Unveiling the Structural Characteristics of Lignin and Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes in Fibers and Parenchyma Cells of Moso Bamboo during Different Growing Years.

Understanding and recognizing the structural characteristics of lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) and lignin in different growth stages and tissue types of bamboo will facilitate industrial processes and practical applications of bamboo biomass. Herein, the LCC and lignin samples were sequentially isolated from fibers and parenchyma cells of bamboo with different growth ages. The diverse yields of sequential fractions not only reflect the different biomass recalcitrance between bamboo fibers and parenchyma cells but also uncover the structural heterogeneity of these tissues at different growth stages. The molecular structures and structural inhomogeneities of the isolated lignin and LCC samples were comprehensively investigated. The results showed that the structural features of lignin and LCC linkages in parenchyma cells were abundant in ß-O-4 linkages but less with carbon-carbon linkages, suggesting that lignin and cross-linked LCC in parenchyma cells are simple in nature and easily to be tamed and tractable in the current biorefinery. Parallelly, the different ball-milled samples were directly characterized by high-resolution (800 M) solution-state 2D-HSQC NMR to analyze the whole lignocellulosic material. Overall, the scheme presented in this study will provide a comprehensive understanding of lignin and LCC linkages in fibers and parenchyma cells of bamboo and enable the utilization of bamboo biomass.

[Determination and antioxidant analysis of seven flavonoids in bamboo-leaf extracts].

The flavonoid contents of different bamboo-leaf extracts and their relationships to antioxidant activity were investigated in this study by preparing nine samples using two commercially available bamboo-leaf extract products and seven bamboo-leaf extracts such as Phyllostachys edulis. A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was established to determine seven flavonoid components (orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin, tricin, luteolin and luteoloside) in these samples, which were separated using a SymmetryShieldTM RP8 column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 µm) under gradient-elution conditions using acetonitrile as mobile phase A and 0.5% (v/v) acetic acid aqueous solution as mobile phase B. The antioxidant activities of the samples were evaluated using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical-scavenging assays, with half inhibitory concentration (IC50) as an indicator and the butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) antioxidants as positive controls. Pearson correlation was then used to analyze the relationship between flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. The HPLC method was found to be accurate and reliable for determining the flavonoid contents of the bamboo-leaf extracts. The seven flavonoids were well separated, and good linear relationships were exhibited (correlation coefficients (R2)≥0.9990). Furthermore, the contents of the seven flavonoids in the bamboo-leaf extracts ranged from 14.97 to 183.94 mg/g, with the highest content of 183.94 mg/g recorded for Phyllostachys edulis. The bamboo species exhibited significantly different flavonoid contents, with Phyllostachys edulis showing the highest orientin, isoorientin, and vitexin levels of 38.45, 101.30, and 9.42 mg/g, respectively. Moreover, the bamboo-leaf extracts exhibited IC50 values of 78.23-179.41 mg/L for DPPH-radical-scavenging, while values of 203.48-1250.81 mg/L were recorded for hydroxyl radicals. The Phyllostachys edulis leaf extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, with the lowest IC50 values of 78.23 and 203.48 mg/L for DPPH and hydroxyl, respectively; it showed greatly significant for the further development and application of Phyllostachys edulis. Finally, the relationships between flavonoid content and the DPPH- and hydroxyl-radical-scavenging activities (based on the IC50 values) were correlated, which revealed that the orientin and isoorientin contents are closely related to the antioxidant activities of the bamboo-leaf extracts. Consequently, the orientin and isoorientin contents can be used as indicators for evaluating the antioxidant activities of bamboo-leaf extracts.

Multifunctional composite film of curcumin Pickering emulsion stabilized by lignocellulose nanofibrils isolated from bamboo shoot shells for monitoring shrimp freshness.

Concerns about food safety and environmental impact from chemical surfactants have prompted interest in natural lignocellulosic materials as alternatives. In this study, we combined hydrated deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment with ultrasound treatment to prepare lignocellulosic nanofibrils (LCNF) from bamboo shoot shells with appropriate surface properties for stabilizing Pickering emulsions. The pretreatment intensity effectively modulated the surface characteristics of LCNF, achieving desirable wettability through lignin retention and in-situ esterification. The resulting LCNF/curcumin Pickering emulsion (CPE) demonstrated curcumin protection and pH-responsive color changes, while the ensuing CPE/PVA composite film exhibited ultraviolet shielding, mechanical strength, oxygen barrier, and antioxidant properties. Furthermore, the CPE/PVA film showed promise as a real-time indicator for monitoring shrimp freshness, maintaining sensitivity to spoilage even after six months of storage. These findings advance the advancement of green LCNF technologies, providing eco-friendly solutions for valorizing bamboo shoot shells and enhancing the application of LCNF in Pickering emulsions.

Conversion of Bamboo into Strong, Waterproof, and Biodegradable Thermosetting Plastic through Cell Wall Structure Directed Manipulation.

Reckoning with the global environmental challenge of plastic pollution, particularly in terms of recycling and biodegradation of thermosetting plastics, sustainable alternatives are imperative. The rapidly growing and eco-friendly material bamboo has great potential as a sustainable resource; however, it lacks the inherent self-bonding and plasticity characteristics found in plastics. This study presents a feasible approach to enhance the plasticity of bamboo by selectively removing part of its lignin and disrupting the crystalline structure of cellulose. Concurrently, this process selectively transforms hydroxyl groups into highly reactive dialdehyde groups to increase the reactivity of bamboo. The resulting activated bamboo units undergo a hot-pressing process to transform them into a type of thermosetting plastic (ABTP). The ABTP is highly moldable, and its color can be precisely regulated by adjusting the lignin content. Additionally, it exhibits exceptional solvent and water resistance, along with notable mechanical properties, including a tensile strength of 50 MPa, flexural strength of 80 MPa, flexural modulus of 5 GPa, and Shore D hardness approaching 90. Furthermore, the bamboo-derived plastic exhibits exceptional reusability and biodegradability, presenting feasible and environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional plastics while harnessing the sustainable development potential of bamboo.

Carbonic anhydrase encapsulation using bamboo cellulose scaffolds for efficient CO2 capture and conversion.

Utilizing carbonic anhydrase (CA) to catalyze CO2 hydration offers a sustainable and potent approach for carbon capture and utilization. To enhance CA's reusability and stability for successful industrial applications, enzyme immobilization is essential. In this study, delignified bamboo cellulose served as a renewable porous scaffold for immobilizing CA through oxidation-induced cellulose aldehydation followed by Schiff base linkage. The catalytic performance of the resulting immobilized CA was evaluated using both p-NPA hydrolysis and CO2 hydration models. Compared to free CA, immobilization onto the bamboo scaffold increased CA's optimal temperature and pH to approximately 45 °C and 9.0, respectively. Post-immobilization, CA activity demonstrated effective retention (>60 %), with larger scaffold sizes (i.e., 8 mm diameter and 5 mm height) positively impacting this aspect, even surpassing the activity of free CA. Furthermore, immobilized CA exhibited sustained reusability and high stability under thermal treatment and pH fluctuation, retaining >80 % activity even after 5 catalytic cycles. When introduced to microalgae culture, the immobilized CA improved biomass production by ∼16 %, accompanied by enhanced synthesis of essential biomolecules in microalgae. Collectively, the facile and green construction of immobilized CA onto bamboo cellulose block demonstrates great potential for the development of various CA-catalyzed CO2 conversion and utilization technologies.

Recent advancements in bamboo nanocellulose-based bioadsorbents and their potential in wastewater applications: A review.

The research interest in sustainable and eco-friendly materials based on natural sources has increased dramatically due to their recyclability, biodegradability, compatibility, and nontoxic behavior. Recently, nanocellulose-based green composites are under extensive exploration and have gained popularity among researchers owing to their lightweight, lost cost, low density, excellent mechanical and physical characteristics. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in the extraction, modification, and application of bamboo nanocellulose as a high-performance bioadsorbent. Bamboo, a rapidly renewable resource, offers an eco-friendly alternative to traditional materials due to its abundant availability and unique structural properties. Significantly, bamboo comprises a considerable amount of cellulose, approximately 40 % to 50%, rendering it a valuable source of cellulose fiber for the fabrication of cellulose nanocrystals. The review highlights different various modification techniques which enhance the adsorption capacities and selectivity of bamboo nanocellulose. Furthermore, the integration of bamboo nanocellulose into novel composite materials and its performance in removing contaminants such as heavy metals, dyes, and organic pollutants from wastewater are critically analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the mechanisms of adsorption, regeneration potential, and the economic and environmental benefits of using bamboo-based bioadsorbents. The findings underscore the potential of bamboo nanocellulose to play a pivotal role in developing sustainable wastewater treatment technologies, offering a promising pathway towards cleaner water and a greener future.

Transparent bamboo as a replacement for glass: Effects of lignin decolorisation methods on weatherability.

Transparent bamboo proved to be a promising substitute for glass due to its high light transmittance and excellent mechanical properties. Nevertheless, it was susceptible to outdoor weathering, which negatively affected its physical and mechanical properties. In this study, two decolorisation methods, namely the delignification method and the lignin modification method, were used to produce transparent bamboos with epoxy resin, referred to as DL-TB and LM-TB, respectively. The changes in surface color, optical and mechanical properties, wettability, thermal stability, and thermal insulation properties of transparent bamboo during accelerated UV weathering were evaluated. Additionally, the deterioration mechanism of DL-TB and LM-TB was investigated. The findings revealed that DL-TB demonstrated better transparency and mechanical properties than LM-TB, although it exhibited lower thermal insulation properties. Furthermore, DL-TB demonstrated enhanced color stability and higher hydrophobicity on weathered surfaces than LM-TB. Unexpectedly, the tensile properties of both two transparent bamboos significantly improved after weathering, especially for LM-TB, which was due to the EP post-curing and the formation of more hydrogen bonds between lignin and EP. These observations revealed that lignin played a key role in the photodegradation process of transparent bamboo, but further attempts should be made in future studies to improve its color stability.

Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose extracted from bamboo culm for bioethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae modified via CRISPR/Cas9.

In the context of biorefinery, researchers have been looking for lignocellulosic biomasses and ideal treatments to produce economically viable biofuels. In this scenario, the bamboo culm appears as a plant matrix of great potential, given the high cellulose content of low crystallinity. Thus, the objective and differential of this work was to determine the best conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose extracted from bamboo culm and to evaluate its potential application in the production of bioethanol through Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) and Saccharification and Simultaneous Fermentation (SSF) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae modified via CRISPR/Cas9. The average cellulose extraction yield was 41.87 % with an extraction efficiency of 86.76 %. In general, as the hydrolysis time increased, an increase in glucose production was observed in almost all assays, with higher hydrolysis efficiency values at 72 h. The results ranged from 2.09 to 19.8 g/L of glucose obtained with efficiency values of 10.47 to 99 %. The best conditions were found in test 5 (temperature of 36 °C and pH 5.0, with only 10 FPU/g of substrate Cellic Ctec2 Novozymes ® cocktail). It is observed that for all hydrolysis times the independent variables pH and temperature were significant under the hydrolysis efficiency, showing a negative effect, indicating that higher values of the same promote lower values of the response variable. For bioethanol production, a maximum concentration of 7.84 g/L was observed for the SSH process after 4 h of fermentation, while for the SSF process it was 12.6 g/L after 24 h of fermentation, indicating the large potential of the simultaneous process together with the application of bamboo culm biomass for high production of biofuel.

Integrated framework for dynamic conservation of bamboo forest in giant panda habitat under climate change.

Climate change presents formidable challenges to forest biodiversity and carbon storage. Bamboo forests will be affected particularly in Southwest China's mountainous regions. Bamboo serves as not only a key food resource and habitat for giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca but also a potential carbon sink due to its rapid energy-to-matter conversion capability. We employ the MaxEnt model to project the distribution shifts of 20 giant panda foraged bamboo species in Sichuan Province under future climate scenarios, utilizing climate data of 30m resolution. Based on the changes in the diversity and distribution area of bamboo communities caused by climate change, the changing of giant pandas' food resources and the carbon storage of bamboo forests were calculated. The results indicated that the area of bamboo communities is projected to expand by 17.94%-60.88% more than now by the end of the 21st century. We analyzed the energy balance between the dietary needs of giant pandas and the energy provided by bamboo. We predicted that bamboo communities from 2000 to 2150 could support the continuous growth of the giant panda population (6533 wild individuals by 2140-2150 in an ideal state in Sichuan province). However, the species diversity and carbon storage of bamboo forests face out-of-sync fluctuations, both temporally and spatially. This is a critical issue for subalpine forest ecosystem management under climate change. Therefore, we propose a dynamic conservation management framework for giant panda habitats across spatial and temporal scales. This framework aims to facilitate the adaptation of subalpine forest ecosystems to climate change. This innovative approach, which integrates climate change into the conservation strategy for endangered species, contributes a conservation perspective to global climate action, highlighting the interconnectedness of biodiversity preservation and climate mitigation.

Dielectric barrier discharge low-temperature plasma modification of bamboo charcoal for supercapacitor applications.

Biochar is commonly utilized as an electrode material in supercapacitors. However, the conventional carbonization process often results in macromolecular compounds, which obstruct the porous structure of carbon materials, thereby reducing their capacitance. Dielectric barrier discharge low-temperature plasma (DLTP) is a technology that transforms gases into highly excited states, utilizing high-energy particles for enhanced energy applications. This study investigated the effects of DLTP on the electrochemical performance of bamboo charcoal (BC), utilizing bamboo shavings (BS) as the carbon source. The results indicated that the specific capacitance of BC varied under different atmospheric conditions, input voltages, and treatment durations, thereby achieving a maximum increase of 144 F/g. Furthermore, when combined with KOH activation, DLTP modification further enhanced the specific capacitance of BC to 237 F/g. The DLTP treatment enhanced the specific surface area and the types of functional groups in BC, thereby leading to a significant enhancement of its electrochemical properties.

Analysis of bamboo fibres and their associated dye on a freshwater fish host-parasite system.

With the growth of the fashion and textile industries into the twenty-first century, associated pollution has become pervasive. Fibre-based microplastics are the most common types of plastics recovered from aquatic ecosystems encouraging the move towards organic fibre usage. Often marketed as biodegradable and 'environmentally friendly', organic textile fibres are seen as less harmful, but their impacts are understudied. Here, we assess the health effects of reconstituted bamboo-viscose fibres, processed bamboo-elastane fibres (both at 700 fibres/L) and their associated dye (Reactive Black-5, at 1 mg/L) on fish, with an emphasis on disease resistance utilising an established host-parasite system: the freshwater guppy host (Poecilia reticulata) and Gyrodactylus turnbulli (monogenean ectoparasite). Following 3 weeks exposure to the bamboo fibres and associated dye, half the experimental fish were infected with G. turnbulli, after which individual parasite trajectories were monitored for a further 17 days. Overall, exposures to reconstituted bamboo-viscose fibres, processed bamboo-elastane fibres or dye were not associated with any change in host mortality nor any significant changes in parasite infection burdens. When analysing the routine metabolic rate (RMR) of fish, uninfected fish had, on average, significantly impacted RMR when exposed to processed bamboo-elastane (increased RMR) and reconstituted bamboo-viscose (decreased RMR). Hosts exposed to reconstituted bamboo-viscose and the associated dye treatment showed significant changes in RMR pre- and post-infection. This study bolsters the growing and needed assessment of the potential environmental impacts of alternative non-plastic fibres; nevertheless, more research is needed in this field to prevent potential greenwashing.

In-situ construction of chitosan@tannin structure on bamboo fiber for green and convenient reinforcement of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) biocomposite.

Fiber-reinforced biocomposites were widely considered as the optimal sustainable alternative to traditional petroleum-based polymers due to their renewable, degradable, and environmentally friendly characteristics, along with economic benefits. However, the poor interfacial bonding between the matrix and natural fiber reinforcement remained a key issue limiting their mechanical and thermal properties. Focusing on cost-effective, convenient, and low-pollution chemical methods, this work proposed a strategy for in-situ synthesis of composite structures on bamboo fiber (BF) surfaces. Crude chitosan (CS) and reclaimed tannic acid (TA) were utilized as the raw materials, to construct stereo-netlike chitosan @ tannin structures (CS@TA) via a one-pot method facilitated by hydrogen bonding and complexation. The influence of reactant concentration and pH value on the process was further investigated and optimized. The CS@TA structure improved the interfacial bonding between the BF reinforcement and matrix poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), and this non-amino-driven construction provided a potential reaction platform for functionalizing the interfacial layer. The modified biocomposite showed improvements in tensile and impact strengths (51.58 %, 41.18 %), also in tensile and flexural moduli (13.59 %, 26.88 %). Enhancements were also observed in thermal properties and heat capacity. This work presents a simple and promising approach to increase biocomposite interface bonding.

The rigid-flexible balanced molecular crosslinking network transition interface: An effective strategy for improving the performance of bamboo fibers/poly(butadiene succinate-co-butadiene adipate) biocomposites.

The poor interfacial compatibility of natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites has become a major challenge in the development of industry-standard high-performance composites. To solve this problem, this study constructs a novel rigid-flexible balanced molecular crosslinked network transition interface in composites. The interface improves the interfacial compatibility of the composites by balancing the stiffness and strength of the fibers and the matrix， effectively improving the properties of the composites. The flexural strength and flexural modulus of the composites were enhanced by 38 % and 44 %, respectively. Water absorption decreased by 30 %. The initial and maximum thermal degradation temperatures increased by 20 °C and 16 °C, respectively. The maximum storage modulus increased by 316 %. Furthermore, the impact toughness was elevated by 41 %, attributed to the crosslinked network's efficacy in absorbing and dissipating externally applied energy. This innovative approach introduces a new theory of interfacial reinforcement compatibility, advancing the development of high-performance and sustainable biocomposites.

Eco-friendly versatile shielding revolution: Tannin tailored bamboo waste composite with wave-absorbing, flame retardancy, and antibacterial abilities.

The swift evolution of fifth-generation technology has intensified the need for lightweight, high-efficiency, and low-reflection multifunctional electromagnetic interference shielding materials, crucial in combating escalating electromagnetic pollution in complex application environments. To tackle these challenges, an innovative solution has emerged: a biocomposite crafted from discarded bamboo materials. This innovation incorporates a meticulously engineered functional coating composed of tannic acid, boric acid, and polyvinyl alcohol. Additionally, the integration of highly conductive Ti3C2Tx (MXene) nanosheets onto the surface of bamboo powders enhances the EMI shielding efficiency of composites, achieving an impressive ∼40.9 dB. Meanwhile, significant improvements in mechanical reinforcement have been achieved, along with increases in the relative values of key performance indicators: tensile strength (89.8 %), tensile modulus (79.6 %), flexural strength (51.6 %), flexural modulus (35.1 %), and impact strength (45.4 %). Furthermore, the introduction of functional components grants the composite exceptional flame retardancy and antibacterial properties against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Beyond these strides, the utilization of bamboo waste as a composite pioneer a paradigm shift in waste utilization, converting refuse into invaluable resources.

Extraction of Moso Bamboo Parameters Based on the Combination of ALS and TLS Point Cloud Data.

Extracting moso bamboo parameters from single-source point cloud data has limitations. In this article, a new approach for extracting moso bamboo parameters using airborne laser scanning (ALS) and terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) point cloud data is proposed. Using the field-surveyed coordinates of plot corner points and the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm, the ALS and TLS point clouds were aligned. Considering the difference in point distribution of ALS, TLS, and the merged point cloud, individual bamboo plants were segmented from the ALS point cloud using the point cloud segmentation (PCS) algorithm, and individual bamboo plants were segmented from the TLS and the merged point cloud using the comparative shortest-path (CSP) method. The cylinder fitting method was used to estimate the diameter at breast height (DBH) of the segmented bamboo plants. The accuracy was calculated by comparing the bamboo parameter values extracted by the above methods with reference data in three sample plots. The comparison results showed that by using the merged data, the detection rate of moso bamboo plants could reach up to 97.30%; the R2 of the estimated bamboo height was increased to above 0.96, and the root mean square error (RMSE) decreased from 1.14 m at most to a range of 0.35-0.48 m, while the R2 of the DBH fit was increased to a range of 0.97-0.99, and the RMSE decreased from 0.004 m at most to a range of 0.001-0.003 m. The accuracy of moso bamboo parameter extraction was significantly improved by using the merged point cloud data.

Expression and function analysis of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes involved in Bamboo lignin biosynthesis.

Bamboo, renowned as the fastest-growing plant globally, matures within an astonishingly short period of 40-50 days from shoots, reaching heights of 10-20 meters. Moreover, it can be harvested for various uses within 3-5 years. Bamboo exhibits exceptional mechanical properties, characterized by high hardness and flexibility, largely attributed to its lignin content. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) catalyzes the crucial initial step in lignin biosynthesis, but its precise role in bamboo lignification processes remains elusive. Thus, elucidating the functions of PAL genes in bamboo lignification processes is imperative for understanding its rapid growth and mechanical strength. Here, we systematically identified and classified PAL genes in Moso bamboo, ensuring nomenclature consistency across prior studies. Subsequently, we evaluated PAL gene expression profiles using publicly available transcriptome data. The downregulation of PePALs expression in Moso bamboo through in planta gene editing resulted in a decrease in PAL activity and a subsequent reduction in lignin content. In contrast, overexpression of PePAL led to enhanced PAL activity and an increase in lignin content. These findings highlight the critical role of PAL in the lignin biosynthesis process of Moso bamboo, which will help to unravel the mechanism underpinning bamboo's rapid growth and mechanical strength, with a specific emphasis on elucidating the functions of PAL genes.

Evaluation of nutritional, technological, oxidative, and sensory properties of low-sodium and phosphate-free mortadellas produced with bamboo fiber, pea protein, and mushroom powder.

This study examined the effects of replacing alkaline phosphate (AP) with bamboo fiber (BF), isolated pea protein (PP), and mushroom powder (MP) on the nutritional, technological, oxidative, and sensory characteristics of low-sodium mortadellas. Results indicated that this reformulation maintained the nutritional quality of the products. Natural substitutes were more effective than AP in reducing water and fat exudation. This led to decreased texture profile analysis (TPA) values such as hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness. The reformulation reduced the L* values and increased the b* values, leading to color modifications rated from noticeable to appreciable according to the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) index. Despite minor changes in oxidative stability indicated by increased values in TBARS (from 0.19 to 0.33 mg MDA/kg), carbonyls (from 2.1 to 4.4 nmol carbonyl/mg protein), and the volatile compound profile, the sensory profile revealed a beneficial increase in salty taste, especially due to the inclusion of MP, which was enhanced by the synergy with BF and PP. In summary, the results confirmed the potential of natural alternatives to replace chemical additives in meat products. Incorporating natural antioxidants into future formulations could address the minor oxidation issues observed and enhance the applicability of this reformulation strategy.

Enhanced flexibility of high-yield bamboo pulp fibers via cellulase immobilization within guar gum/polyacrylamide/polydopamine interpenetrating network hydrogels.

Softness is a crucial criterion in assessing the comfort and usability of tissue paper. Flexible fibers contribute to the softness of the tissue paper by allowing the sheets to conform to the contours of the skin without feeling rough or abrasive. This study focuses on developing innovative CGG/APAM/PDA hydrogels with interpenetrating networks consisting of cationic guar gum, anionic polyacrylamide, and polydopamine for cellulase immobilization, aimed at improving bamboo fiber flexibility. Cellulase biomolecules are efficiently immobilized on CGG/APAM/PDA hydrogels through the Schiff base reaction. Immobilized cellulases have a wider pH applicability than free cellulases, good storage stability, and can maintain high relative activity at relatively high temperatures. The treatment of bamboo fibers with immobilized cellulase results in a significant increase in flexibility, reaching 6.90 × 1014 N·m2, which is 7.18 times higher than that of untreated fibers. The immobilization of cellulases using CGG/APAM/PDA hydrogels as carriers results in a substantial enhancement of storage stability, pH applicability, and inter-fiber bonding strength, as well as the capacity to sustain high relative enzymatic activity at elevated temperatures. The immobilization of cellulase within CGG/APAM/PDA interpenetrating network hydrogels presents a viable strategy for enhancing bamboo fiber flexibility, thereby expanding the accessibility of tissue products.

Characterization and identification of major flavonoids of bamboo leaf extract by HPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS/MS.

Bamboo leaf extract (BLE) is a pale brown powder extracted from bamboo leaves, and it is listed in the Chinese Standard GB-2760 as a legal and safe food additive. The present study aims to identify and characterize the major flavonoids in BLE. The identification of major flavonoids was carried out using ultra performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization quadruple time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS/MS). A total of 31 flavonoid compounds were identified and tentatively characterized base on reference standards and MS dissociation mechanisms. HPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS can serve as an important analytical platform to identification structure of bamboo leaf flavonoids (BLF).

High nutrient utilization and resorption efficiency promote bamboo expansion and invasion.

Bamboos are fast-growing, aggressively-spreading, and invasive woody clonal species that often encroach upon adjacent tree plantations, forming bamboo-tree mixed plantations. However, the effects of bamboo invasion on leaf carbon (C) assimilation, and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) utilization characteristics remains unclear. We selected four different stands of Pleioblastus amarus invading Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantations to investigate the concentrations, stoichiometry, and allometric growth relationships of mature and withered leaves of young and old bamboos, analyzing N and P utilization and resorption patterns. The stand type, bamboo age, and their interaction affected the concentrations, stoichiometry and allometric growth patterns of leaf C, N, and P in both old and young bamboos, as well as the N and P resorption efficiency. Bamboo invasion into Chinese fir plantations decreased leaf C, N, and P concentrations, C:N and C:P ratios, N and P resorption efficiency, and allometric growth exponents among leaf C, N, and P, while it only slightly altered N:P ratios. PLS-PM analysis revealed that bamboo invasion negatively impacted leaf C, N, and P concentrations, as well as N and P utilization and resorption. The results indicate that high N and P utilization and resorption efficiency, along with the mutual sharing of C, N, and P among bamboos in interface zones, promote continuous bamboo expansion and invasion. Collectively, these findings highlight the significance of N and P utilization and resorption in bamboo expansion and invasion and provide valuable guidance for the establishment of mixed stands and the ecological management of bamboo forests.