[The first successful sex reassignment surgery: Magnus, Dora and the Institute of Sexology, Berlin in 1931]. / La première chirurgie de reassignation sexuelle réussie : Magnus, Dora et l'institut de sexologie de Berlin en 1931.

Magnus Hirschfeld was a brilliant German doctor campaigning for the decriminalization and destigmatization of homosexuality. During the very liberal Weimar Republic (1918-1933) he published his avant-garde articles, he created his Institute of Sexual Sciences (Institut für Sexualwissenschaft), where the first published transgender surgery took place, performed on Dora Richter in 1931 (we will be interested in this first report of successful intervention) and multiplied the interventions to abolish paragraph 175, penalizing "sodomy". Ultimately the rise of Nazism forced him to flee his country and end his life in France. Hirschfeld's work remained unfinished. His political activism and his over-media coverage earned him numerous criticisms even within the gay and lesbian movement of the time. Who was this strange doctor (the Einstein of sex, as an American promoter presented him during his conferences in 1930) who combined the faults, for the time, of being at the same time Jewish, homosexual and leftist?

Havelock Ellis, Sexology, and Sexual Selection in Post-Darwinian Evolutionary Biology.

This study situates Henry Havelock Ellis's sexological research within the nineteenth-century evolutionary debates, especially the discussion over sexual selection's applicability to humanity. For example, Ellis's monograph on sexual behavior, Sexual Inversion (1897), treated inborn homosexuality as a natural variation of evolutionary mechanisms. This book was situated within a longer study of human sexuality in relation to evolutionary selection. His later works dealt even more directly with Charles Darwin's concept of selection, such as Sexual Selection in Man (1905). Through Sexual Selection in Man, Ellis asserted that sexual attraction stemmed from a physical cause rather than an innate aesthetic sense. I argue that Ellis's best-known historical publications, including his work on sexual inversion, were intended to intervene in the contemporary evolutionary debates. This analysis also identifies a specific point where evolutionary theory informed the foundation of sexology as a scientific discipline.

["Rohleder was one of the first to fully realize the importance of sexology." : Life and work of the venereologist, urologist, and sexologist Hermann Rohleder (1866-1934)]. / "Rohleder gehört zu den ersten, welche die Bedeutung der Sexualwissenschaft in ihrem vollen Umfange erkannt haben." : Leben und Werk des Venerologen, Urologen und Sexualmediziners Hermann Rohleder (1866­1934).

His contemporaries described Hermann Rohleder, a physician from Leipzig, as a pioneer of sexual medicine. His career led him from treating patients with venereal diseases to urology and sexology. Rohleder worked for the institutionalization of sexology in Germany, but his attempts to establish a professorship at the University of Leipzig remained unsuccessful. Rohleder's life and work illustrate how closely the disciplines of urology and sexology were connected in the early 20th century.

Freud and Albert Moll: how kindred spirits became bitter foes.

This article explores the antagonism between Sigmund Freud and the German neurologist and sexologist Albert Moll. When Moll, in 1908, published a book about the sexuality of children, Freud, without any grounds, accused him of plagiarism. In fact, Moll had reason to suspect Freud of plagiarism since there are many parallels between Freud's Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie and Moll's Untersuchungen über die Libido sexualis. Freud had read this book carefully, but hardly paid tribute to Moll's innovative thinking about sexuality. A comparison between the two works casts doubt on Freud's claim that his work was a revolutionary breakthrough. Freud's course of action raises questions about his integrity. The article also critically addresses earlier evaluations of the clash.

"He Gave Us the Cornerstone of Sexual Medicine": A Nobel Plan but No Nobel Prize for Eugen Steinach.

This paper reviews the files in the archive of the Nobel Prize Committee for Physiology or Medicine on the Austrian physiologist and pioneering researcher in the emerging fields of urology and sexual medicine: Eugen Steinach (1861-1944). It reconstructs and analyzes why and by whom Steinach was nominated for the Nobel Prize between 1920 and 1938 and discusses the reasons why he never received the award, although the Nobel Committee judged him as prizeworthy. Steinach's Nobel nominee career is extraordinary - not only because of his strong support by renowned international nominators from different scientific and medical disciplines, but also because of the controversial discussions within the Nobel Committee on his achievements, colored by the debates in the international scientific community. The Nobel Prize story adds a new perspective on how contemporary international scholars evaluated Steinach's research on reproduction, "male-making" females, "female-making" males, homosexuality, and the concept of rejuvenation.

The evolution of the questionnaire in German sexual science: A methodological narrative.

The sexological research questionnaire, which became a central research tool in twentieth-century sexology, has a methodological-developmental history stretching back into mid-nineteenth century Germany. It was the product of a prolonged, disruptive encounter between sexual scientists constructing sexual case studies along with newly assertive homosexual men supplying self-penned sexual autobiographies. Homosexual autobiographies were intensely interesting to these men of science but lacked the brevity, structure, and discipline of a formal clinical case study. In the closing decades of the century, efforts to harness and regularize this self-penned material resulted in a series of methodological adaptations. By the turn of the century this process had resulted in the first use of a formal sexual research questionnaire.

The sexual life of our time: Medical censorship in early-20th-century England.

This article challenges the widely held belief that early-20th-century England was one of the most sexually repressed countries in the Western world. Late Victorian physicians discussing sexual diseases and dysfunctions were granted immunity from prosecution if their publications were sold through a recognized medical publisher only to Members of the Medical, Legal and Clerical Professions. It was assumed that those same constraints applied to publications concerning the psychology of the sexual life (sexology). In 1908, Rebman Limited, a well-known medical publisher, advertised Eden Paul's (1908) translation of Iwan Bloch's The Sexual Life of Our Time (hereafter, "Sexual Life") without any restrictions. Although a magistrate ruled the book obscene, the U.K. Home Office allowed republication on condition that its sale was strictly limited. The Rebman case reveals how the U.K. Home Office tried to police the new science of sexology by limiting its circulation, not censoring its content. Despite these restrictions, Sexual Life circulated among lay readers, thereby inviting further research into how even "censored" material shaped debates on sexual, social, and political reform. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

'We Won't Ban Castrating Pervs Despite What Europe Might Think!': Czech Medical Sexology and the Practice of Therapeutic Castration.

The Czech Republic holds one of the highest numbers of men labelled as sexual delinquents worldwide who have undergone the irreversible process of surgical castration - a policy that has elicited strong international criticism. Nevertheless, Czech sexology has not changed its attitude towards 'therapeutic castration', which remains widely accepted and practised. In this paper, we analyse the negotiation of expertise supporting castration and demonstrate how the changes in institutional matrices and networks of experts (Eyal 2013) have impacted the categorisation of patients and the methods of treatment. Our research shows the great importance of historical development that tied Czech sexology with the state. Indeed, Czech sexology has been profoundly institutionalised since the early 1970s. In accordance with the state politics of that era, officially named Normalisation, sexology focused on sexual deviants and began creating a treatment programme that included therapeutic castration. This practice, the aim of which is to protect society from sex offenders, has changed little since. We argue that it is the expert-state alliance that enables Czech sexologists to preserve the status quo in the treatment of sexual delinquents despite international pressure. Our research underscores the continuity in medical practice despite the regime change in 1989. With regard to previous scholarship on state-socialist Czechoslovakia, we argue that it was the medical mainstream that developed and sustained disciplining and punitive features.

[Carl Posner (1854-1928) : A founder of urology and sexology in Germany]. / Carl Posner (1854­1928) : Ein Begründer der Urologie und Sexualwissenschaft in Deutschland.

In this contribution we describe the life and work of the Berlin physician Carl Posner (1854-1928). We present his central role as a member of the founding generation of urology, andrology, and academic sexology in Germany. His clinical work, research and publication illustrate the central role these new disciplines played in the urological field. Finally, we describe how Posner is remembered in the history of urology and sexology.

The subjective cut: sex reassignment surgery in 1960s and 1970s science fiction.

This article considers the way in which ethical concerns about sex reassignment surgery and especially the research and clinical practice of the sexologist Dr John Money (1921-2006) is being negotiated in the 1960s and 1970s novels Myra Breckinridge and Myron by Gore Vidal and The Passion of New Eve by Angela Carter. Drawing on the theories of gender and embodiment developed by Money, the article reads the novels as a critical response and discursive interaction with emergent sexological concepts.

[The emergence and institutionalization of sexology in Portugal: processes, actors, and specificities]. / Emergência e institucionalização da sexologia em Portugal: processos, atores e especificidades.

Based on Bourdieu's field theory, this article analyzes the emergence and institutionalization of sexology as a science and profession in Portugal, identifying relevant institutions, actors, and professional practices and discussing its relations and specificities. The analysis begins by contextualizing the emergence of modern Western sexology in order to comprehend the Portuguese case in the international sexology context. The second section describes the social, cultural, and institutional factors that have driven the professionalization of sexology. The third section describes the emergence of Portuguese sexology and its principal historical milestones, institutions, and actors. Finally, the article discusses some implications of this process for the role of sexology as a science and profession. The study reveals the dynamics of national and international processes in the field, in the transition from a holistic perspective of sexology to the hegemony of sexual medicine, and sheds light on its mechanisms of legitimation as a transdisciplinary science of sexuality, suggesting future perspectives.

[<>: an expert report by Dr. Egas Moniz on homosexuality]. / <>: un informe pericial del Dr. Egas Moniz sobre homosexualidad.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the noted Nobel prize-winning Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz made an expert analysis on homosexuality in a marriage annulment case of major value as an example of the effective application of sexological knowledge of that period. Contemporary republican legislation established marriage annulment in medical terms and punished relations between persons of the same sex, or contra natura. In his report, Moniz attempted to interpret distinctive elements of the life of the subject using sexological categories, illustrating the interaction between these categories and the changing forms adopted by homosexuality (or homosexual people) of the time.

[Urology and Sexology in Berlin 1880-1933: Original citations for the establishment of this frontier of urology - protagonists as reflected in their publications]. / Urologie und Sexualwissenschaft in Berlin 1880-1933 : Quellen zur Etablierung eines Grenzgebiets der Urologie - Protagonisten im Spiegel ihrer Publikationen.

The connections between urology and sexology are often not obvious today. At the end of the 19th century both specialties developed in parallel especially in Berlin and had a fruitful relationship. Urologic journals and books were an ideal forum for publication especially for sexologists.

'Más piedad que improperios': un informe pericial del Dr. Egas Moniz sobre homosexualidad / 'More piety than profanities': an expert report by Dr. Egas Moniz on homosexuality

A principios del siglo XX, Egas Moniz, insigne neurólogo y Premio Nobel portugués, emitió un informe pericial sobre homosexualidad para un caso de anulación matrimonial que constituye un material de gran valor como ejemplo de aplicación efectiva del conocimiento sexológico disponible en la época. En este mismo periodo la flamante legislación republicana estableció la anulación del matrimonio contemplando causas de carácter médico y se tipificaron penalmente las relaciones entre personas del mismo sexo, o contra natura. En su informe, Egas Moniz interpretó desde las categorías sexológicas de la época distintos elementos de la vida del sujeto estudiado, ilustrando la interacción entre estas categorías y las formas cambiantes que adoptó la homosexualidad (o las personas homosexuales) de la época (AU)

At the beginning of the 20th century, the noted Nobel prize-winning Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz made an expert analysis on homosexuality in a marriage annulment case of major value as an example of the effective application of sexological knowledge of that period. Contemporary republican legislation established marriage annulment in medical terms and punished relations between persons of the same sex, or contra natura. In his report, Moniz attempted to interpret distinctive elements of the life of the subject using sexological categories, illustrating the interaction between these categories and the changing forms adopted by homosexuality (or homosexual people) of the time (AU)

Meu encontro com os outros: memórias de José de Albuquerque, pioneiro da s políticos governança políticas urbana sexologia no Brasil

A sexualidade como função fisiológica e o desejo sexual como necessidade orgânica primária. A educação sexual – para homens e mulheres – como estratégia para solucionar não só o problema das doenças venéreas, mas outros como a desarmonia conjugal e as perversões sexuais. A legitimação e institucionalização da andrologia, a ciência do homem. A crítica à abstinência sexual socialmente imposta às mulheres solteiras e viúvas. Essas eram algumas das ideias defendidas pelo autoproclamado sexólogo e andrologista brasileiro José de Albuquerque, médico que, embora tenha enfrentado tabus, levantado polêmicas e causado rebuliço na elite carioca nos anos 1930, ficou esquecido ao longo das décadas seguintes. Mas agora esse importante personagem da história da sexualidade no Brasil volta à cena com a publicação de sua autobiografia até então inédita. Enfim, para além das peripécias de uma vida bastante agitada e de uma singular trajetória profissional, a autobiografia desvela aspectos interessantíssimos do desenvolvimento das ciências médicas no Rio de Janeiro do entreguerras. Nela, aparecem seus principais personagens, a vida em suas escolas e o universo de sua prática, afirmam os organizadores. Sua leitura na segunda década dos anos 2000 permite colocar em uma nova perspectiva a própria história da sexualidade no Brasil, um campo que hoje, como nos anos 1930, continua tensionado por inúmeros dilemas, conflitos e impasses.

Emergência e institucionalização da sexologia em Portugal: processos, atores e especificidades / The emergence and institutionalization of sexology in Portugal: processes, actors, and specificities / Emergencia e institucionalización de la sexología en Portugal: procesos, actores y especificidades

Resumo: Com base na teoria dos campos de Bourdieu, este artigo analisa a emergência e a institucionalização da sexologia enquanto ciência e profissão em Portugal, identificando instituições, atores e práticas profissionais, e discutindo as suas relações e especificidades. Começa por contextualizar o surgimento da sexologia moderna ocidental para uma compreensão do caso português no contexto sexológico internacional. Numa segunda parte, descreve os fatores de natureza social, cultural e institucional que têm impulsionado a profissionalização da sexologia. Na terceira, descreve a emergência da sexologia portuguesa e os seus principais marcos históricos, instituições e atores em jogo. Por fim, discute algumas implicações desse processo para o papel da sexologia como ciência e profissão. Esta pesquisa revela as dinâmicas entre processos nacionais e internacionais no campo, na transição de uma perspectiva holística da sexologia para a hegemonia da medicina sexual, e clarifica os seus mecanismos de legitimação como ciência transdisciplinar da sexualidade, sugerindo perspectivas futuras.

Abstract: Based on Bourdieu's field theory, this article analyzes the emergence and institutionalization of sexology as a science and profession in Portugal, identifying relevant institutions, actors, and professional practices and discussing its relations and specificities. The analysis begins by contextualizing the emergence of modern Western sexology in order to comprehend the Portuguese case in the international sexology context. The second section describes the social, cultural, and institutional factors that have driven the professionalization of sexology. The third section describes the emergence of Portuguese sexology and its principal historical milestones, institutions, and actors. Finally, the article discusses some implications of this process for the role of sexology as a science and profession. The study reveals the dynamics of national and international processes in the field, in the transition from a holistic perspective of sexology to the hegemony of sexual medicine, and sheds light on its mechanisms of legitimation as a transdisciplinary science of sexuality, suggesting future perspectives.

Resumen: En base a la teoría de los campos de Bourdieu, este artículo analiza la emergencia y la institucionalización de la sexología como ciencia y profesión en Portugal, identificando instituciones, actores y prácticas profesionales, y discutiendo sus relaciones y especificidades. Comienza por contextualizar el surgimiento de la sexología moderna occidental para una comprensión del caso portugués en el contexto sexológico internacional. En una segunda parte, se describen los factores de naturaleza social, cultural e institucional que han impulsado la profesionalización de la sexología. En la tercera parte, se describe la emergencia de la sexología portuguesa y sus principales marcos históricos, instituciones, y actores en juego. Finalmente, discute algunas implicaciones de este proceso para el papel de la sexología como ciencia y profesión. Esta investigación revela las dinámicas entre procesos nacionales e internacionales en el campo, en la transición de una perspectiva holística de la sexología para la hegemonía de la medicina sexual, y clarifica sus mecanismos de legitimización como ciencia transdisciplinaria de la sexualidad, sugiriendo perspectivas futuras.