'Never forget': fictionalising the Holocaust survivor with dementia.

This article asks what the reasons are for the frequent linking of the image of the Holocaust with that of dementia in contemporary discursive and representational practice. In doing so, it analyses some of the numerous 21st-century examples of fiction, drama and film in which the figure of a Holocaust survivor living with dementia takes centre stage. It explores the contradictory cultural effects that arise from making such a connection, in contexts that include expressions of fear at the spectacle of dementia, as well as comparisons between the person living with that condition and the inmate of a concentration camp. Detailed consideration of novels by Jillian Cantor and Harriet Scott Chessman as well as a play by Michel Wallenstein and a film by Josh Appignanesi suggests that the fictions of this kind can appear to provide solace for the impending loss of the eyewitness generation, yet also offer potential for a model for caregiving practice to those living with dementia in broader terms.

História da saúde: a tuberculose nas cartas para Esther (São Paulo, 1905-1919) / Historia de la salud: tuberculosis en las cartas a Esther (São Paulo, 1905-1919) / Health history: tuberculosis in letters to esther (São Paulo, 1905-1919)

OBJETIVO: Na década de 1910 São Paulo, Brasil, passou por sucessivas transformações urbanísticas e sociais, as quais impactaram na história da saúde como as influenciadas pelo medo de epidemias que assolavam a cidade e matavam pessoas sem distinção de gênero, raça ou classe. O estudo objetiva uma análise deste contexto histórico a partir da história de uma sobrevivente, Esther de Figueiredo. MÉTODO E FONTES: Os indícios históricos analisados, referentes a um conjunto de correspondências datadas de 1905 a 1919, escritas por um homem comum para sua futura esposa, permitem indagar sobre as doenças e os medos sociais, bem como analisar as representações da tuberculose a partir da história de uma sobrevivente. RESULTADOS: Os resultados transcendem a trajetória pessoal e possibilitam acessar aspectos inerentes à cultura dos cuidados em um contexto de institucionalização da saúde pública paulistana. CONCLUSÕES: A tuberculose foi uma dessas doenças que mobilizou a ciência médica a procurar meios de tratamento e cura

OBJETIVO: En la década de 1910, São Paulo, Brasil, sufrió sucesivas transformaciones urbanas y sociales, las cuáles impactaron en la historia de la salud, como las influenciadas por el miedo de las epidemias que devastaron la ciudad y mataron las personas independientemente de su género, raza o clase. El estudio tiene como objetivo analizar este contexto histórico a partir de la historia de una sobreviviente, Esther de Figueiredo. MÉTODO Y FUENTES: La evidencia histórica analizada, se refiere a un conjunto de correspondencias que datan de 1905 a 1919, escritas por un hombre común a su futura esposa y nos permite indagar sobre enfermedades y temores sociales, así como analizar las representaciones de tuberculosis a partir de la historia de una sobreviviente. RESULTADOS: Los resultados trascienden la trayectoria personal y permiten acceder a los aspectos inherentes a la cultura de los cuidados en un contexto de institucionalización de la salud pública en São Paulo. CONCLUSIONES: La tuberculosis fue una de esas enfermedades que movilizó la ciencia médica para buscar formas de tratamiento y cura

OBJECTIVE: In the 1910s, São Paulo, Brazil, was undergoing urban and social transformations that influenced the history of health. They were affected by the fear of epidemics spread throughout the country and killed people without any regard to gender, race and class. The study aims to analyze this historical context from the history of a survivor, Esther de Figueiredo. METHOD AND SOURCES: Analyzed historical traits, consisting of a set of letters, dated between 1905 and 1919, written by a male to his future wife, make one reflect on diseases and social fear. They also triggered an investigation on the representations of tuberculosis through the history of a person who survived. RESULTS: Results go beyond personal history and accesses aspects inherent to the culture of care within the context of the institutionalization of public health in the city of São Paulo. CONCLUSIONS: Tuberculosis was one of the diseases that triggered doctors to search for treatment and cure

Holding on to history and each other: The unexpected LGBTQ legacy of a Czech Holocaust survivor and a Torah scroll from her hometown.

A Czech Holocaust survivor rescued by a Kindertransport in 1939; a long-lost Torah scroll, rediscovered in 1964, from a Jewish community wiped out in World War II; a German American lesbian who converted to Judaism in 2001. Three disparate stories, unfolding decades apart, converge in one memorable encounter, a Kristallnacht commemoration in Los Angeles organized by Beth Chayim Chadashim (BCC), the world's first LGBTQ synagogue, which leads to an enduring friendship and fresh insight into contemporary queer Jewish life. In this personal essay, longtime BCC member Sylvia Sukop interweaves history and autobiography to explore the beauty and power of ritual, the resonance of the "Choose life" passage in Deuteronomy that her congregation reads from its rescued Czech scroll every Yom Kippur, and the many forms that good deeds and survival can take. Progressive faith communities, the author suggests, and the traditions in which they are rooted make space to witness and affirm the fullness of one another's humanity, bridging differences and fostering unexpected kinship in a brutally divisive world.

Born in Auschwitz and Survived: A Triumph Over Murderers.

BACKGROUND: The discovery of Jewish babies who were born in Nazi concentration camps and survived seems miraculous, but this phenomenon did occur toward the end of World War II. The lives of a small group of mothers and surviving children are of both historical and medical interests. Their survival shows additional support for the hypothesis that maternal nutrition can induce metabolic syndrome and bone demineralization in their offspring. Information obtained through direct contact with some of the surviving children is the basis for this article.

The fate of Hungarian Jewish dermatologists during the Holocaust: Part 2: Under Nazi rule.

At least 564,500 Hungarian Jews perished during the Holocaust, including many physicians. Exactly how many Jewish dermatologists were killed is not known. We have identified 62 Hungarian Jewish dermatologists from this period: 19 of these dermatologists died in concentration camps or were shot in Hungary, 3 committed suicide, and 1 died shortly after the Holocaust, exhausted by the War. Fortunately, many Hungarian Jewish dermatologists survived the Holocaust. Some had fled Europe before the Nazi takeover, as was described in Part 1 of this contribution. Two Holocaust survivors, Ferenc Földvári and Ödön Rajka, became presidents of the Hungarian Dermatologic Society and helped rebuild the profession of dermatology in Hungary after the War. This contribution provides one of the first accounts of the fate of Hungarian Jewish dermatologists during the Holocaust and serves as a remembrance of their suffering and ordeal.

History of Lung and Heart-Lung Transplantation, With Special Emphasis on German-Speaking Countries.

The first experimental lung transplants were performed in 1947 by the Russian surgeon V.P. Demikhov. Thereafter, various aspects associated with lung transplantation were studied by groups from Italy, France, and mainly the United States. The first clinical lung transplant took place in Jackson, Mississippi, in 1963 and was performed by D. Hardy. Until 1983, a total of 45 lung transplants were carried out at various centers, but only one patient transplanted in Ghent by F. Derom in 1968 survived for 10 months, whereas all other patients survived only hours to a few days. In 1983 at Toronto General Hospital, a single-lung transplant was performed that survived almost 7 years. From the same institution, the first long-term survivor after double-lung transplantation was reported in 1986. The first lobar transplant from a live donor was performed by V.A. Starnes at Stanford in 1990. The first heart-lung transplantation was performed in Houston by D.A. Cooley in 1968. Even though the girl who received this transplant survived only for 14 hours, this case showed that this kind of procedure can work. The first long-term survival was achieved by B. Reitz in 1981 in Stanford. In the German-speaking countries, successful lung and lung-heart transplants were reported between 1984 and 1993 and are described in detail.

Living in "survival mode:" Intergenerational transmission of trauma from the Holodomor genocide of 1932-1933 in Ukraine.

Qualitative methodology was used to investigate the intergenerational impact of the 1932-1933 Holodomor genocide on three generations in 15 Ukrainian families. Each family, residing in Ukraine, consisted of a first generation survivor, a second generation adult child and a third generation adult grandchild of the same line. The findings show that the Holodomor, a genocide that claimed millions of lives by forced starvation, still exerts substantial effects on generations born decades later. Specifically, thematic analysis of the 45 semi-structured, in-depth interviews, done between July and November 2010, revealed that a constellation of emotions, inner states and trauma-based coping strategies emerged in the survivors during the genocide period and were subsequently transmitted into the second and third generations. This constellation, summarized by participants as living in "survival mode," included horror, fear, mistrust, sadness, shame, anger, stress and anxiety, decreased self-worth, stockpiling of food, reverence for food, overemphasis on food and overeating, inability to discard unneeded items, an indifference toward others, social hostility and risky health behaviours. Since both the family and community-society were found to be involved in trauma transmission, the findings highlight the importance of multi-framework approaches for studying and healing collective trauma.

Announcing the winner of the John J. Sciarra IJGO Prize Paper Award for 2014.

The editors of the International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics (IJGO) are pleased to announce the winner of the prize paper award for the best clinical research paper from a low- or middle-income country published in the IJGO during 2014. The winning paper is: Dan K. Kaye, Othman Kakaire, Annettee Nakimuli, Scovia N. Mbalinda,Michael O. Osinde, Nelson Kakande. Survivors' understanding of vulnerability and resilience to maternal near-miss obstetric events in Uganda. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2014;127(3):265­8. It was published in the December 2014 issue of the IJGO.

Simulation-extrapolation method to address errors in atomic bomb survivor dosimetry on solid cancer and leukaemia mortality risk estimates, 1950-2003.

Analyses of the Life Span Study (LSS) of Japanese atomic bombing survivors have routinely incorporated corrections for additive classical measurement errors using regression calibration. Recently, several studies reported that the efficiency of the simulation-extrapolation method (SIMEX) is slightly more accurate than the simple regression calibration method (RCAL). In the present paper, the SIMEX and RCAL methods have been used to address errors in atomic bomb survivor dosimetry on solid cancer and leukaemia mortality risk estimates. For instance, it is shown that using the SIMEX method, the ERR/Gy is increased by an amount of about 29 % for all solid cancer deaths using a linear model compared to the RCAL method, and the corrected EAR 10(-4) person-years at 1 Gy (the linear terms) is decreased by about 8 %, while the corrected quadratic term (EAR 10(-4) person-years/Gy(2)) is increased by about 65 % for leukaemia deaths based on a linear-quadratic model. The results with SIMEX method are slightly higher than published values. The observed differences were probably due to the fact that with the RCAL method the dosimetric data were partially corrected, while all doses were considered with the SIMEX method. Therefore, one should be careful when comparing the estimated risks and it may be useful to use several correction techniques in order to obtain a range of corrected estimates, rather than to rely on a single technique. This work will enable to improve the risk estimates derived from LSS data, and help to make more reliable the development of radiation protection standards.

The genetic prehistory of the New World Arctic.

The New World Arctic, the last region of the Americas to be populated by humans, has a relatively well-researched archaeology, but an understanding of its genetic history is lacking. We present genome-wide sequence data from ancient and present-day humans from Greenland, Arctic Canada, Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and Siberia. We show that Paleo-Eskimos (~3000 BCE to 1300 CE) represent a migration pulse into the Americas independent of both Native American and Inuit expansions. Furthermore, the genetic continuity characterizing the Paleo-Eskimo period was interrupted by the arrival of a new population, representing the ancestors of present-day Inuit, with evidence of past gene flow between these lineages. Despite periodic abandonment of major Arctic regions, a single Paleo-Eskimo metapopulation likely survived in near-isolation for more than 4000 years, only to vanish around 700 years ago.

Leo Eitinger MD: tribute to a Holocaust survivor, humane physician and friend of mankind.

Born in Czechoslovakia, psychiatrist Leo Eitinger (1912-1996) became internationally recognized for research on his fellow concentration camp inmates. He graduated as an MD in 1937, but being Jewish was prohibited from practicing as a doctor. When the Nazis occupied the area he was forced to flee to Norway, where in 1940 he was again deprived of his right to practice medicine. In 1942 he was arrested and deported to Auschwitz. There, as a physician inmate, he was able to help and in many cases save his fellow prisoners, not only with his medical skills but by falsifying prisoners' documents and hiding them from their Nazi captors. One of his patients was Elie Wiesel. Eitinger survived the camps but was forced to join a "death march." After the war he resumed medical practice in Norway, specializing in psychiatry. With his personal experience and knowledge of the suffering of camp survivors, he dedicated his life to studying the psychological effects of traumatic stress in different groups. Eitinger's academic contributions were crucial in the development of this area of research--namely, the effects of excessive stress, laying the foundations for the definition of post-traumatic stress disorder and the post-concentration camp syndrome, thus facilitating recognition of the medical and psychological post-war conditions of the survivors and their resultant disability pensions.

Mental health, citizenship, and the memory of World War II in the Netherlands (1945-85).

After World War II, Dutch psychiatrists and other mental health care professionals articulated ideals of democratic citizenship. Framed in terms of self-development, citizenship took on a broad meaning, not just in terms of political rights and obligations, but also in the context of material, social, psychological and moral conditions that individuals should meet in order to develop themselves and be able to act according to those rights and obligations in a responsible way. In the post-war period of reconstruction (1945-65), as well as between 1965 and 1985, the link between mental health and ideals of citizenship was coloured by the public memory of World War II and the German occupation, albeit in completely different, even opposite ways. The memory of the war, and especially the public consideration of its victims, changed drastically in the mid-1960s, and the mental health sector played a crucial role in bringing this change about. The widespread attention to the mental effects of the war that surfaced in the late 1960s after a period of 20 years of public silence should be seen against the backdrop of the combination of democratization and the emancipation of emotions.

The deployment of ethnographic sciences and psychological warfare during the suppression of the Mau Mau rebellion.

This essay provides readers with a critical analysis of the ethnographic sciences and the psychological warfare used by the British and Kenyan colonial regimes during the suppression of the Mau Mau rebellion. In recent years, several survivors of several detention camps set up for Mau Mau suspects during the 1950s have brought cases in British courts, seeking apologies and funds to help those who argue about systematic abuse during the times of "emergency." The author illustrates that the difficulties confronting Ndiku Mutua and other claimants stem from the historical and contemporary resonance of characterizations of the Mau Mau as devilish figures with deranged minds. The author also argues that while many journalists today have commented on the recovery of "lost" colonial archives and the denials of former colonial administrators, what gets forgotten are the polysemic ways that Carothers, Leakey, and other social agents co-produced all of these pejorative characterizations. Kenyan settlers, administrators, novelists, filmmakers and journalists have helped circulate the commentaries on the "Mau Mau" mind that continue to influence contemporary debates about past injustices.

"God must have been sleeping": faith as an obstacle and a resource for Rwandan genocide survivors in the United States.

In 1994, 1 million Rwandans were violently killed in only 100 days. Devastating for some Rwandan survivors was the significant role that some Catholic parishes and leaders took in ignoring, facilitating, and even perpetuating the genocide. This article seeks to understand how Rwandan genocide survivors draw on religion as they negotiate their postgenocide identities in the United States and comprehend their current faiths, beliefs, and practices. Based on qualitative interviews with Rwandan survivors now located within the United States, I argue that the experiences of religiosity postgenocide serve as both an obstacle and a resource in postgenocide life, creating significant individual and local ramifications for community engagement, reconciliation, and trauma recovery.