 20 ± 4 units, P = 0.003). Heart rate, blood pressure, and vascular resistance were also significantly decreased. The correlation between change in distance walked in 6 min and change in peripheral metaboreflex activity was not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Weight loss after bariatric surgery increases exercise capacity and reduces peripheral metaboreflex, heart rate, and blood pressure. Further investigation on the role of metaboreflex regarding mechanisms of exercise capacity of individuals with obesity is warranted.

Cirugía para el manejo del síndrome de apnea e hipopnea obstructiva del sueño y de la roncopatía: revisión de 71 casos clínicos / Surgery in the management of obstructive sleep apnea and hypopnea syndrome and snoring: review of 71 clinical cases

Introducción: El síndrome de apnea e hipoapnea obstructiva del sueño (SAHOS) es una patología altamente prevalente y se asocia a importante comorbilidad cardiovascular. Su etiología es multifactorial. Dentro de las opciones terapéuticas, la cirugía de la vía aérea superior es una alternativa efectiva en casos seleccionados. Objetivo: Describir la experiencia del Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile en cirugía de pacientes con diagnóstico de SAHOS. Material y método: Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo. Se analizan fichas clínicas, antecedentes demográficos y mórbidos, polisomnografía (PSG), tipo de cirugía, puntaje de Epworth pre y posoperatorio, estadía hospitalaria, complicaciones y seguimiento. Resultados: De un total de 71 pacientes (87 por ciento de sexo masculino, edad promedio de 44 años), el 88 por ciento por ciento tiene diagnóstico preoperatorio de sobrepeso u obesidad. Al 67 por ciento por ciento de los pacientes se les realizó PSG, en el 64 por ciento por ciento de ellas se demostró un SAHOS moderado a severo. En el 97 por ciento por ciento de los casos se realizó uvulopalatoplastía con radiofrecuencia (UPP), en el 62 por ciento por ciento septoplastía (SP) y en el 50 por ciento por ciento amigdalectomía. En el 98 por ciento por ciento de los pacientes se asociaron 2 a 4 técnicas, destacando la SP más UPP como la combinación más frecuente (15,45 por ciento por ciento). El promedio de estadía hospitalaria fue de 1,09 días. Sólo el 7 por ciento de los pacientes presentó complicaciones. El seguimiento promedio fue de 3,05 meses. Discusión: El rol de la cirugía es eliminar el colapso de la vía aérea superior, lo que se logra en la mayoría de los pacientes usando técnicas asociadas. Conclusión: La indicación de cirugía en SAHOS debiera combinar diferentes técnicas dependiendo de la localización anatómica de la obstrucción y el tipo de paciente a intervenir.

Introduction: The obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) is a highly prevalent disease and is associated with significant cardiovascular morbidity. Its etiology is multifactorial. Among the therapeutic options, surgery of the upper airway is an effective alternative in selected cases. Aim: To describe the experience of the Otorhinolaryngology Service of Hospital of the University of Chile in surgery of patients with OSA. Material and method: Retrospective descriptive study. We analyzed clinical and morbid records, demographic background, polysomnography (PSG), type of surgery, pre and post surgical Epworth scores, hospital stay, complications and follow-up. Results: Of a total of 71 patients (87 percent male, average age of 44 years), 88 percent had a preoperative diagnosis of overweight or obesity. 67 percent of patients were done a PSG, 64 percent of them showed a moderate to severe OSA. 97 percent of patients underwent radiofrequency uvulopalatoplasty (UPP), 62 percent septoplasty (SP) and 50 percent tonsillectomy. In 98 percent of patients, 2 to 4 associated techniques were used, highlighting the association of UPP plus SP as the most frequent combination (15.45 percent percent). The average hospital stay was 1.09 days. Only 7 percent percent of patients had complications. The average follow-up time was 3.05 months. Discussion: The role of surgery is to remove the collapse of the upper airway, which is achieved in most patients using associated techniques. Conclusion: Surgery for OSA should include different techniques combination, anatomical location of obstruction and patient's profile.

Incidencia y tratamiento de la roncopatía en el Hospital Universitario General Calixto García Íñiguez, diciembre 2008-2009 / Incidence and treatment of snore disease in the General Calixto García Iñíguez University Hospital, December 2008-2009

Introducción: La roncopatía es un problema de salud actual, frecuente en la población adulta por su incidencia y repercusión negativa sobre la calidad de vida de los pacientes afectados. Objetivos: Conocer la incidencia, los síntomas, los factores predisponentes, las enfermedades asociadas más frecuentes y evaluar los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico de esta afección en la población sometida a estudio. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo transversal. Se estudiaron 21 pacientes, 14 (66,6 por ciento) del sexo masculino y 7 (33,4 por ciento) del femenino, atendidos en el servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Universitario General Calixto García Íñiguez durante el período comprendido de diciembre de 2008 a diciembre de 2009. Resultados. El 33 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron síndrome de apnea del sueño, más trastornos diurnos como hipersomnolencia diurna y cefalea matinal y en algunos casos popliglobulia e hipertensión arterial. Los factores predisponentes más frecuentes fueron la obesidad y la obstrucción orofaríngea. A 19 (90,47 por ciento) de los pacientes con roncopatía se les realizó tratamiento quirúrgico y evolucionaron satisfactoriamente a la semana y al mes de operados. Conclusiones: Los síntomas más frecuentes en los pacientes roncadores fueron la hipersonmolencia diurna, los ahogos nocturnos y la cefalea matinal. Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes fueron la obesidad y la obstrucción orofaríngea(AU)

Introduction: The snore disease is a current health problem frequent in adult population due to its incidence and negative repercussion on the quality of life of involved patients. Objectives: To know the incidence, symptoms, predisposing factors, the more frequent associated diseases and also to assess the results of surgical treatment of this affection in the study population. Methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted. Twenty one patients were studied, 14 (66,6 percent) of male sex and 7 (33,4 percent) of female sex, seen in the Otorhinolaryngology Service of the "General Calixto GarcÝa I±iguez " University Hospital from December, 2008 to December, 2009. Results: The 33 percent of patients had sleep apneic syndrome plus diurnal disorders like the diurnal hypersomnia and morning headache and in some cases popligulia and arterial high blood pressure. The more frequent risk factors were obesity and oropharyngeal obstruction. A total of 19 patients (90,47 percent) were surgically treated with a satisfactory evolution at one week and at one month after surgery. Conclusions: The more frequent symptoms in snoring patients were the diurnal hypersomnia, nocturnal breathlessness and morning headache. The more frequent risk factors were obesity and oropharyngeal obstruction(AU)

Incidencia y tratamiento de la roncopatía en el Hospital Universitario General Calixto García Íñiguez, diciembre 2008-2009 / Incidence and treatment of snore disease in the General Calixto García Iñíguez University Hospital, December 2008-2009

Introducción: La roncopatía es un problema de salud actual, frecuente en la población adulta por su incidencia y repercusión negativa sobre la calidad de vida de los pacientes afectados. Objetivos: Conocer la incidencia, los síntomas, los factores predisponentes, las enfermedades asociadas más frecuentes y evaluar los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico de esta afección en la población sometida a estudio. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo transversal. Se estudiaron 21 pacientes, 14 (66,6 por ciento) del sexo masculino y 7 (33,4 por ciento) del femenino, atendidos en el servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Universitario General Calixto García Íñiguez durante el período comprendido de diciembre de 2008 a diciembre de 2009. Resultados. El 33 por ciento de los pacientes presentaron síndrome de apnea del sueño, más trastornos diurnos como hipersomnolencia diurna y cefalea matinal y en algunos casos popliglobulia e hipertensión arterial. Los factores predisponentes más frecuentes fueron la obesidad y la obstrucción orofaríngea. A 19 (90,47 por ciento) de los pacientes con roncopatía se les realizó tratamiento quirúrgico y evolucionaron satisfactoriamente a la semana y al mes de operados. Conclusiones: Los síntomas más frecuentes en los pacientes roncadores fueron la hipersonmolencia diurna, los ahogos nocturnos y la cefalea matinal. Los factores de riesgo más frecuentes fueron la obesidad y la obstrucción orofaríngea

Introduction: The snore disease is a current health problem frequent in adult population due to its incidence and negative repercussion on the quality of life of involved patients. Objectives: To know the incidence, symptoms, predisposing factors, the more frequent associated diseases and also to assess the results of surgical treatment of this affection in the study population. Methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted. Twenty one patients were studied, 14 (66,6 percent) of male sex and 7 (33,4 percent) of female sex, seen in the Otorhinolaryngology Service of the "General Calixto GarcÝa I±iguez " University Hospital from December, 2008 to December, 2009. Results: The 33 percent of patients had sleep apneic syndrome plus diurnal disorders like the diurnal hypersomnia and morning headache and in some cases popligulia and arterial high blood pressure. The more frequent risk factors were obesity and oropharyngeal obstruction. A total of 19 patients (90,47 percent) were surgically treated with a satisfactory evolution at one week and at one month after surgery. Conclusions: The more frequent symptoms in snoring patients were the diurnal hypersomnia, nocturnal breathlessness and morning headache. The more frequent risk factors were obesity and oropharyngeal obstruction

The effects of posterior fossa decompressive surgery in adult patients with Chiari malformation and sleep apnea.

OBJECT: One of the feared consequences of craniovertebral junction diseases is apnea. Although several cases of patients with central apnea have been described, obstructive sleep apnea has been identified as the most frequent manifestation of sleep respiratory disorder. Neuronal involvement may be responsible for both central and obstructive apneas. The objective of this work was to study the effect of posterior fossa decompressive surgery on respiratory parameters during sleep in patients with craniovertebral junction malformations and breathing-related sleep disorders. METHODS: In this study, prospectively enrolled consecutive symptomatic adult patients were monitored with full-night polysomnography before and after surgical decompression of the cranial posterior fossa. RESULTS: Of the 25 patients who were evaluated, 68% received a diagnosis of sleep apnea. After surgery, the mean number of respiratory events decreased from 180.70 to 69.29 (p = 0.005); the mean number of obstructive events decreased from 107.37 to 60.58 (p = 0.01); and the mean number of central events decreased from 38.45 to 8.05 (p = 0.01). The mean preoperative apnea/hypopnea index decreased from 26.68 to 12.98 (p = 0.06), and the mean central apnea index decreased from 13.81 to 1.68 (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Decompressive surgery in patients with craniovertebral junction malformations resulted in decreased respiratory events during sleep, lowered sleep fragmentation, and enhanced the sleep apnea index in a significant number of patients. The effect was more pronounced in patients with central apnea.

Collagen type analysis in the soft palate after surgical intervention with CO(2) laser and radiofrequency ablation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Snoring and apnea are social and medical problems that affect as many as 2% of adult women and 4% of adult men. This study compares collagen distribution and type with the intensity of snoring and the degree of drowsiness following uvulopalatoplasty with CO2 laser and radiofrequency ablation. STUDY DESIGN, PATIENTS, AND METHODS: Fragments were taken from the soft palate by biopsies of 16 uvulopalatoplasty patients and 5 controls, 5 weeks after surgery, and they were stained with Sirius red and observed with polarization microscopy. Photographs were taken, and the type and changes in the amount of collagen before and after surgery were compared. RESULTS: A histological analysis 5 weeks postoperatively in 10 patients showed an increased amount of collagen and replacement of type III collagen with type I collagen. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in the amount of collagen after uvulopalatoplasty was significantly larger in patients than in the controls, and all changes from type III to mostly type I collagen occurred in patients who had the surgery. The subjective improvement of both snoring and somnolence is associated with this increase in type I collagen.

The effect of adenotonsillectomy on oxygen saturation in children with sleep breathing disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of adenotonsillectomy on the oxygen saturation measures by nocturnal pulse oximetry in children with sleep breathing disorders (SBD). METHODS: A non-controlled clinical trial was performed. Thirty-one children with suspected SBD and a clinical indication for adenotonsillectomy were recruited. All of them underwent overnight oxygen saturation monitoring before and after surgery. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients completed the study. The mean age was 5.2+/-1.8 years. Eighteen (66.7%) were male. The most prevalent symptoms were: snoring (100%), respiratory pauses (96.8%), nocturnal mouth breathing (96.8%), restless sleep (80%) and drooling (74.1%). Twenty-three children (85.2%) presented grade 3 or 4 tonsillar hyperplasia. There was a significant improvement in the postoperative oxygen desaturation index (ODI) (0.65; 0.5-1.3) compared with the preoperative index (1.63; 1.1-2.4) (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Adenotonsillectomy improved the oxygen saturation measures by nocturnal pulse oximetry in children with sleep breathing disorders.

Behavioral evaluation in children with obstructive sleep disorders.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the behavior in children with obstructive sleep disorder. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Children's parents (4 to 18 years old) completed the CBCL4/18 (Child Behavior Checklist) in the period of January to July 2005. RESULTS: In the group, 12 (60%) were males and 8 (40%) females; the total problem score was abnormal in 5 children (25%); introversion was affected in 2 children (10%); extroversion in 5 children (25%). The scales of individual syndromes were abnormal in between 0 and 20% of patients. The individual scales most frequently affected were: total competency (20%), somatic complaints (10%), social problems (10%) and aggressive behavior (10%). DISCUSSION: This study demonstrates high prevalence (25%) of abnormal behavior. Although widely reported as a common complication of pediatric OSAS, behavioral and neurocognitive disorders have mostly been inferred in several cases and studies. There are few recent studies using standardized assessment to evaluate these alterations. Our study presents preliminary results of the behavior of children with obstructive sleep disorders.

Avaliação comportamental em crianças com disturbios obstrutivos do sono / Behavioral evaluation in children with obstructive sleep disorders

Os distúrbios obstrutivos do sono são relativamente freqüentes na população pediátrica. Em crianças, SAOS resultaria em conseqüências clínicas significantes, incluindo atraso do crescimento, disfunção ventricular direita e esquerda e problemas de aprendizagem e comportamento. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o comportamento em crianças com distúrbio obstrutivo do sono. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Pais de crianças de 4 a 18 anos de idade do Centro do Respirador Bucal da UNIFESP-EPM de janeiro a julho de 2005. Foi aplicado o CBCL/4-18 (Child Behavioral Checklist) ou inventário de comportamento de crianças e adolescentes. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliadas 20 crianças. Dessas, 12 eram meninos e 8, meninas. O escore total do problema foi anormal em 5 crianças (25 por cento). A escala de introversão foi anormal em 2 pacientes (10 por cento). A escala de extroversão foi anormal em 5 pacientes (25 por cento). As escalas de síndromes individuais foram anormais entre 0 e 20 por cento dos pacientes. As escalas individuais que foram mais afetadas são as seguintes: competência total (20 por cento), queixas somáticas (10 por cento), problemas sociais (10 por cento) e comportamento agressivo (10 por cento). DISCUSSÃO: Este estudo demonstra alta prevalência (25 por cento) de comportamento anormal. Embora largamente citado como uma complicação comum de SAOS na infância, distúrbios comportamentais e neurocognitivos têm sido inferidos em séries de casos e estudos. Existem poucos trabalhos usando medidas padronizadas para avaliar os distúrbios comportamentais e de desenvolvimento.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the behavior in children with obstructive sleep disorder. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. MATERIAL AND METHOD: ChildrenÆs parents (4 to 18 years old) completed the CBCL4/18 (Child Behavior Checklist) in the period of January to July 2005. RESULTS: In the group, 12 (60 percent) were males and 8 (40 percent) females; the total problem score was abnormal in 5 children (25 percent); introversion was affected in 2 children (10 percent); extroversion in 5 children (25 percent). The scales of individual syndromes were abnormal in between 0 and 20 percent of patients. The individual scales most frequently affected were: total competency (20 percent), somatic complaints (10 percent), social problems (10 percent) and aggressive behavior (10 percent). DISCUSSION: This study demonstrates high prevalence (25 percent) of abnormal behavior. Although widely reported as a common complication of pediatric OSAS, behavioral and neurocognitive disorders have mostly been inferred in several cases and studies. There are few recent studies using standardized assessment to evaluate these alterations. Our study presents preliminary results of the behavior of children with obstructive sleep disorders.

Estudio comparativo de amigdalectomía con radiofrecuencia versus técnica tradicional / Comparative study of tonsillectomy with radio-frequency versus traditional technique

Se realizó un trabajo prospectivo protocolizado respecto a las amigdalectomías realizadas en el Servicio de Otorrinolaringología del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, entre enero de 2002 y agosto de 2003. El objetivo fue evaluar los beneficios de la amigdalectomía con radiofrecuencia, técnica de reciente introducción en nuestro país, comparándola con la cirugía convencional con asa fría. Fueron seleccionados 162 pacientes, con un rango etario entre 2 y 15 años (promedio: 7,5 años), y divididos en 3 grupos, según la técnica quirúrgica utilizada: amigdalectomía con radiofrecuencia, radiofrecuencia asociada a técnica convencional (asa fría), y amigdalectomía con asa. La indicación más frecuente de amigdalectomía fue el síndrome de apnea e hipopnea del sueño. Al comparar los tres grupos, la técnica mediante radiofrecuencia mostró un menor tiempo quirúrgico estadísticamente significativo, menor cantidad de sangrado y mejor hemostasia intraoperatoria. La evaluación del dolor postoperatorio no reveló diferencias significativas entre los tres grupos estudiados.

Improvement of bruxism after T & A surgery.

UNLABELLED: Bruxism or tooth grinding is an oral habit that frequently occurs during sleep. Some authors suggest it is associated to sleep apnea. OBJECTIVES: The main goal of this study is compare the incidence of bruxism before and after adenotonsillectomy (T & A surgery) in children with sleep-disordered breathing. METHODS: This is a prospective study in which we evaluated 69 consecutive children from the Otolaryngology Department of the University of São Paulo Medical School in pre- and post-surgical periods of adenotonsillectomy. Before and after surgery parents answered a questionnaire about sleep-disturbed breathing and bruxism. Children were submitted to E.N.T. examination and speech pathologist evaluation. The orthodontist inspected malocclusion. Before surgery all the 69 children presented sleep apnea and 45.6% presented bruxism. Malocclusion could be found in 60.71%. Three months after surgery none of the children presented breathing problems and only 11.8% presented bruxism. There was no difference in malocclusion. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that there is a positive correlation between sleep-disordered breathing and bruxism. There was an important improvement of bruxism after T & A surgery. Otolaryngologists must be aware that this pernicious sleep disorder is associated to airway obstruction and so, it must be considered when evaluating T & A hyperplasia.

Distúrbios do sono / Sleeping disorders

Os distúrbios do sono são considerados ofensas graves à saúde pessoal e coletiva. Peculiarmente o sono desajustado de um indivíduo afeta um número considerável de pessoas por efeitos diretos e indiretos. Imaginemos um acidente nuclear (fato já ocorrido) causado por distúrbio do sono de uma pessoa e as repercussões médicas, econômicas e sociais. Podemos elencar nada menos que uma centena de distúrbios do sono. Didaticamente exploraremos cinco eixos de diagnóstico em sono: insônias, distúrbios respiratórios do sono, hipersônias primárias, distúrbios do movimento noturno e parassônias. As insônias apresentam grande repercussão médica e social, pois os insones ecoam seu sofrimento e insatisfação. A queixa do insone é um pedido de socorro para uma qualidade de vida ruim, onde o dia reflete a falta da noite bem dormida. O diagnóstico preciso é a chave para a melhor terapêutica, que na maioria dos casos, prescinde de remédios, fundando-se na terapia comportamental de reconhecido sucesso. Os distúrbios respiratórios do sono são a vertente genuinamente clínica dos distúrbios do sono. O ronco, muitas vezes mal-interpretado até por médicos, merece a atenção, pois não raramente é a ponta do "íceberg" de distúrbios tão sérios como a híperresístêncía de vias aéreas superiores e a apnéia obstrutíva do sono. O tratamento clínico da apnéia ganha ênfase sobrepondo-se ao tratamento cirúrgico, tem aplicações limitadas e bem determinadas. Os avanços recentes da narcolepsia mostram que novas formas de controle da doença estão por acontecer, embora a terapêutica atualiá consiga um bom controle dos sintomas, com melhora substancial da qualidade de vida do paciente. Diagnosticar e tratar ade- quadamente os movimentos periódicos dos membros e a sín- drome das pernas inquietas pode fazer uma diferença considerável sobre o padrão de assistência médica. Também considerar adequadamente as parassônías que merecem tratamento ajuda a equilibrar a ânsia do médico em atuar, necessitando levar em consideração o custo-benefício.

Síndrome de apnea/hipopnea obstructiva del sueño / Obstructive apnea/hypopnea syndrome during sleep

El síndrome de apnea-hipopnea obstructiva del sueño es un problema serio y de creciente prevalencia. Este artículo hace énfasis en que en nuestra consulta se debe considerar este diagnóstico y que debemos preguntar si hay sueño durante el día. Si existe somnolencia, indagar más con respecto a en qué situaciones se duerme el paciente y preguntarle a la pareja de cama si el paciente ronca habitualmente y/o si existen apneas durante el sueño. Si las respuestas son sugestivas de SAHOS, se debe de considerar referir a tal paciente a un especialista en desórdenes del sueño y/o realizar una polisomnografría nocturna en un laboratorio acreditado. Todos nos sorprenderemos de la incidencia de este problema si lo consideramos y de los beneficios que nuestros pacientes obtendrán si se les diagnostica y trata adecuadamente

Tratamento cirúrgico do ronco e da Síndrome da apnéia obstrutiva do sono / Surgical treatment for snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

A causa do ronco e da Síndrome da apnéia obstrutiva do sono é a obstrução ou colapso da via aérea superior durante o sono. Apresentamos uma revisão da literatura sobre a avaliação clínica e as modalidades terapêuticas para pacientes com essas alterações