[Effects of the vaccination campaign on hospitalization and mortality linked to measles in Brazil in the last decade]. / Efeitos da campanha de vacinação nas internações e mortalidade relacionados ao sarampo no Brasil na última década.

Measles is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population and it can be prevented with 100% effectiveness by vaccination. However, the disease remains active in throughout Brazil. The scope of this article is to evaluate the population's adherence to vaccination and the potential connection with hospitalizations and mortality in relation to measles in Brazil. This is an ecological study based on secondary data on mortality and hospitalizations due to measles and vaccination coverage against the disease in Brazil from 2013 to 2022. The peak of adherence to the measles vaccination schedule occurred in the 3 years that preceded the eradication of the disease in the country, which occurred in 2016. In this interval, there are the lowest hospitalization rates, with zero mortality from 2014 to 2017. On the other hand, there has been a marked drop in vaccination rates since 2019, when the disease resurfaced in Brazil. Concomitantly, hospitalization and mortality rates reach the highest recorded values. Population adherence to the complete measles vaccination schedule, which is essential to control the disease and related deaths, is insufficient, which is reflected in hospitalization and mortality rates.

O sarampo é uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade na população pediátrica e pode ser prevenido com 100% de eficácia pela vacinação. No entanto, a doença permanece ativa no território brasileiro. O objetivo do artigo é avaliar a adesão da população à vacinação e a possível relação com hospitalização e mortalidade em relação ao sarampo no Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico realizado a partir de dados secundários de mortalidade e internações acerca do sarampo e da cobertura vacinal contra a doença no Brasil nos anos de 2013 a 2022. O ápice de adesão ao calendário vacinal contra o sarampo se deu nos três anos que precederam a erradicação da doença no país, ocorrida em 2016. Nesse intervalo, tem-se as menores taxas de internação, com a mortalidade zerada de 2014 a 2017. Em contrapartida, verifica-se, desde então, queda na taxas de vacinação, acentuadas a partir de 2019, quando a doença reaparece no Brasil. Concomitantemente, as taxas de internação e mortalidade atingem os valores mais altos registrados. A adesão populacional ao calendário vacinal completo contra o sarampo, essencial ao controle da doença e dos óbitos relacionados, está insuficiente, o que se reflete nas taxas de internações e mortalidade.

Despite Safe and Effective Vaccine, Measles Cases and Deaths Increased Worldwide From 2021 to 2022.

This Medical News story discusses the latest data on measles cases, deaths, and vaccination coverage worldwide.

Risk factors for measles deaths among children during a Nationwide measles outbreak - Romania, 2016-2018.

BACKGROUND: Case fatality ratio (CFR) among all age groups during the 2016-2018 measles outbreak in Romania was increased compared with previous outbreaks. To identify risk factors for measles death, we conducted a case-control study among infants and children hospitalized for measles. METHODS: National surveillance data were used to identify hospitalized cases of laboratory-confirmed or epidemiologically linked measles in infants and children aged < 59 months with rash onset from January 2016 to July 2018. We abstracted medical records of 50 fatal cases ("cases") and 250 non-fatal cases ("controls") matched by age, sex, district of residence, and urban/rural place of residence. We calculated univariable and multivariable matched odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for risk factors. RESULTS: Ninety-three percent of case-patients and controls had not received a valid dose of a measles-containing vaccine; only 5 % received Vitamin A supplementation once diagnosed with measles. In the univariable analysis, cases were more likely than controls to have had a healthcare-related exposure to measles manifesting as inpatient admission for pneumonia during the 7 to 21 day measles incubation period (OR: 3.0; 95% CI [1.2, 7.2]), to have had a history of malnutrition (OR: 3.4; 95% CI [1.1, 9.9]), and to have had pneumonia as a complication of measles (OR:7.1; 95% CI [2.0-24.8]). In the multivariable analysis, pneumonia as a measles complication remained a risk for death (OR: 7.1; 95% CI [1.4-35.3]). CONCLUSIONS: Implementing infection prevention and control practices, ensuring immunization of healthcare workers, and hospitalizing only severe measles cases may minimize the risk of nosocomial measles transmission. Implementing World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for Vitamin A supplementation, improving immunization of children to prevent influenza, pneumococcal, and other bacterial respiratory diseases may decrease complications and deaths due to measles in Romania.

Monitoring for outbreak-associated excess mortality in an African city: Detection limits in Antananarivo, Madagascar.

OBJECTIVES: Quantitative estimates of the impact of infectious disease outbreaks are required to develop measured policy responses. In many low- and middle-income countries, inadequate surveillance and incompleteness of death registration are important barriers. DESIGN: Here, we characterize how large an impact on mortality would have to be for being detectable using the uniquely detailed mortality notification data from the city of Antananarivo, Madagascar, with application to a recent measles outbreak. RESULTS: The weekly mortality rate of children during the 2018-2019 measles outbreak was 161% above the expected value at its peak, and the signal can be detected earlier in children than in the general population. This approach to detect anomalies from expected baseline mortality allows us to delineate the prevalence of COVID-19 at which excess mortality would be detectable with the existing death notification system in Antananarivo. CONCLUSIONS: Given current age-specific estimates of the COVID-19 fatality ratio and the age structure of the population in Antananarivo, we estimate that as few as 11 deaths per week in the 60-70 years age group (corresponding to an infection rate of approximately 1%) would detectably exceed the baseline. Data from 2020 will undergo necessary processing and quality control in the coming months. Our results provide a baseline for interpreting this information.

Mortes por sarampo em todo o mundo sobem 50% entre 2016 e 2019, com mais de 207,5 mil vidas perdidas em 2019

Em 2019, o sarampo aumentou em todo o mundo, atingindo o maior número de casos notificados em 23 anos. Destacados em uma publicação da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e dos Centros para Controle e Prevenção de Doenças (CDC) dos Estados Unidos, os casos de sarampo notificados em todo o mundo aumentaram para 869.770 em 2019, o maior número registrado desde 1996 com aumentos em todas as regiões da OMS. As mortes globais por sarampo aumentaram quase 50% desde 2016, ceifando cerca de 207,5 mil vidas apenas em 2019.

Progress Toward Regional Measles Elimination - Worldwide, 2000-2019.

In 2010, the World Health Assembly (WHA) set the following three milestones for measles control to be achieved by 2015: 1) increase routine coverage with the first dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) among children aged 1 year to ≥90% at the national level and to ≥80% in every district, 2) reduce global annual measles incidence to <5 cases per 1 million population, and 3) reduce global measles mortality by 95% from the 2000 estimate* (1). In 2012, WHA endorsed the Global Vaccine Action Plan,† with the objective of eliminating measles§ in five of the six World Health Organization (WHO) regions by 2020. This report describes progress toward WHA milestones and regional measles elimination during 2000-2019 and updates a previous report (2). During 2000-2010, estimated MCV1 coverage increased globally from 72% to 84% but has since plateaued at 84%-85%. All countries conducted measles surveillance; however, approximately half did not achieve the sensitivity indicator target of two or more discarded measles and rubella cases per 100,000 population. Annual reported measles incidence decreased 88%, from 145 to 18 cases per 1 million population during 2000-2016; the lowest incidence occurred in 2016, but by 2019 incidence had risen to 120 cases per 1 million population. During 2000-2019, the annual number of estimated measles deaths decreased 62%, from 539,000 to 207,500; an estimated 25.5 million measles deaths were averted. To drive progress toward the regional measles elimination targets, additional strategies are needed to help countries reach all children with 2 doses of measles-containing vaccine, identify and close immunity gaps, and improve surveillance.

The potential impact of a recent measles epidemic on COVID-19 in Samoa.

BACKGROUND: The pandemic of COVID-19 has occurred close on the heels of a global resurgence of measles. In 2019, an unprecedented epidemic of measles affected Samoa, requiring a state of emergency to be declared. Measles causes an immune amnesia which can persist for over 2 years after acute infection and increases the risk of a range of other infections. METHODS: We modelled the potential impact of measles-induced immune amnesia on a COVID-19 epidemic in Samoa using data on measles incidence in 2018-2019, population data and a hypothetical COVID-19 epidemic. RESULTS: The young population structure and contact matrix in Samoa results in the most transmission occurring in young people < 20 years old. The highest rate of death is the 60+ years old, but a smaller peak in death may occur in younger people, with more than 15% of total deaths in the age group under 20 years old. Measles induced immune amnesia could increase the total number of cases by 8% and deaths by more than 2%. CONCLUSIONS: Samoa, which had large measles epidemics in 2019-2020 should focus on rapidly achieving high rates of measles vaccination and enhanced surveillance for COVID-19, as the impact may be more severe due to measles-induced immune paresis. This applies to other severely measles-affected countries in the Pacific, Europe and elsewhere.

Reduction in Short-term Outpatient Consultations After a Campaign With Measles Vaccine in Children Aged 9-59 Months: Substudy Within a Cluster-Randomized Trial.

BACKGROUND: We assessed a measles vaccination campaign's potential short-term adverse events. METHODS: In a cluster-randomized trial assessing a measles vaccination campaign's effect on all-cause mortality and hospital admission among children aged 9-59 months in Guinea-Bissau, children received a measles vaccination (intervention) or a health check-up (control). One month to 2 months later, we visited a subgroup of children to ask mothers/guardians about outpatient consultations since enrollment. In log-binomial models, we estimated the relative risk (RR) of nonaccidental outpatient consultations. RESULTS: Among 8319 children (4437 intervention/3882 control), 652 nonaccidental outpatient consultations occurred (322 intervention/330 control). The measles vaccination campaign tended to reduce nonaccidental outpatient consultations by 16% (RR, 0.84 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .65-1.11]), especially if caused by respiratory symptoms (RR, 0.68 [95% CI, .42-1.11]). The reduction tended to be larger in children who prior to trial enrollment had a pentavalent vaccination (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B, and Haemophilus influenzae type b) as the most recent vaccination (RR, 0.61 [95% CI, .42-.89]) than in children who prior to trial enrollment had a routine measles vaccination as the most recent vaccination (RR, 0.93 [95% CI, .68-1.26]) (P = .04 for interaction). CONCLUSIONS: In the short term, a measles vaccination campaign seems not to increase nonaccidental outpatient consultations but may reduce them. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT03460002.

Severe and fatal measles-associated pneumonia during an outbreak in Italy: data from the heart of the epidemic.

INTRODUCTION: Measles is a contagious disease that re-emerged among young adults as a consequence of suboptimal vaccination coverage. Since in the pre-vaccination era measles affected mainly children, little is known about measles-associated respiratory complications in adults. The aim of this study was to describe clinical and radiological findings in adults affected by measles who developed respiratory complications during a recent measles outbreak. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this retrospective chart review-based study we analyzed data from patients admitted for measles from January to June 2018 to a large tertiary care hospital, in one of the main cities in the south of Italy. This city has been the country's heart of the epidemic with a high morbidity and mortality rate. RESULTS: Among 177 patients (mean age 26 ± 9 years), only 2 were vaccinated. Thirty patients (16.9%) had signs of pneumonia on chest radiography. Computed tomography scan showed the following abnormalities: centrilobular nodules (63%), ground-glass attenuation (63%), air-space consolidation (36%), pleural effusion (16%) and pneumothorax (10%). Five patients developed severe lung injury and hypoxemia requiring admission to Intensive Care Unit. Two young unvaccinated women with no past medical history died from acute respiratory failure. The death was sudden and unpredictable. CONCLUSIONS: Measles-associated pneumonia in unvaccinated young adults can cause severe respiratory impairment and death. Our findings support the need for a mandatory vaccination policy.

Measles (Rubeola): An Update.

Measles is a significant concern with approximately 10 million people infected annually causing over 100,000 deaths worldwide. In the US before use of the measles vaccine, there were estimated to be 3 to 4 million people infected with measles annually, causing 400 to 500 deaths. Complications of measles include otitis media, diarrhea, pneumonia, and acute encephalitis. Measles is a leading cause of blindness in the developing world, especially in those who are vitamin A deficient. Malnourished children with measles are also at higher risk of developing noma (or cancrum oris), a rapidly progressive gangrenous infection of the mouth and face. Most deaths due to measles are caused by pneumonia, diarrhea, or neurological complications in young children, severely malnourished or immunocompromised individuals, and pregnant women. A rare sequela of measles is subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.

Measles, Malnutrition and Mortality: Puerto Rico, 1917-1918.

OBJECTIVE: Recent measles outbreaks in the United States and Europe have highlighted the threat of the disease. We studied the 1917-1918 epidemic in Puerto Rico to better understand the social and place-specific risk factors and severity of such crises. METHODS: We reviewed medical and government reports, newspapers and private contemporary documents. RESULTS: The epidemic developed over two years, encompassed the Island, and caused nearly 2,000 deaths among more than 9,000 registered cases (with much underreporting). During the first six months, 59% of fatalities were children under 2 years of age. Officials recognized poor nutrition and living conditions as an important determinant of epidemic severity. Responses came from different social sectors before the central government mobilized to help. In San Juan, Catholic and Protestant churches and philanthropic women from both Spanish and Englishlanguage communities joined to provide free milk to needy children and create a temporary Infants' Hospital. Despite food scarcity and wartime conditions, central and municipal governments established hospitals and milk stations. CONCLUSION: Studies that examine the impact of reemerging diseases in a time and place-specific context look at disease severity together with the socioeconomic conditions of patients and health care systems. This type of investigation also suggests avenues into the history of pediatrics, the use of epidemiologic methods, the utility of historical statistics, nutritional history, and the history of disaster response. Historical and recent outbreaks show the need for health care professionals and public health systems to be prepared to confront measles epidemics.

Temporal trend of measles cases and impact of vaccination on mortality in Jigawa State, Nigeria, 2013-2017: a secondary data analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Measles is a highly infectious vaccine-preventable viral disease that mostly affects children less than five years old. Jigawa located in the north-west zone has the highest burden of measles in Nigeria. We reviewed Jigawa State measles surveillance data to identify measles trend and factors associated with mortality. METHODS: We conducted a secondary data analysis of measles specific integrated disease surveillance and response data for Jigawa State from January 2013 to December 2017. We extracted relevant variables and analyzed data using descriptive statistics and logistic regression model (α = 0.05). We estimated seasonal variation using an additive time series model. RESULTS: A total of 6,214 cases were recorded with 1038 (16.7%) confirmed by laboratory investigation. Only 1,185 (19.7%) had at least one dose of measles vaccine. Age specific attack and fatality rates were highest among children under the age of five years (503/100,000 and 1.8% respectively). The trend showed a decrease in number of cases across all the years. Seasonal variation existed with cases peaking in the first quarter. The likelihood of mortality associated with measles was higher among cases who had no vaccination (AOR = 4.7, 95% CI: 2.9-7.5) than those who had at least one dose of measles vaccine. CONCLUSION: There was a decrease in the trend of measles cases, however, the vaccination coverage was very low in Jigawa State. Receiving at least one dose of measles vaccine reduces mortality among the cases. Strengthening routine immunization will reduce number of cases and mortality associated with the disease.

Inpatient morbidity and mortality of measles in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Measles is an extremely contagious, vaccine-preventable infection that was officially declared eradicated in the US in 2000. However, measles outbreaks are increasingly occurring in the US. Measles cases have considerable morbidity requiring hospitalization, yet little is known about hospitalization and complications from measles in recent years. OBJECTIVES: To analyze the frequency, predictors, costs and other outcomes of hospitalization for measles in the US. METHODS: The 2002-2016 Nationwide Inpatient Sample, containing a 20% sample of US hospitalizations (n = 96,568,625), was analyzed. Measles and comorbidities were defined by International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) or ICD-10-CM codes. Multivariable survey logistic regression and linear regression models controlling for sociodemographic demographic factors were constructed to understand associations with organ-specific complications, and cost of care and length of stay, respectively. RESULTS: Overall, 1,018 measles hospitalizations occurred in 2002-2016, and hospitalizations increased over time. In multivariable logistic regression models, measles was associated with higher odds of gastrointestinal, hematologic, infectious, neurologic, ophthalmologic, pulmonary, and renal complications, with the strongest association observed with encephalitis (39.84 [16.51-96.12], P<0.0001). Increased length of stay (LOS) and similar cost of care (mean [95% CI]; 4.8 [4.4-5.4]; $7,438 [$6,446-$8,582]) were observed versus (vs.) all other admissions (4.5 [4.4-4.5]; P<0.01; $7,854 [$7,774-$7,935], P>0.05). There were 34 deaths in hospitalized measles patients; inpatient mortality was numerically higher in those with vs. without measles (proportion ± SEM: 3.3±1.2% vs. 2.3±0.01%, P = 0.333). LIMITATIONS: Lack of outpatient or prescription data. CONCLUSIONS: Measles continues to pose a substantial and preventable health care burden, with serious complications, hospitalization and inpatient mortality. Further studies are needed to improve the prevention and management of measles.