Predicting Successful Neonatal Retro-Transfer to a Lower Level of Care.

Up to 20% of newborn infants retro-transferred to a lower level of care require readmission to a higher-level facility. In this study, we developed and validated a prediction rule (The Rule for Elective Transfer between Units for Recovering Neonates [RETURN]) to identify clinical characteristics of infants at risk for failing retro-transfer.

Oximetry knowledge in neonatal units in Victoria, Australia: can we do better?

AIM: Pulse oximetry has become a widely used technology in medicine and is a standard part of monitoring in neonatal medicine. Knowledge of basic principles, clinical and technical considerations is important to optimise clinical benefit of use, but have been shown to be insufficient in paediatric staff. We aimed to assess knowledge of pulse oximetry in neonatal medical staff, a population not previously studied. METHODS: A 21-item questionnaire (seven demographic, 14 knowledge) was devised and then administered to neonatal medical staff at all postgraduate levels working in the major public neonatal services in the state of Victoria, Australia. RESULTS: Average test score was 64.4% (range 30.8-92.3%) with no correlation between years of experience and score. All respondents reported experience with oximetry, but only 57% reported adequate training in practical oximetry skills and only 28% in interpretation of downloaded oximetry data. About 45% reported knowing what an averaging time was but only 29% were able to provide an acceptable definition and only 10% knew what averaging time was used on devices in their units. CONCLUSION: Significant knowledge deficits regarding oximetry are evident in neonatal staff, supporting the need for targeted and continuous training in oximetry.

Predictive power of a single body temperature at different cutoff values for neonates in the nursery transferring to special care nursery.

The aim of this study was to identify the clinical parameters indicative of serious etiology of neonatal hyperthermia and to determine the appropriate cutoff value of body temperature (BT) for predicting the need to transfer the newborn to the special care (SC) nursery.The nursery records of newborns diagnosed with hyperthermia between 2007 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. The clinical characteristics of newborns with hyperthermia remained in the nursery were compared with those transferred to the SC nursery. In addition, the receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to determine the appropriate cutoff BT for predicting further septic workup in the SC nursery.Among the 92 newborns with hyperthermia evaluated, 30 (32.6%) were transferred to the SC nursery and 62 (67.4%) remained in the nursery. Clinical characteristics associated with transfer to the SC nursery included the highest BT, BT at first measurement during hyperthermia, frequency of hyperthermia, duration of hyperthermia, irritable crying, decreased appetite, poor activity, vomiting with abdominal distension, tachypnea, and tachycardia (all P < .05). BT for predicting the need for transferring newborns with hyperthermia to the SC nursery had an area under the curve of 0.976 (P < .001). A BT of 38 °C was determined as the optimal cutoff value for predicting the need to monitoring for suspicious clinical symptoms (sensitivity (Sn), 93%; specificity (Sp), 87%). Furthermore, BT≥38.2 °C (Sn, 70%; Sp 100%) and BT≤37.8 °C (Sn, 100%; Sp, 61%) respectively were determined as the cutoff values for transferring newborns to the SC nursery or allowing them to remain in the regular nursery.Our results suggest a BT of 38 °C represents the optimal cutoff indicating newborns for close monitoring for suspicious clinical presentations including irritable crying, decreased appetite, poor activity, vomiting with abdominal distension, tachypnea, and tachycardia. Newborns with BT < 37.8 °C may remain in the nursery but should be transferred to the SC nursery for septic workup and empiric antibiotics if the BT is above 38.2 °C.

Heart murmurs and echocardiography findings in the normal newborn nursery.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical findings and management implications of echocardiograms performed on infants with murmurs in the nursery. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study conducted from January 2008 through December 2015. Patients in the study were followed by chart review for up to 5 years. In addition, a survey of nursery providers was conducted in February 2016. SETTING: A single community hospital associated with a university. PATIENTS: All 26 573 infants who received care in the normal newborn nursery were eligible for inclusion in the study. Infants with echocardiograms were analyzed. The survey was sent by e-mail to all 135 physicians who work in the nursery. OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes include the specific findings on echocardiogram and whether the findings required an acute change in management, outpatient follow up, or were incidental findings. The primary survey question was how physicians would manage an otherwise asymptomatic newborn with a heart murmur. RESULTS: Four hundred ninety-nine infants had echocardiograms, and over the study period the utilization of echocardiography increased from 1.02% to 2.56% (P < .001) of all infants. Three hundred fifty-four babies had echocardiography performed because of a heart murmur. One hundred sixty-three (46.0%) of these echocardiograms were normal and 160 (45.2%) had findings that did not require additional care. Twenty-three neonates (6.5%) had echocardiographic findings that necessitated outpatient follow-up and 8 neonates (2.3%) required neonatal intensive care due to the findings on their echocardiogram. In total, 14 infants (4%) would go on to require heart surgery or interventional cardiac catheterization. 63/135 (47%) physicians completed the survey, with wide variations in the management of newborns with heart murmurs. CONCLUSIONS: The use of echocardiography in the normal newborn nursery has increased with time despite improved prenatal detection of heart disease and the use of pulse oximetry screening, and identifies significant heart disease in a small but important number of infants.

Circumcision bleeding complications: neonatal intensive care infants compared to those in the normal newborn nursery.

PURPOSE: To determine if a significant difference exists in the bleeding complications following circumcision in neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) versus the normal newborn nursery (NNN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational cohort study of 260 infants undergoing circumcision with Gomco clamp. Vitamin K was given to neonates at delivery. Demographic data, procedural characteristics, bleeding complications, and interventions were recorded. The bleeding rates of the two groups were compared using chi square. RESULTS: NICU neonates experienced increased bleeding complications versus NNN neonates (22% vs. 9.6%, p = .029). No differences were found regarding gestational age at delivery, age at circumcision, and birth weight. Neonates with circumcision performed at ≥5 days of life experienced increased rates of bleeding complications versus those performed at ≤4 days (28% vs. 10.3%, p = .023). All neonates with circumcision performed ≥5 days of life were initially admitted to the NICU. CONCLUSION: NICU neonates had increased rate of bleeding complications following circumcision when compared to the NNN neonates. There was an increased rate of bleeding complications in neonates who undergo circumcision at ≥5 days of life. Further research may help to determine if redosing of vitamin K or variations in the circumcision procedure are necessary for circumcision at >4 days of life.

Infants Born with Down Syndrome: Burden of Disease in the Early Neonatal Period.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence of direct admission of infants with Down syndrome to the postnatal ward (well newborn nursery) vs the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and to describe the incidence of congenital heart disease (CHD) and pulmonary hypertension (PH). STUDY DESIGN: This retrospective cohort study of Down syndrome used the maternal/infant database (2011-2016) at the Rotunda Hospital in Dublin, Ireland. Admission location, early neonatal morbidities, outcomes, and duration of stay were evaluated and regression analyses were conducted to identify risk factors associated with morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: Of the 121 infants with Down syndrome, 54 (45%) were initially admitted to the postnatal ward, but 38 (70%) were later admitted to the NICU. Low oxygen saturation profile was the most common cause for the initial and subsequent admission to the NICU. Sixty-six percent of the infants (80/121) had CHD, 34% (41/121) had PH, and 6% died. Risk factors independently associated with primary NICU admission included antenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome, presence of CHD, PH, and the need for ventilation. CONCLUSIONS: Infants with Down syndrome initially admitted to the postnatal ward have a high likelihood of requiring NICU admission. Overall, high rates of neonatal morbidity were noted, including rates of PH that were higher than previously reported. Proper screening of all infants with Down syndrome for CHD and PH is recommended to facilitate timely diagnoses and potentially shorten the duration of the hospital stay.

Indoor airborne fungal pollution in newborn units in Turkey.

Pathogenic and/or opportunistic fungal species are major causes of nosocomial infections, especially in controlled environments where immunocompromised patients are hospitalized. Indoor fungal contamination in hospital air is associated with a wide range of adverse health effects. Regular determination of fungal spore counts in controlled hospital environments may help reduce the risk of fungal infections. Because infants have inchoate immune systems, they are given immunocompromised patient status. The aim of the present study was to evaluate culturable airborne fungi in the air of hospital newborn units in the Thrace, Marmara, Aegean, and Central Anatolia regions of Turkey. A total of 108 air samples were collected seasonally from newborn units in July 2012, October 2012, January 2013, and April 2013 by using an air sampler and dichloran 18% glycerol agar (DG18) as isolation media. We obtained 2593 fungal colonies comprising 370 fungal isolates representing 109 species of 28 genera, which were identified through multi-loci gene sequencing. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Talaromyces, and Alternaria were the most abundant genera identified (35.14, 25.40, 17.57, 2.70, and 6.22% of the total, respectively).

Handwashing Practices in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Paediatric Intensive Care Unit and Neonatal Nurseries in Patan Hospital.

BACKGROUND: Hand hygiene has been identified as the single most important factor in minimising hospital acquired infections. However, compliance of handwashing guidelines has remained low. The aim of this study was to study the handwashing practices in the Paediatric and Neonatal intensive care units and Neonatal nurseries in Patan Hospital, and secondly to re-evaluate the improvement on compliance of handwashing guidelines after intervention. METHODS: Pre-intervention study was conducted by covertly observing the handwashing practices by the healthcare workers. The healthcare workers were then shown the video demonstrating correct methods of handwashing as recommended by World health organization. The cycle was completed by discretely re-observing the handwashing practices following intervention. RESULTS: Sixty five samples were collected initially. Only 6 (9.2%) had completed all steps of handwashing correctly. Post- intervention, 51 samples were collected, out of which 35 (68.6%) had correctly completed all the steps. Following audio-visual demonstration, 100% correctly completed 8/10 steps of handwashing with soap and water. 8 (16%) failed to dry hands using a single use towel and 14 (28%) failed to turn off the tap using elbow. Post- intervention, 100% correctly completed 4/7 steps of handwashing using chlorhexidine. Four (15%) still failed to rub backs of fingers to opposite palm, eight (30%) failed to palm to palm with fingers interlaced, and rub thumb to opposite palm. CONCLUSIONS: Compliance in hand hygiene is low despite the known fact that it reduces nosocomial infections. However, a simple intervention like video demonstration can improve the compliance among healthcare workers.

Cinco pasos para la disminución de las infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria en prematuros grandes inmaduros. Estudio cuasiexperimental / Five steps to decreasing nosocomial infections in large immature premature infants: A quasi-experimental study

Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto de un conjunto de 5 intervenciones sobre la incidencia de infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria en una unidad de Neonatología de nivel iii. Material y métodos: Estudio cuasiexperimental pre-postintervención. Se incluyó a aquellos prematuros con peso al nacimiento <1.500 g o edad gestacional <32 semanas que ingresaron en los 12 meses previos y posteriores a la implantación de las medidas (enero del 2014). Las intervenciones consistieron en optimizar la higiene de manos, protocolizar la inserción y la manipulación de catéteres intravenosos centrales, fomentar la alimentación con leche materna, implantar una política de uso racional de antibióticos y establecer un sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica de gérmenes multirresistentes. Como variable principal se analizó la densidad de incidencia de infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria antes y después de implementar las medidas. Resultados: Fueron incluidos 33 pacientes en cada período, homogéneos en edad gestacional, peso y otras variables demográficas. Se constató una densidad de incidencia de 8,7 y 2,7 infecciones/1.000 días de estancia en los períodos pre y postintervención respectivamente (p <0,05). También se halló una disminución estadísticamente significativa en el porcentaje de días en ventilación mecánica, así como de pacientes que recibieron hemoderivados y fármacos vasoactivos. Conclusiones: Esta estrategia, basada en la puesta en marcha de 5 medidas concretas, fue efectiva en la disminución de infecciones relacionadas con la asistencia sanitaria en una unidad con tasas elevadas de dichas infecciones. Esta reducción pudo contribuir a una menor tasa de empleo de ventilación mecánica, hemoderivados y fármacos vasoactivos en el período postintervención (AU)

Objectives: An evaluation is made of the impact of a series of five interventions on the incidence of hospital-related infections in a level iii neonatal unit. Material and methods: Quasi-experimental, pre-post intervention study, which included preterm infants weighing 1,500g at birth or delivered at <32 weeks gestation, admitted in the 12 months before and after the measures were implemented (January 2014). The measures consisted of: optimising hand washing, following a protocol for insertion and handling of central intravenous catheters, encouraging breastfeeding; applying a protocol for rational antibiotic use, and establishing a surveillance system for multi-resistant bacteria. The primary endpoint was to assess the incidence of hospital-acquired infections before and after implementing the interventions. Results: Thirty-three matched patients were included in each period. There was an incidence of 8.7 and 2.7 hospital-related infections/1,000 hospital stay days in the pre- and post-intervention periods, respectively (P<.05). Additionally, patients in the treatment group showed a statistically-significant decrease in days on mechanical ventilation, use of blood products, and vasoactive drugs. Conclusions: The strategy, based on implementing five specific measures in a unit with a high rate of hospital-related infections, proved effective in reducing their incidence. This reduction could contribute to lowering the use of mechanical ventilation, blood products, and vasoactive drugs (AU)

Evolution of Italian Universal Newborn Hearing Screening Programs.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the state of implementation of the Universal Newborn Hearing Screening Programs in Italy and to determine the effect that an ad hoc legislation may have on the percentage of infants screened for detection of hearing impairment in nurseries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Italian Newborn Hearing Screening data were obtained during four national surveys (years 2003, 2006, 2008, and 2011). The screening rates obtained by the Regions which adopted or did not adopt a legislation to increase the newborns' coverage were compared. RESULTS: In 2011, the average coverage rate was 78.3%, but in 12 out of 20 Regions it exceeded 95%. Coverage rate was greater in Regions that implemented an ad hoc legislation compared to Regions that did not. As a matter of fact, Regions which passed the legislation screened more than 95% of infants, whereas Regions without legislation reported a mean screening rate of nearly 67% of newborns. CONCLUSION: Current results seem to confirm that a specific legislation might have a decisive effect on the increase of rate of coverage of newborn hearing screenings.

Nursery Product-Related Injuries Treated in United States Emergency Departments.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine the epidemiology of injuries associated with nursery products among young children treated in US emergency departments. METHODS: Data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System were retrospectively analyzed for patients aged <3 years who sustained an injury associated with a nursery product from 1991 through 2011. RESULTS: An estimated 1 391 844 (95% confidence interval, 1 169 489-1 614 199) nursery product-related injuries among children aged <3 years were treated in US emergency departments during the 21-year study period, averaging 56.29 injuries per 10 000 children. The annual injury rate decreased significantly by 33.9% from 1991 to 2003, followed by a significant increase of 23.7% from 2003 to 2011. The decrease was driven by a significant decline in baby walker/jumper/exerciser-related injuries; the increase was driven by a significant increase in concussions and closed head injuries. Nursery product-related injuries were most commonly associated with baby carriers (19.5%), cribs/mattresses (18.6%), strollers/carriages (16.5%), or baby walkers/jumpers/exercisers (16.2%). The most common mechanism of injury was a self-precipitated fall (80.0%), and the most frequently injured body region was the head or neck (47.1%). CONCLUSIONS: Although successful injury prevention efforts with baby walkers led to a decline in nursery product-related injuries from 1991 to 2003, the number and rate of these injuries have been increasing since 2003. Greater efforts are warranted to prevent injuries associated with other nursery products, especially baby carriers, cribs, and strollers. Prevention of falls and concussions/closed head injuries associated with nursery products also deserves special attention.

The Prolonged Neonatal Admission: Implications for our National Children's Hospital.

A significant number of neonates are admitted to tertiary paediatric units for prolonged stays annually, despite limited availability of neonatal beds. As the three Dublin paediatric hospitals merge, this pressure will be transferred to our new National Children's Hospital. We analysed epidemiological trends in prolonged neonatal admissions to the 14-bed neonatal unit in The Children's University Hospital, Temple Street, Dublin. This was with a view to extrapolating this data toward the development of a neonatal unit in the National Children's Hospital that could accommodate for this complex, important, and resource-heavy patient population. Four hundred and thirty-six babies between 0 and 28 days of life were admitted to our neonatal unit for prolonged stays (three cohorts: >1 month and <3months, >3months and <6months, and >6months), between 2000-2014. Mean number of prolonged admissions >1 month was 29.1 per year (range 18-43). Median length of stay (LOS) was 42 days (range 29-727). 363 babies were admitted for >1month but <3months with a median LOS 38 days (range 28-90); 54 babies were admitted for >3months but <6months with a median LOS 111 days (range 91-179); 19 babies were admitted for >6months with a median LOS 331 (range 196-727). There has been a statistically significant upward trend in the number of prolonged admissions over last fifteen years (Spearman's rho p=0.01, correlation coefficient 0.848). There has been no significant increase in the median length of stay over time. It can be extrapolated, that in the new children's hospital must be capable of dealing with at least 80 neonatal long-stay patients annually.

Hospital differences in special care nursery use for newborns of gestational diabetic mothers.

OBJECTIVE: Relatively healthy newborns of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) sometimes receive unwarranted surveillance. We studied the relationship between hospital characteristics and special care nursery use and total length of stay among GDM deliveries. METHODS: We identified GDM deliveries at 44 USA member hospitals of the National Perinatal Information Center from 2007 to 2011. To study low risk, relatively healthy newborns with presumed discretion in special care nursery use, we analyzed 43 444 singleton newborns with only minor or moderate complications and WHO were not preterm or low birthweight. RESULTS: Among eligible newborns, 6% received special care, but this ranged from 1% to 16% across 44 hospitals studied. Unadjusted associations suggested special care nursery use was highest in academic teaching hospitals, the Midwest, hospitals with ≥40% Medicaid births, and hospitals with a high supply of special care nursery beds. However, after controlling for clustering within hospitals, there were no significant associations between hospital characteristics and special care nursery use or length of stay. CONCLUSIONS: Hospital-level variation in special care nursery use and length of stay of relatively healthy newborns of mothers with GDM is unexplained by hospital characteristics and suggests other operational or management factors impacting utilization of newborn care resources.

Cross-sectional survey of California childbirth hospitals: implications for defining maternal levels of risk-appropriate care.

OBJECTIVE: Measures of maternal mortality and severe maternal morbidity have risen in the United States, sparking national interest regarding hospitals' ability to provide maternal risk-appropriate care. We examined the extent to which hospitals could be classified by increasingly sophisticated maternal levels of care. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a cross-sectional survey to identify hospital-specific resources and classify hospitals by criteria for basic, intermediate, and regional maternal levels of care in all nonmilitary childbirth hospitals in California. We measured hospital compliance with maternal level of care criteria that were produced via consensus based on professional standards at 2 regional summits funded by the March of Dimes through a cooperative agreement with the Community Perinatal Network in 2007 (California Perinatal Summit on Risk-Appropriate Care). RESULTS: The response rate was 96% (239 of 248 hospitals). Only 82 hospitals (34%) were classifiable under these criteria (35 basic, 42 intermediate, and 5 regional) because most (157 [66%]) did not meet the required set of basic criteria. The unmet criteria preventing assignment into the basic category included the ability to perform a cesarean delivery within 30 minutes 100% of the time (only 64% met), pediatrician availability day and night (only 56% met), and radiology department ultrasound capability within 12 hours (only 83% met). Only 29 of classified hospitals (35%) had a nursery or neonatal intensive care unit level that matched the maternal level of care, and for most remaining hospitals (52 of 53), the neonatal intensive care unit level was higher than the maternal care level. CONCLUSION: Childbirth services varied widely across California hospitals, and most hospitals did not fit easily into proposed levels. Cognizance of this existing variation is critical to determining the optimal configuration of services for basic, intermediate, and regional maternal levels of care.

Mental and behavioral disorders due to substance abuse and perinatal outcomes: a study based on linked population data in New South Wales, Australia.

BACKGROUND: The effects of mental and behavioral disorders (MBD) due to substance use during peri-conception and pregnancy on perinatal outcomes are unclear. The adverse perinatal outcomes of primiparous mothers admitted to hospital with MBD due to substance use before and/or during pregnancy were investigated. METHOD: This study linked birth and hospital records in NSW, Australia. Subjects included primiparous mothers admitted to hospital for MBD due to use of alcohol, opioids or cannabinoids during peri-conception and pregnancy. RESULTS: There were 304 primiparous mothers admitted to hospital for MBD due to alcohol use (MBDA), 306 for MBD due to opioids use (MBDO) and 497 for MBD due to cannabinoids (MBDC) between the 12 months peri-conception and the end of pregnancy. Primiparous mothers admitted to hospital for MBDA during pregnancy or during both peri-conception and pregnancy were significantly more likely to give birth to a baby of low birthweight (AOR = 4.03, 95%CI: 1.97-8.24 for pregnancy; AOR = 9.21, 95%CI: 3.76-22.57 both periods); preterm birth (AOR = 3.26, 95% CI: 1.52-6.97 for pregnancy; AOR = 4.06, 95%CI: 1.50-11.01 both periods) and admission to SCN or NICU (AOR = 2.42, 95%CI: 1.31-4.49 for pregnancy; AOR = 4.03, 95%CI: 1.72-9.44 both periods). Primiparous mothers admitted to hospital for MBDO, MBDC or a combined diagnosis were almost three times as likely to give birth to preterm babies compared to mothers without hospital admissions for psychiatric or substance use disorders. Babies whose mothers were admitted to hospital with MBDO before and/or during pregnancy were six times more likely to be admitted to SCN or NICU (AOR = 6.29, 95%CI: 4.62-8.57). CONCLUSION: Consumption of alcohol, opioids or cannabinoids during peri-conception or pregnancy significantly increased the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes.

Type I retinopathy of prematurity in infants with birth weight less than 1251 g: incidence and risk factors for its development in a nursery in Kuwait.

PURPOSE: To report the rate of acute retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and Type I ROP among infants with birth weight (BW) <1251 g and identify the risk factors for the development of Type I ROP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of ROP records of infants with BW <1251 g was performed to identify infants with acute ROP and Type I ROP. Infants with Type I ROP were compared with those without Type I ROP to assess the risk factors for the development of Type I ROP. P < 0.05 was statistically significant. Multivariate analysis was performed and odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. RESULTS: Among the 207 infants with BW <1251 g, acute ROP occurred in 154 infants (74.4%) and Type I ROP in 95 eyes of 50 infants (24.4%). The numbers of infants with BW <750 g and BW <1000 g were 19.3% and 58.4%, respectively, and the incidences of Type I ROP were 50% and 36.4%, respectively, among them. Forty-four (46.3%) eyes were treated at stage 2+ ROP in zone I or II. All the eyes treated for Type I ROP showed complete regression. Gestational age at birth (OR 0.657, 95% CI: 0.521-0.827; P < 0.0001) and number of ventilated days (OR 1.017, 95% CI: 1.005-1.029; P = 0.006) were identified as independent risk factors for the development of Type I ROP. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of Type I ROP in this study is higher than that in previous studies due to the higher number of infants with BW <1000 g in our cohort and the treatment of more eyes with stage 2+ ROP. However, all the treated eyes had a favorable outcome. Gestational age at birth and number of ventilated days were independent risk factors for the development of Type I ROP.

Procedural pain in neonates in Australian hospitals: a survey update of practices.

AIM: The study aims to determine whether there has been improved uptake of the evidence for the management of procedural pain in neonates throughout Australia. METHODS: An Australian-wide survey was undertaken to determine the use of breastfeeding and sucrose and whether a clinical practice guideline (CPG) or pain assessment tool was used. RESULTS: Data were available from 196 (91%) of the 215 eligible hospitals. A CPG informed the management of neonatal pain in 76 (39%) of the hospitals. There was wide variation in their use between the states, and a significantly higher use of a CPG in higher-level care units. A pain assessment tool was only used in 21 (11%) of the units with greater use in the higher level care neonatal intensive care units (50%) and surgical neonatal intensive care units (80%). Awareness of breastfeeding for procedural pain was reported by 90% of the 196 respondents while 78% reported that it was actually used. Awareness of sucrose for procedural pain was lower than breastfeeding at 79%, with 53% reporting that they used sucrose in their unit. Overall, 89% of the respondents reported that either breastfeeding or sucrose was used for the management of procedural pain in their units. CONCLUSION: There has been an increase in awareness and use of sucrose and breastfeeding for procedural pain in Australia since previous surveys were undertaken in 2004. Continued resources, local pain champions and a national interest group to promote the use of pain management for procedural pain in neonates are needed for continued uptake of the evidence.

Cause-specific neonatal mortality in a neonatal care unit in Northern Tanzania: a registry based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The current decline in under-five mortality shows an increase in share of neonatal deaths. In order to address neonatal mortality and possibly identify areas of prevention and intervention, we studied causes of admission and cause-specific neonatal mortality in a neonatal care unit at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC) in Tanzania. METHODS: A total of 5033 inborn neonates admitted to a neonatal care unit (NCU) from 2000 to 2010 registered at the KCMC Medical Birth Registry and neonatal registry were studied. Clinical diagnosis, gestational age, birth weight, Apgar score and date at admission and discharge were registered. Cause-specific of neonatal deaths were classified by modified Wigglesworth classification. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS 18.0. RESULTS: Leading causes of admission were birth asphyxia (26.8%), prematurity (18.4%), risk of infection (16.9%), neonatal infection (15.4%), and birth weight above 4000 g (10.7%). Overall mortality was 10.7% (536 deaths). Leading single causes of death were birth asphyxia (n = 245, 45.7%), prematurity (n = 188, 35.1%), congenital malformations (n = 49, 9.1%), and infections (n = 46, 8.6%). Babies with birth weight below 2500 g constituted 29% of all admissions and 52.1% of all deaths. Except for congenital malformations, case fatality declined with increasing birth weight. Birth asphyxia was the most frequent cause of death in normal birth weight babies (n = 179/246, 73.1%) and prematurity in low birth weight babies (n = 178/188, 94.7%). The majority of deaths (n = 304, 56.7%) occurred within 24 hours, and 490 (91.4%) within the first week. CONCLUSIONS: Birth asphyxia in normal birth weight babies and prematurity in low birth weight babies each accounted for one third of all deaths in this population. The high number of deaths attributable to birth asphyxia in normal birth weight babies suggests further studies to identify causal mechanisms. Strategies directed towards making obstetric and newborn care timely available with proper antenatal, maternal and newborn care support with regular training on resuscitation skills would improve child survival.