Intraoral administration of probiotics and postbiotics: An overview of microorganisms and formulation strategies

Abstract The last decade provided significant advances in the understanding of microbiota and its role in human health. Probiotics are live microorganisms with proven benefits for the host and were mostly studied in the context of gut health, but they can also confer significant benefits for oral health, mainly in the treatment of gingivitis. Postbiotics are cell-free extracts and metabolites of microorganisms which can provide additional preventive and therapeutic value for human health. This opens opportunities for new preventive or therapeutic formulations for oral administration. The microorganisms that colonize the oral cavity, their role in oral health and disease, as well as the probiotics and postbiotics which could have beneficial effects in this complex environment were discussed. The aim of this study was to review, analyse and discuss novel probiotic and postbiotic formulations intended for oral administration that could be of great preventive and therapeutic importance. A special attention has been put on the formulation of the pharmaceutical dosage forms that are expected to provide new benefits for the patients and technological advantages relevant for industry. An adequate dosage form could significantly enhance the efficiency of these products.

El impacto de encarcelación sobre el estado de nutrición y salud bucal entre reclusos del centro penitenciario de la ciudad de Jaipur, India / Impact of incarceration on nutritional status and oral health among male inmates of central jail of Jaipur city, India

OBJETIVO: El centro penitenciario es un entorno difícil para la promoción de la salud bucodental y puede llevar a la exacerbación de comportamientos poco saludables. Este estudio pretende evaluar el impacto del ingreso sobre el estado de nutrición y salud bucal entre la población masculina de reclusos del centro penitenciario de la ciudad de Jaipur, en Rajastán (India). MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal de 181 reclusos masculinos. Se evaluaron las caries dentales y los estados periodontales, utilizando de forma modificada el índice de dientes cariados, perdidos y obturados (CPO), el índice periodontal comunitario (IPC) y el índice de perdida de anclaje (PA), según la metodología de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) del 1997. Se evaluó el estado nutricional utilizando el índice de masa corporal (IMC), es decir, peso (kg)/altura (m2). RESULTADOS: De los 181 reclusos, 141 (77,90%) tenían un IMC normal. La mayoría de los reclusos (n=128, 70,70%) fueron internados durante menos de seis años. Se encontró una diferencia significativa (P <0,05) entre la edad y el estado periodontal y también en la calificación 3 del IPC (P <0,05) y en la calificación 0 y 1 del PA. Sin embargo, no se encontró ninguna diferencia significativa (P >0,05) en el CPO y el periodo de encarcelamiento. La edad fue el factor de riesgo significativo (P <0,001) para IPC y PA. DISCUSIÓN: Las caries dentales y la salud periodontal se deterioran con la edad y el tiempo de encarcelamiento. El mantenimiento de higiene oral con atención oral integrada puede mejorarse estableciendo servicios de asistencia dental en centros penitenciarios

AIM: Prison is an especially difficult environment for promoting oral health and leads to the exacerbation of unhealthy behaviors. This study set out to assess the impact of incarceration on nutritional status and oral health among the male prison inmates of Central Jail of Jaipur city, Rajasthan. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A cross sectional study was conducted among 181 male inmates. Dental caries and periodontal status were assessed by using modified the Decayed Missing Filled Teeth (DMFT) index and Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and Loss of Attachment (LOA) index as per the WHO methodology 1997. Nutritional status was assessed by Body Mass Index (BMI) and weight (kg)/height (m2). RESULTS: Out of 181 inmates, 141 (77.90%) had normal BMI. The majority (n=128, 70.70%) of inmates were incarcerated for less than 6 years. A significant difference (P<0.05) was found between age and periodontal status. A significant difference was observed (P<0.05) in the CPI score 3 and LOA 0 and 1 score. However, no significant difference (P>0.05) was observed in DMFT and period of incarceration. Age was the significant (P<0.001) risk factor for CPI and LOA. DISCUSSION: Dental caries and periodontal health deteriorates with age and period of incarceration. Oral hygiene maintenance along with comprehensive oral care can be accomplished by establishing dental care facilities in prisons

Salud bucodental en los niños: ¿debemos mejorar su educación? / Oral health in children. Should we improve their education?

La caries dental es una enfermedad infecciosa caracterizada por la destrucción de los tejidos duros dentarios. Es la enfermedad infantil crónica más común, pero es prevenible y curable. La salud bucodental se define como la ausencia de dolor orofacial, llagas bucales, infecciones, caries y enfermedades periodontales. Disponer de una buena salud bucodental es fundamental para gozar de una buena salud y buena calidad de vida. Se realiza un estudio descriptivo de la higiene y salud bucodental de una población pediátrica

Dental caries is an infectious disease characterized by the destruction of hard dental tissues. It is the most common chronic disease in children, yet it is preventable and curable. Oral health is defined as the absence of orofacial pain, mouth sores, infections, caries and periodontal disease. A good oral health is essential to enjoy a good overall health and quality of life. We performed a descriptive study of the oral health and hygiene in a paediatric population

Análise dos aspectos biomédicos gerais e bucais em pacientes com doença de Alzheimer / Analysis of general and oral biomedical aspects in patients with Alzheimer's disease

Objetivo: Esta pesquisa analisou os aspectos biomédicos da doença de Alzheimer, considerando as condições gerais e bucais, conduta terapêutica, propriedades físico-químicas da saliva, presença de distúrbios do sono e capacidade funcional em relação aos cuidados pessoais e mobilidade. Metodologia: Trinta e nove (39) pacientes com doença de Alzheimer, entre 62 e 100 anos, sexo masculino e feminino, participaram deste estudo. As manifestações clínicas gerais e bucais foram investigadas. As propriedades físico-químicas da saliva, incluindo a taxa de fluxo salivar, valor de pH e a capacidade tampão, e a os níveis de cortisol salivar diurno foram determinadas. Em adição, a sonolência excessiva diurna, o risco de Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (AOS) e o desempenho das atividades básicas da vida diária (ABVD) foram analisadas a partir da aplicação dos questionários Escala de Sonolência de Epworth (ESE), STOP-BANG e Índice de Barthel Modificado (IBM), respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à uma análise exploratória, utilizando estatística descritiva e inferencial. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Conclusão: os transtornos mentais e os distúrbios circulatórios foram as patologias sistêmicas mais encontradas nos pacientes com DA, sendo os homens mais comprometidos. A maioria dos pacientes eram dentados (com presença de doença periodontal, raízes residuais e cárie). Todos os pacientes com alto risco para AOS apresentaram distúrbios circulatórios. O uso de medicamentos não influenciou as propriedades físico-químicas de saliva. A perda da autonomia foi um fator determinante na institucionalização dos pacientes com DA(AU)

Objective: This study analyzed the biomedical aspects of Alzheimer's disease, considering general and oral conditions, therapeutic conduct, physical-chemical properties of saliva, presence of sleep disorders and functional capacity in relation to personal care and mobility. Methodology: Thirty-nine (39) patients with Alzheimer's disease, between 62 and 100 years old, male and female, participated in this study. General and oral clinical manifestations were investigated. The physicochemical properties of saliva, including salivary flow rate, pH value and buffer capacity, and daytime salivary cortisol levels were determined. In addition, excessive daytime sleepiness, the risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and the performance of the activities of daily living (ADL) were analyzed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESE), STOP-BANG and Modified Barthel Index (MBI), respectively. The results were submitted to an exploratory analysis using descriptive and inferential statistics. The level of significance was 5%. Conclusion: Mental disorders and circulatory disorders were the most common systemic pathologies in AD patients, and men were more compromised. Most of the patients were not edentulous (and had periodontal disease, residual roots and cavities). All patients at high risk for OSA had circulatory disorders. The use of drugs did not influence the physicochemical properties of saliva. The loss of autonomy was a determining factor in the institutionalization of patients with AD(AU)

A model for oral health gradients in children: using structural equation modeling.

Detecting the underlying socioeconomic and behavioral determinants is essential for reducing oral health disparities in children. OBJECTIVE: To test a conceptual model in children to explore the interaction amongst social, environmental, behavioral factors and oral health outcomes. METHODS: This analytic cross-sectional study was performed in 2014-2015 in Shiraz, Iran. The sampling was conducted using a multistage stratified design to represent the whole 6-year-olds in Shiraz County. Participants were 830, 6-year-old first grade primary schoolchildren and their parents. Children were examined to register decayed, missing and filled teeth (dmft) and simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S). Parents were asked for data on socio-cultural risk factors, oral health behaviors and children's oral health related quality of life (C-OHRQoL). Data on environmental risk factors were collected from several sources. The proposed model, a development of Peterson's, was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). RESULTS: The tested model could empirically demonstrate the wide range of social and behavioral factors affecting C-OHRQoL. Socioeconomic status (SES) affected the OHRQoL of children through several pathways. Tooth brushing frequency, use of oral health services and consuming cariogenic foods were the mediators, through which SES affected dmft and subsequently C-OHRQoL. CONCLUSIONS: Using the modified Petersen's model and SEM, the paths in which different distal and proximal factors affect oral health outcomes in children could be clearly identified. It showed that addressing the underlying social, economic and behavioral determinants is essential for reducing oral health disparities among Iranian children.

Risk factors associated with xerostomia in haemodialysis patients

BACKGROUND: To determine the prevalence of xerostomia and hyposalivation in Haemodialysis (HD) patients, to clarify risk factors, assess patient's quality of life, and to establish a possible correlation among interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) and xerostomia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was performed on a group of 50 HD patients. Data were collected using a questionnaire containing demographic and clinical variables, a visual analogue scale (VAS) for xerostomia, IDWG, and an oral health impact profile questionnaire (OHIP-14). Unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) and stimulated whole saliva (SWS) were collected. RESULTS: A total of 28 HD patients (56%) suffered xerostomia. Dry mouth was associated with hypertension (OR, 5.24; 95% CI, 1.11-24.89) and benzodiazepine consumption (OR, 5.96; 95% CI, 1.05-33.99). The mean xerostomia VAS and OHIP-14 scores were 31.74±14.88 and 24.38±11.98, respectively. No significant correlation was observed between IDWG% and VAS and OHIP total score. Nonetheless, a positive correlation between VAS level of thirst and IDWG% was found (r=0.48 p = 0.0001). UWS and SWS means (determined in 30 patients) were 0.16±0.17 and 1.12±0.64, respectively. Decreased values of UWS and SWS were reported in 53.33% and 36.66% of HD patients. CONCLUSIONS: Xerostomia in HD has a multifactorial aetiology due to accumulative risks as advanced age, systemic disorders, drugs, fluid intake restriction, and salivary parenchymal fibrosis and atrophy. Therefore, it is important to detect possible xerostomia risk factors to treat correctly dry mouth in HD patients and avoid systemic complications

Impacto de condições bucais na qualidade de vida de indivíduos portadores de lúpus eritematoso sistêmico / Impact of systemic lupus erythematosus on oral health - related quality of life

O presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o impacto de condições bucais na qualidade de vida de indivíduos portadores de Lupus Eritematoso Sistêmico (LES). Foi realizado um estudo transversal, através do qual foram avaliados 75 pacientes portadores de LES em tratamento no Serviço de Reumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG. A amostra foi constituída também por um grupo controle composto por 78 indivíduos, que segundo o autorrelato, não apresentavam nenhuma doença sistêmica. A qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal (QVRSB) destes indivíduos foi avaliada através da versão brasileira do questionário Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-49). Todos os participantes foram submetidos à exame odontológico, tendo sido obtidos índice CPO-D; parâmetros periodontais e medidas referentes à sialometria. Foram coletadas também variáveis sociodemográficas, hábitos de higiene bucal. Indivíduos do grupo LES foram avaliados com relação à atividade da doença (SLEDAI) e os danos (SLICC/SDI) causados pela mesma. Através do teste qui-quadrado, o grupo LES e o grupo controle foram comparados de acordo com as variáveis independentes avaliadas. O teste não paramétrico Mann-Whitney foi usado para comparar a QVRSB de indivíduos do grupo LES e indivíduos do grupo controle. Dentro do grupo LES, o teste Mann-Whitney também foi utilizado para avaliar a QVRSB de indivíduos entre as diferentes categorias de SLEDAI e SLICC/SDI. Para o escore total do OHIP, o nível de significância foi estabelecido em (p<0,05). Para as sub-escalas aplicou-se a correção de Bonferroni e o nível de significância foi estabelecido em (p<0,007). Finalmente, análise de regressão linear foi realizada para a comparação da QVRSB dos dois grupos. Valores de (p<0,05) foram considerados de significância estatística. Os resultados demonstraram que indivíduos do grupo LES apresentaram um maior impacto negativo das condições bucais na qualidade de vida quando comparados aos indivíduos do grupo controle (p=0,011). A condição bucal determinante do impacto negativo foi o uso de prótese (p<0,05). No grupo LES, também foi observado que indivíduos com um dano moderado apresentaram QVRSB deteriorada quando comparados a indivíduos sem dano (p=0,043). O conhecimento do impacto das condições bucais na qualidade de vida de indivíduos portadores de LES pode ser útil para aprimorar o tratamento multidisciplinar deste grupo de pacientes

The present cross sectional study aimed to evaluate the impact of oralconditions on the quality of life of individuals with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). A sample of 75 patients with SLE under surveillance at the Department of Rheumatology of the Federal University of Minas Gerais was evaluated. The study also included a control group of 78 individuals, who, according to self-report, did not present any disease..Individuals' oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) wasevaluated through the Brazilian version of the questionnaire Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-49). All the participants were submitted to dental examination. Dental caries was assessed by means of the DMFT index and the periodontal condition was evaluated through criteria previously established that considered probing depth. Measures of sialometry, sociodemographic characteristics, and oral hygiene habits were also collected. Individuals of the SLE group were evaluated in terms of disease activity (SLEDAI) and disease damage (SLICC/SDI). The responses to categorical questions for each group were compared using the Chi-square test. The responses to continuous variables for each group were compared using Mann-Whitney test. The Mann-Whitney test was also used to evaluate differences in the subscale and overall OHIP scores between the SLE group and the Control group and between the different SLEDAI and SLICC/SDI categories in the SLE group. For the overall score, the level of significance was set at p<0.05. For the subscales, the Bonferroni correction was used and p values <0.007 were considered statistically significant. The results demonstrated that individuals of the SLE group presented a higher negative impact of the oral conditions on the quality of life when compared with the individuals of the control group (p=0,011). The determinant of the negative impact was prosthesis wearing (p<0,05). In the SLE group, it was also observed that individuals with a moderate damage presented worse OHRQoL when compared with individuals without damage (p=0,043). Awareness of the impact of oral conditions on the quality of life of individuals with SLE may be useful to improve the multidisciplinary treatment of this group of patients

Oral Health Status Is Associated with Common Medical Comorbidities in Older Hospital Inpatients.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate oral health status and abnormalities in older adults admitted acutely to the hospital and explore the association with common medical comorbidities. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Hospital. PARTICIPANTS: All individuals aged 70 and older (mean age 84.4, 61.4% female) admitted to a geriatric service over 3 months (N = 202). MEASUREMENTS: In-person assessment using the Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT) (range 0-2, 2 = poorest) for lips, tongue, gums and soft tissue, saliva, teeth, dentures, oral cleanliness, and dental pain. Comorbidities and medications were also recorded. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-eight (63%) participants had full or partial dentures, and 31 (15%) were edentulous. Median OHAT score was 6 (interquartile range 5-8). Of the eight domains, saliva scored worst, with 53% scoring 2. On univariate analysis, the highest (poorest) tertile of OHAT (score ≥8) was associated with dementia (odds ratio (OR) = 2.41, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13-5.12, P = .02), moderate to severe renal impairment (estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) at discharge) (OR = 5.52, 95% CI = 1.54-19.69, P = .009), recent anticholinergic medication burden (P = .02), and low oral pH (P = .05). On multivariate analysis adjusted for oral pH and anticholinergic medication burden, dementia (OR = 2.29, P = .02) and moderate to severe renal impairment (OR = 5.64, P = .01) were independently associated with the highest tertile of OHAT. Charlson Comorbidity Index (includes renal disease, dementia) was associated with OHAT on univariate analysis (Spearman rho = 0.19, P = .01) but not when adjusted for oral pH (P = .10). CONCLUSION: Poorer oral health was not uncommon and was associated with dementia and renal impairment even after adjustment for anticholinergic medication and oral pH. Oral health screening should be considered for vulnerable populations.

Valoración del riesgo de caries infantil en un servicio hospitalario de urgencias / Risk assessment for childhood caries in a hospital emergency department

La caries es una destrucción de los tejidos mineralizados del diente, siendo la enfermedad crónica más prevalente del niño. Objetivos: Determinar, mediante un estudio de enfermería, la prevalencia de riesgo de caries en los niños que acuden a un Servicio de Urgencias Hospitalarias. Método: Aplicación del formulario validado para la evaluación de riesgo de caries propuesto por la Sociedad Americana de Odontopediatría, con 14 ítems para niños de más de 7 años y 13 ítems en menores de esa edad. La aplicación de dicho formulario ha contemplado la caducidad de la dentición temporal en relación a la edad del niño estudiado. Resultados: El formulario se ha completado en 101 niños. El 72.7% de los niños menores de 7 años y el 89.1% de los mayores de 7 años presentan uno o más factores de alto riesgo para caries infantil, existiendo diferencias notables en los resultados, en función del origen de los niños o de su etnia. Los peores resultados los ofrecen los niños gitanos cuyo riesgo de caries es el 100% en grupos de cualquier edad. Conclusiones: Hemos determinado mediante un estudio de enfermería, la prevalencia de riesgo de caries infantil. La Enfermería española puede y debe asumir un papel activo en la promoción de la salud oral infantil, aplicando activamente sus conocimientos (AU)

Dental caries is a destruction of the mineralized tissues of the tooth and is the most prevalent chronic disease of children. Objective: Determine, by a nurse study, the prevalence of high risk of dental caries among children treated at a hospital emergency room. Methods: We applied an adaptation of the form CAT (caries-risk assessment tool) proposed by the American Society of Pediatric Dentistry, consisting of 14 items for children over 7 years and 13 items for children under that age. The test has been applied considering the resorption time of the deciduous teeth in relation to the child's age studied. Results: The form has been completed in 101 children. 72.7% of children under 7 years old and 89.1% of those aged 7 years have one or more high risk factors for childhood caries. We found differences in the results, depending on the origin or ethnicity of the children studied. Conclusions: We determined the prevalence of risk for childhood caries. The Spanish nurses can and should play an active role in promoting children's oral health, actively applying their knowledge (AU)

Functional, esthetical, and periodontal determination of the dentition in 35- to 44-year-old Brazilian adults.

AIMS: The aims of the present study were to evaluate oral health status among Brazilian adults aged 35 to 44 years with regard to functional dentition based on four different definitions and classify dentition configurations using a dental functional status classification system. METHODS: The sample was composed of 9564 individuals who participated in the 2010 National Oral Health Survey. The definitions were "well-distributed teeth" concept (WDT), the World Health Organization functional dentition concept (FDWHO), functional dentition classified by esthetics and occlusion (FDClass5), and functional dentition classified by esthetics, occlusion, and periodontal status (FDClass6). Dentitions were classified on six sequential, accumulative levels (anyone reaching level VI necessarily met the criteria on all previous levels): I-≥one tooth in each arch; II-≥10 teeth in each arch (WDT) or ≥20 teeth present (FDWHO); III-all 12 anterior teeth present; IV-≥3 premolar posterior occluding pairs (POPs) present; V-≥one molar POP bilaterally (FDClass5); VI-all sextants with Community Periodontal Index <3 and/or loss of attachment ≤1 (FDClass6). RESULTS: The prevalence rates of the different definitions of functional dentition ranged from 42.6 % (FDClass5) and 40.3 % (FDClass6) to 72.9 % (WDT) and 77.9 % (FDWHO). CONCLUSIONS: The oral health status of Brazilian adults exhibited considerable variation due to the different definitions of functional dentition, and less than half of Brazilian adults met all the criteria of function. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The indication and planning of prosthetic rehabilitation should not only be based on the absence of teeth but also the distribution and periodontal status of the teeth present.

Examination of the Relationship between Oral Health and Arterial Sclerosis without Genetic Confounding through the Study of Older Japanese Twins.

OBJECTIVE: Although researchers have recently demonstrated a relationship between oral health and arterial sclerosis, the genetic contribution to this relationship has been ignored even though genetic factors are expected to have some effect on various diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate oral health as a significant risk factor related to arterial sclerosis after eliminating genetic confounding through study of older Japanese twins. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Medical and dental surveys were conducted individually for 106 Japanese twin pairs over the age of 50 years. Maximal carotid intima-media thickness (IMT-Cmax) was measured as a surrogate marker of arterial sclerosis. IMT-Cmax > 1.0 mm was diagnosed as arterial sclerosis. All of the twins were examined for the number of remaining teeth, masticatory performance, and periodontal status. We evaluated each measurement related with IMT-Cmax and arterial sclerosis using generalized estimating equations analysis adjusted for potential risk factors. For non-smoking monozygotic twins, a regression analysis using a "between within" model was conducted to evaluate the relationship between IMT-Cmax and the number of teeth as the environmental factor controlling genetic and familial confounding. RESULTS: We examined 91 monozygotic and 15 dizygotic twin pairs (males: 42, females: 64) with a mean (± standard deviation) age of 67.4 ± 10.0 years. Out of all of the oral health-related measurements collected, only the number of teeth was significantly related to arterial sclerosis (odds ratio: 0.72, 95% confidence interval: 0.52-0.99 per five teeth). Regression analysis showed a significant association between the IMT-Cmax and the number of teeth as an environmental factor (p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: Analysis of monozygotic twins older than 50 years of age showed that having fewer teeth could be a significant environmental factor related to arterial sclerosis, even after controlling for genetic and familial confounding.

Clinical factors and self-perceived oral health.

Self-perceived oral health is affected not only by awareness of the clinical status but also by comparisons with people of a similar age. This study explored the relative contributions of clinical variables assessing caries, periodontal status, and prosthetic status to self-perceived oral health within two age groups. Data of 891 adults (35-44 yr of age) and 760 older people (65-74 yr of age) from the Fourth German Oral Health Study (DMS IV, 2005) were evaluated. Self-perceived oral health was obtained from questionnaires. Numbers of decayed, filled, and unreplaced teeth, mean attachment loss, bleeding on probing (BOP), the presence of a fixed denture, and the presence of a removable denture were assessed. Multinomial logistic regression models were developed for both age groups, separately, using stepwise methods. For adults, unreplaced teeth, filled teeth, decayed teeth, the presence of a removable denture, and mean attachment loss were added to the final model. For older people, the presence of a removable denture, unreplaced teeth, decayed teeth, mean attachment loss, filled teeth, and BOP were included in the final model. Awareness of the relative contributions of clinical variables to self-perceived oral health is important for obtaining a clearer understanding of patients' subjective and objective self-perceptions of oral health.

Plantas e constituintes químicos empregados em Odontologia: revisão de estudos etnofarmacológicos e de avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana in vitro em patógenos orais / Plants and chemical constituents used in dentistry: review of ethnopharmacological and antimicrobial activity studies in oral pathogens

Produtos derivados de plantas podem representar estratégia promissora na odontologia. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi levantar na literatura os estudos sobre o uso popular de plantas em afecções orais, bem como os estudos de avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana in vitro de extratos vegetais e compostos isolados sobre patógenos orais, no período de 1996 a 2011. Quarenta e sete famílias botânicas foram referidas, com maior número de citações para Anacardiaceae, sendo Anacardium occidentale L., a espécie mais citada. O levantamento sobre estudos de avaliação antimicrobiana relacionou extratos de sessenta e seis espécies vegetais pertencentes a trinta e oito famílias botânicas, destacando-se Anacardiaceae, com pesquisas realizadas de forma predominante com as folhas, investigadas pelo método de difusão em ágar. Cinquenta e oito substâncias isoladas de plantas foram avaliadas, demonstrando que Terminalia chebula Retz (Combretaceae) representa a espécie vegetal com atividade antimicrobiana in vitro mais significativa, apresentando halo de inibição de 32,97 mm contra Staphylococcus aureus, microrganismo encontrado em infecções orais; enquanto ácido tetra iso-alfa isolada de Humulus lupulus L. (Canabinaceae) apresentou maior halo de inibição para Streptococcus mutans (26,0 mm). Os resultados apresentados devem estimular o desenvolvimento dos estudos de validação na garantia do uso seguro e eficaz de espécies vegetais em odontologia.

Products derived from plants may represent a promising strategy in dentistry. Thus, the objective of this paper is to review studies of the popular use of plants in oral diseases, as well as studies evaluating the in vitro antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and isolated compounds in oral pathogens from 1996 to 2011. Forty-seven botanical families were mentioned, with the highest number of referencesfor Anacardiaceae, and Anacardium occidentale L. was the most mentioned specie. The review of antimicrobial activity studies relatedextracts from sixty-six plant species belonging to thirty-eight botanical families, especially Anacardiaceae, being predominant tests with leaves, investigated by the agar diffusion method. Fifty-eight compounds isolated from plants have been evaluated, showing that Terminalia chebula Retz (Combretaceae) represents the plant species with more meaningful in vitro antimicrobial activity, with inhibition zone of 32.97 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, microorganism found in oral infections, while tetra iso-alpha acid isolated from Humulus lupulus L. (Canabinaceae) showed greater inhibition zone for Streptococcus mutans (26.0 mm). The presented results should encourage the development of validation studies, ensuring the safe and effective use of plant species in dentistry.

Knowledge of removable partial denture wearers on denture hygiene.

BACKGROUND: Regular good denture hygiene by individuals with removable partial dentures (RPDs) is an important component of oral health and in the prevention of further dental problems. These individuals should be provided with advice on the importance of denture care and be aware of this information. AIM: To establish deficiencies in patient knowledge surrounding denture hygiene by RPD wearers. METHODOLOGY: The study was undertaken as an audit. Data was collected from April 2012 to October 2012 via a questionnaire completed by 196 RPD wearers attending as patients at the University Dental Hospital Wales and the dental units at St David's Hospital and Cynon Valley Hospital. The audit criterion was patients with RPDs should have knowledge of denture hygiene, with the standard set at 100%. RESULTS: While 91.8% of participants stated they were provided with instructions on denture hygiene when provided with their current prosthesis, 60.2% were shown to have less than an appropriate level of denture cleanliness, with 9.2% reporting that they slept wearing their prosthesis. CONCLUSION: The audit criterion and standard set were not achieved. A lack of knowledge surrounding denture hygiene was demonstrated among participants. As a part of the audit process the health education of RPD wearers' hygiene needs to be improved and awareness levels of the whole dental team needs to be raised. All partial dentures should receive information and regular reinforcement of key dental hygiene messages.

Health-oriented electronic oral health record for health surveillance.

Public health surveillance of oral health might benefit from increased access to and analysis of electronically available data including systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of outcome-specific data for use in public health action to improve oral health. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a new Health-oriented Electronic Oral Health Record (Health-EOHR) that integrated new oral health status graphical user interface, the health-oriented status and intervention model to facilitate oral health surveillance. We designed an experiment using focus groups and a Delphi process to develop health-oriented status and intervention model and graphical user interface. The Health-EOHR was implemented and integrated into the existing Electronic Health Record widely used in community hospitals. The study on usefulness for oral health surveillance was conducted. Overall, the dentists were significantly satisfied with the Health-EOHR compared to the existing EOHR (p < 0.001). The dentists found it easy to use and were generally satisfied with the function and the impact on their work, oral health services and surveillance.