Proteome Analysis and In Vitro Antiviral, Anticancer and Antioxidant Capacities of the Aqueous Extracts of Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus Edible Mushrooms.

In this study, we examined aqueous extracts of the edible mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) and Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom). Proteome analysis was conducted using LC-Triple TOF-MS and showed the expression of 753 proteins by Pleurotus ostreatus, and 432 proteins by Lentinula edodes. Bioactive peptides: Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor, superoxide dismutase, thioredoxin reductase, serine proteinase and lectin, were identified in both mushrooms. The extracts also included promising bioactive compounds including phenolics, flavonoids, vitamins and amino acids. The extracts showed promising antiviral activities, with a selectivity index (SI) of 4.5 for Pleurotus ostreatus against adenovirus (Ad7), and a slight activity for Lentinula edodes against herpes simplex-II (HSV-2). The extracts were not cytotoxic to normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). On the contrary, they showed moderate cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines. Additionally, antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical cation scavenging and ORAC assays. The two extracts showed potential antioxidant activities, with the maximum activity seen for Pleurotus ostreatus (IC50 µg/mL) = 39.46 ± 1.27 for DPPH; 11.22 ± 1.81 for ABTS; and 21.40 ± 2.20 for ORAC assays. This study encourages the use of these mushrooms in medicine in the light of their low cytotoxicity on normal PBMCs vis à vis their antiviral, antitumor and antioxidant capabilities.

N-glycosylation on Oryza sativa root germin-like protein 1 is conserved but not required for stability or activity.

Germin and germin-like proteins (GLPs) are a broad family of extracellular glycoproteins ubiquitously distributed in plants. Overexpression of Oryza sativa root germin like protein 1 (OsRGLP1) enhances superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in transgenic plants. Here, we report bioinformatic analysis and heterologous expression of OsRGLP1 to study the role of glycosylation on OsRGLP1 protein stability and activity. Sequence analysis of OsRGLP1 homologs identified diverse N-glycosylation sequons, one of which was highly conserved. We therefore expressed OsRGLP1 in glycosylation-competent Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a Maltose Binding Protein (MBP) fusion. Mass spectrometry analysis of purified OsRGLP1 showed it was expressed by S. cerevisiae in both N-glycosylated and unmodified forms. Glycoprotein thermal profiling showed little difference in the thermal stability of the glycosylated and unmodified protein forms. Circular Dichroism spectroscopy of MBP-OsRGLP1 and a N-Q glycosylation-deficient variant showed that both glycosylated and unmodified MBP-OsRGLP1 had similar secondary structure, and both forms had equivalent SOD activity. Together, we concluded that glycosylation was not critical for OsRGLP1 protein stability or activity, and it could therefore likely be produced in Escherichia coli without glycosylation. Indeed, we found that OsRGLP1 could be efficiently expressed and purified from K12 shuffle E. coli with a specific activity of 1251 ± 70 Units/mg. In conclusion, we find that some highly conserved N-glycosylation sites are not necessarily required for protein stability or activity, and describe a suitable method for production of OsRGLP1 which paves the way for further characterization and use of this protein.

A thermostable Fe/Mn SOD of Geobacillus sp. PCH100 isolated from glacial soil of Indian trans-Himalaya exhibits activity in the presence of common inhibitors.

Superoxide dismutases are the enzymes involved in dismutation of superoxide radicals into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The present work reports a thermostable Fe/Mn SOD of Geobacillus sp. strain PCH100 (GsSOD) isolated from glacial soil. Purified recombinant GsSOD is a dimeric protein of ~57 kDa that exhibited highest activity at a temperature of 10 °C and pH of 7.8. Maximum enzyme velocity and Michaelis constant of the GsSOD were 1098.90 units/mg and 0.62 µM, respectively. At 80 °C, thermal inactivation rate constant and half-life of GsSOD were 3.33 × 10-3 min-1 and 208 min, respectively. Interestingly, GsSOD tolerated a temperature of 100 °C and 130 °C up to 15 min and 5 min, respectively. Circular dichroism and differential scanning calorimetry confirmed thermostable nature of GsSOD. Apoenzyme of GsSOD regained enzymatic activity in the presence of Fe2+ and Mn2+ as metal ion cofactors. GsSOD was stable under varying concentrations of chemicals, namely ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, potassium cyanide, hydrogen peroxide, chloroform-ethanol, 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate, Tween-20, Triton X-100, urea, and guanidine hydrochloride. The enzyme exhibited >70% activity in presence of 10 mM metal ions. Owing to its thermostable nature and resistance to chemical inhibitors, GsSOD is a potential enzyme for industrial applications.

High-level soluble expression of human Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase with high activity in Escherichia coli.

As the most important member of antioxidant defense system, human Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (hCu,Zn-SOD) protects cells against the free radicals produced by aerobic metabolism. hCu,Zn-SOD has been widely used in food, cosmetic and medicine industry due to its health benefits and therapeutic potentials. However, a more extensive application of hCu,Zn-SOD is limited by the challenge of expensive and low production of high-activity hCu,Zn-SOD in large scale. In this study, the codon-optimized hCu,Zn-SOD gene was synthesized, cloned into pET-28a( +) and transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). After induction with IPTG or lactose, hCu,Zn-SOD was highly expressed as soluble form in LB medium with 800 µM Cu2+ and 20 µM Zn2+ at 25 °C. The recombinant hCu,Zn-SOD was efficiently purified by nickel affinity chromatography. Through optimization of fed-batch fermentation conditions, 342 mg purified hCu,Zn-SOD was obtained from 1 L cultures fermented in a 3-L bioreactor. Furthermore, the recombinant hCu,Zn-SOD retained the enzymatic specific activity of 46,541 U/mg. This study has opened up an effective avenue for industrial production of hCu,Zn-SOD through microbial fermentation in the future.

Purification, biochemical characterization and DNA protection against oxidative damage of a novel recombinant superoxide dismutase from psychrophilic bacterium Halomonas sp. ANT108.

A novel superoxide dismutase (referred hereafter to as HsSOD) from the psychrophilic bacterium Halomonas sp. ANT108 was purified and characterized. Escherichia coli (E. coli) was selected as the expression host. After recombinant HsSOD (rHsSOD) was purified, the specific activity was determined to be 213.47 U/mg with a purification ratio of approximately 3.61-fold. SDS-PAGE results demonstrated that rHsSOD has the molecular weight of 31.3 kDa, and type identification revealed that it belongs to Cu/Zn SOD. The optimum activity of rHsSOD was at 35 °C and 28% of its maximum activity remained at 0 °C. Further enzymatic assays indicated that rHsSOD exhibited thermal instability with a half-life of 20 min at 60 °C. Moreover, Cu2+ and Zn2+ significantly promoted rHsSOD activity. The values of Km and Vmax were 0.33 mM and 476.19 U/mg, respectively. Interestingly, rHsSOD could avoid DNA strand breakage formed by metal-catalyzed oxidation, demonstrating its antioxidant capacity. To summarize, the results suggested that rHsSOD has relatively high catalytic efficiency and oxidation resistance at low temperatures.

Function of hesperidin alleviating inflammation and oxidative stress responses in COPD mice might be related to SIRT1/PGC-1α/NF-κB signaling axis.

Purpose: Hesperidin has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant stress effects, but its functions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains unknown. This study analyzed the role of hesperidin in COPD mice, aiming to provide a basis for the hesperidin application.Materials and methods: Mice were injected with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) to construct COPD models and then treated with budesonide or hesperidin. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and TUNEL assays were used to observe the pathological changes and cell death of lung tissue. The levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BLAF), as well as myeloperoxidase (MPO) content in lung tissues were confirmed. The expression levels of SIRT1, PGC-1α, and p65 proteins were measured by western blotting (WB) analysis.Results: CSE induced inflammatory cell infiltration and cell death in the lung tissues of mice, whereas budesonide and hesperidin effectively alleviated these pathological changes. The levels of IL-6, IL-8, and MDA in BLAF and pulmonary MPO content in the COPD mice were effectively increased, while the levels of SOD and CAT in BLAF were decreased, which could be reversed by budesonide and hesperidin. Moreover, the addition of budesonide or hesperidin reliably accelerated the expression levels of PGC-1α and SIRT1 but suppressed the phosphorylation of p65 in COPD mice. In general, high-dose hesperidin had a stronger regulatory effect on COPD mice.Conclusions: Hesperidin alleviated inflammation and oxidative stress responses in CES-induced COPD mice, associated with SIRT1/PGC-1α/NF-κB signaling axis, which might become a new direction for COPD treatment.

Identification and Molecular Characterization of Superoxide Dismutases Isolated From A Scuticociliate Parasite: Physiological Role in Oxidative Stress.

Philasterides dicentrarchi is a free-living microaerophilic scuticociliate that can become a facultative parasite and cause a serious parasitic disease in farmed fish. Both the free-living and parasitic forms of this scuticociliate are exposed to oxidative stress associated with environmental factors and the host immune system. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the host are neutralized by the ciliate by means of antioxidant defences. In this study we aimed to identify metalloenzymes with superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity capable of inactivating the superoxide anion (•O2-) generated during induction of oxidative stress. P. dicentrarchi possesses the three characteristic types of SOD isoenzymes in eukaryotes: copper/zinc-SOD, manganese-SOD and iron-SOD. The Cu/Zn-SOD isoenzymes comprise three types of homodimeric proteins (CSD1-3) of molecular weight (MW) 34-44 kDa and with very different AA sequences. All Cu/Zn-SODs are sensitive to NaCN, located in the cytosol and in the alveolar sacs, and one of them (CSD2) is extracellular. Mn- and Fe-SOD transcripts encode homodimeric proteins (MSD and FSD, respectively) in their native state: a) MSD (MW 50 kDa) is insensitive to H2O2 and NaN3 and is located in the mitochondria; and b) FSD (MW 60 kDa) is sensitive to H2O2, NaN3 and the polyphenol trans-resveratrol and is located extracellularly. Expression of SOD isoenzymes increases when •O2- is induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, and the increase is proportional to the dose of energy applied, indicating that these enzymes are actively involved in cellular protection against oxidative stress.

Juglans regia and Ribes nigrum as potential nutraceuticals: Source of thermostable superoxide dismutase enzyme.

In the present study, superoxide dismutase (SOD) extracted from dry fruits; Juglans regia (Walnut; W) and Ribes nigrum (Munakka; M) was partially purified into 0%-40% and 40%-80% fractions based on ammonium sulfate saturation levels. The partially purified fractions (0%-40%) exhibited purification level of 3.09- (W) and 3.22- (M) fold with specific activity 79.32 Umg-1 (W) and 125.23 Umg-1 (M). SOD from both the sources was found to be thermally stable, that is, 80°C (W) and 70°C (M). Kinetic studies showed Km values to be 3.33 mM (W) and 2.86 mM (M), whereas the activation energy (Ea ) calculated as 24.52 KJ mol-1 (W) and 26.25 KJ mol-1 (M). Na+ , Mn2+ , and Ba2+ ions acted as potential inhibitors, whereas Fe2+ stimulated SOD from both the sources. Among these metal ions, Na+ exhibited uncompetitive inhibition in both cases; with Ki values of 0.7 mM (W) and 0.9 mM (M), suggesting the more prominent binding affinity and effectiveness. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Awareness need to be created among people for multifactorial health benefits of nutraceuticals in day-to-day life. Nutritional consumption from fruits, nuts, and vegetables safeguard against various maladies like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancers. Superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) is a standout among the most critical metal-containing enzymes that act as a main line of defense against oxidative stress. Antioxidant-based drugs and formulations have been developed in the recent years and research is emphasized on its impact on oxidative stress levels. In this study, Juglans regia (W) and Ribes nigrum (M) were found to have thermostable SOD enzyme with excellent antioxidant properties. Thermal stability of an enzyme improves its significance making it industry friendly with therapeutically vital products, alongside their utilization as supplement in numerous therapeutic formulations.

Expression, purification and metal utilization of recombinant SodA from Borrelia burgdorferi.

Borrelia are microaerophilic spirochetes capable of causing multisystemic diseases such as Lyme disease and Relapsing Fever. The ubiquitous Fe/Mn-dependent superoxide dismutase (SOD) provides essential protection from oxidative damage by the superoxide anion. Borrelia possess a single SOD enzyme - SodA that is essential for virulence, providing protection against host-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here we present a method for recombinant expression and purification of Borrelia burgdorferi SodA in E. coli. Metal exchange or insertion into the Fe/Mn-SOD is inhibited in the folded state. We therefore present a method whereby the recombinant Borrelia SodA binds to Mn under denaturing conditions and is subsequently refolded by a reduction in denaturant. SodA purified by metal affinity chromatography and size exclusion chromatography reveals a single band on SDS-PAGE. Protein folding is confirmed by circular dichroism. A coupled enzyme assay demonstrates SOD activity in the presence of Mn, but not Fe. The apparent molecular weight determined by size exclusion corresponds to a dimer of SodA; a homology model of dimeric SodA is presented revealing a surface Cys distal to the dimer interface. The method presented of acquiring a target metal under denaturing conditions may be applicable to the refolding of other metal-binding proteins.

Effects of high pressure on activities and properties of superoxide dismutase from chestnut rose.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important enzyme with antioxidant function. The activity of purified SOD from chestnut rose was increased by 22.23-38.02% after high pressure processing (HPP, 100-500 MPa/0-20 min/30-50 °C). The properties of SOD induced by high pressure were studied by means of electrophoresis, dynamic light scattering, enthalpy and surface hydrophobicity, circular dichroism and fluorescence spectrometry. Results showed that high pressure did not change the electrophoretic properties, particle size distribution, digestive system stability and antioxidant capacity of SOD. However, the enthalpy and surface hydrophobicity of SOD was increased. The increase of SOD activity was related to the increase of SOD surface hydrophobicity. Moreover, the α-helix fraction of SOD was decreased by 8.7% and the intrinsic fluorescence intensity of SOD was increased by 5.7% when exposed to high pressure. This study suggested that HPP can be used as a novel way of increasing the activity of SOD in chestnut rose.

Purification and Characterization of Superoxide Dismutases from Sea Buckthorn and Chestnut Rose.

Superoxide dismutases (SODs) were purified from sea buckthorn and chestnut rose by ammonium sulfate precipitation and anion-exchange chromatography, and the detection methods of water-soluble tetrazolium-1 (WST-1), nitrobluetetrazolium (NBT) and pyrogallol autoxidation (PA) for SOD activity were compared. WST-1 method was selected due to its coefficient of variation (CV) <6% in this study. Two SODs exhibited similar characteristics. Their molecular mass and isoelectric point were about 30 kDa and 4.8 to 5.0 estimated by electrophoresis, and the Km was 0.05 to 0.08 mmol/L, respectively. Dynamic light scattering analysis suggested their hydrodynamic radius distributes from 60 to 1500 nm. The activity of two SODs was unchanged at <80 °C or pH 2 to 9 or in simulated human gastric fluid. Their circular dichroism spectra suggested a main ß-sheet structure, the fluorescence spectra reflected that the tryptophan residues of two SODs is partially exposed, these structures were rather stable at pH 2 to 9 or 50 to 90 °C. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important antioxidant enzyme. SODs from sea buckthorn and chestnut rose were stable at high temperature or low pH or simulated gastric fluid. This result can provide a new approach for the potential application of SOD in the food and pharmaceutical fields.

Purification and biochemical characterization of a novel copper, zinc superoxide dismutase from liver of camel (Camelus dromedarius): An antioxidant enzyme with unique properties.

A novel copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) was purified to homogeneity from the liver of an animal well adapted to the stressful living conditions of the desert, the camel (Camelus dromedarius). The biochemical properties of camel liver CuZnSOD were examined. The purified enzyme had a native molecular weight of 28 kDa, as judged by gel filtration chromatography, and showed a single band at 27 kDa on SDS-PAGE, indicating that it is a monomeric protein. Optimal activity of the purified enzyme occurred at 43 °C and pH 6.0, and the activation energy was 1.42 kJ/mol. CuZnSOD activity was strongly inhibited by ß-ME, DTT, H2O2 and SDS and slightly inhibited by EDTA, NaN3 and PMSF. Al3+, Ca2+, Cd2+, Mg2+ and Zn2+ stimulated CuZnSOD activity, whereas Ba2+, Co2+, Fe2+ and Ni2+ inhibited it. The purified enzyme contained 0.010 µg of Cu and 0.69 µg of Zn per mg of protein. Km, Vmax, kcat and kcat/Km values for NBT and riboflavin were 16.27 and 0.16 µM, 20.85 and 21.54 U/mg, 9.65 and 9.97 s-1, and 0.59 and 62.33 s-1 µM-1, respectively. Camel liver CuZnSOD exhibited unique biochemical properties compared to those of other CuZnSODs, including lower molecular weight with a monomeric structure, higher optimum temperature, very low Ea, very low optimum pH, very low contents of Cu and Zn, and higher affinity, turnover number and catalytic efficiency for riboflavin. These unique properties of camel liver CuZnSOD might be related to the ability of this animal to inhabit stressful desert conditions.

Characteristics of a Novel Manganese Superoxide Dismutase of a Hadal Sea Cucumber (Paelopatides sp.) from the Mariana Trench.

A novel, cold-adapted, and acid-base stable manganese superoxide dismutase (Ps-Mn-SOD) was cloned from hadal sea cucumber Paelopatides sp. The dimeric recombinant enzyme exhibited approximately 60 kDa in molecular weight, expressed activity from 0 °C to 70 °C with an optimal temperature of 0 °C, and resisted wide pH values from 2.2⁻13.0 with optimal activity (> 70%) at pH 5.0⁻12.0. The Km and Vmax of Ps-Mn-SOD were 0.0329 ± 0.0040 mM and 9112 ± 248 U/mg, respectively. At tested conditions, Ps-Mn-SOD was relatively stable in divalent metal ion and other chemicals, such as ß-mercaptoethanol, dithiothreitol, Tween 20, Triton X-100, and Chaps. Furthermore, the enzyme showed striking stability in 5 M urea or 4 M guanidine hydrochloride, resisted digestion by proteases, and tolerated a high hydrostatic pressure of 100 MPa. The resistance of Ps-Mn-SOD against low temperature, extreme acidity and alkalinity, chemicals, proteases, and high pressure make it a potential candidate in biopharmaceutical and nutraceutical fields.

Enhanced stability of manganese superoxide dismutase by amino acid replacement designed via molecular dynamics simulation.

In order to improve manganese-SOD stability, three mutations were constructed via site-directed mutagenesis, and the root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) and root mean square deviation (RMSD) were used as stability assessment indexes. The amino acids of V140, E155 and E215 from wild-type mouse Mn-SOD was replaced to L140, W155 and W215, and a recombinant plasmid containing DNA segment coding wild-type and mutant Mn-SOD protein was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 for expression. The highest enzyme activity of the mutations-MnSOD was 2050 U/mg. In addition, the recombinant protein, TM-MnSODV140L, E155W, E215W exhibited higher working temperature and improved stability compared with the wild-type Mn-SOD. Furthermore, CD spectrum analysis of the improved mutants and wild-type enzyme showed that there was no significant change in their secondary structures. This study not only expands the scope of the application of enzymes, but also helps us understand the relationship between protein structure and function.

Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry of recombinant human extracellular superoxide dismutase (rhSOD3) in mouse plasma and its application to pharmacokinetic study.

The antioxidant enzyme human extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3) is a promising biopharmaceutical candidate for the treatment of various diseases. To support the early development of SOD3 as a biopharmaceutical, a simple, sensitive, and rapid liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry procedure was developed and validated for the determination of SOD3 levels in the plasma of ICR mice. After purification with Ni-NTA magnetic beads and digestion with trypsin, SOD3 signature peptides and internal standard signature peptide (ISP) were separated via high performance liquid chromatography using a Zorbax C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 3.5 µm) and a mobile phase consisting of 10 mM ammonium formate, 0.1% formic acid, and acetonitrile. The analyte and ISP were detected via a tandem mass spectrometer in electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring modes to select both the signature peptide for SOD3 at m/z 669 to 969 and the ISP at m/z 655 to 941 in the positive ion mode. The calibration curves were linear (r > 0.99) between 5 and 1000 µg/mL with a lower limit of quantification of 5 µg/mL. The relative standard deviation ranged from 3.08 to 8.84% while the relative error ranged from -0.13 to -9.56%. This method was successfully applied to a preclinical pharmacokinetic study of SOD3 in male ICR mice.

Purification and properties of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (MnSOD) from Tamarix aphylla L.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) of the Tamarix aphylla leaves were detected at optimum conditions that collected in April, May and June. Results indicated the specific activity in the crude extract reaching to 36.76 unit/ mg protein. Crude SOD was purified by several techniques, precipitation with ammonium sulfate (50-75) %, Ion exchange chromatography using DEAE-cellulose and two steps of size exclusion chromatography on sephacryl S-200 column. The obtained specific activity (310 unit/mg protein) and purification fold 7.91. The purified enzyme revealed one band by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with molecular mass 85.703 kDa. while 89.125 kDa by Sephacryl S-200. The optimal pH and temperature for enzyme activity were 7.5, and 50ºC respectively. EDTA, SDS and NaN3 reduced activity, contrariwise of H2O2 and KCN, pointed to the studied SOD is MnSOD. Michalis constant Km and maximum velocity Vmax values were 0.016 mM and 55.86 mM/min, respectively by using Pyrogallol as substrate. According to the results, we conclude Tamarix aphylla produce MnSOD which can have purified by serial purification techniques for better activity and characterized for further studies.

Purification and characterization of thermostable superoxide dismutase from Anoxybacillus gonensis KA 55 MTCC 12684.

A thermostable superoxide dismutase from thermophilic bacterium Anoxybacillus gonensis KA 55 MTCC 12684 which was isolated from Manikaran hotspring of Himachal Pradesh was purified to apparent homogeneity by fractional ammonium sulphate precipitation and anion exchange chromatography. A purification factor of 33.1-fold was achieved, with the purified enzyme exhibiting specific activity of 5758.4 U/mg protein. The purified superoxide dismutase was optimally active at pH 9.0 and displayed stability over a broad pH range of 7.0-10.0 and was stable up to 70 °C. SOD was localized in polyacrylamide gel by activity staining, based on the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) by superoxide ion. The molecular weight of superoxide dismutase was calculated as 31 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The Km and Vmax values of purified enzyme were found to be 1.002 mM and 14,285.71 U/mg of protein respectively. Tests of inhibitors indicated that the enzyme activity was inhibited by hydrogen peroxide and potassium cyanide but not by sodium azide showing that purified SOD was Cu/ZnSod.

Characteristics of the Copper,Zinc Superoxide Dismutase of a Hadal Sea Cucumber (Paelopatides sp.) from the Mariana Trench.

Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are among the most important antioxidant enzymes and show great potential in preventing adverse effects during therapeutic trials. In the present study, cloning, expression, and characterization of a novel Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (Ps-Cu,Zn-SOD) from a hadal sea cucumber (Paelopatides sp.) were reported. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Ps-Cu,Zn-SOD belonged to a class of intracellular SOD. Its Km and Vmax were 0.0258 ± 0.0048 mM and 925.1816 ± 28.0430 units/mg, respectively. The low Km value of this enzyme represents a high substrate affinity and can adapt to the low metabolic rate of deep sea organisms. The enzyme functioned from 0 °C to 80 °C with an optimal temperature of 40 °C. Moreover, the enzyme activity was maintained up to 87.12% at 5 °C. The enzyme was active at pH 4 to 12 with an optimal pH of 8.5. Furthermore, Ps-Cu,Zn-SOD tolerated high concentration of urea and GuHCl, resisted hydrolysis by proteases, and maintained stability at high pressure. All these features demonstrated that the deep sea Ps-Cu,Zn-SOD is a potential candidate for application to the biopharmaceutical field.

Thermostable Fe/Mn superoxide dismutase from Bacillus licheniformis SPB-13 from thermal springs of Himalayan region: Purification, characterization and antioxidative potential.

Superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1) is an enzyme that scavenges free radicals and increases the longevity. In this study, a thermostable superoxide dismutase (SOD) from Bacillus licheniformis SPB-13, from Himalayan region was purified to homogeneity using ion exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sepharose). The SDS and native PAGE analysis showed that SOD is composed of two subunits of 32 kDa each and total molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated as 68 kDa. The specific activity of enzyme was 3965.51 U/mg and was purified to 16.17 folds. The SOD showed maximum activity with 60 mM Tris-HCl buffer at pH 8.0 for 2 min of incubation. Enzyme along with FeCl3 as metal ion remained active till 70 °C. After reaction variables optimization, enzyme activity increased from 3965.51 to 4015.72 U/mg. Kinetic analysis of SOD showed km of 1.4 mM of NADH and Vmax of 10000 U/mg of protein. Turnover number (kcat) and catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) were found to be 11,333 s-1 and 7092.2 s-1·mM-1 NADH. The activation energy (Ea) was calculated as 2.67 kJ·mol-1. After typing, it was found to be a member of Fe/Mn SOD family with IC50 value of 25 µg/ml, prevented the cell death at a concentration of 30 µg/ml and it increased the cell viability by 30%.

A loop-mediated isothermal amplification procedure targeting the sodA gene for rapid and specific identification of Gallibacterium anatis.

This paper reports on the development and validation of a real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay (LAMP) for rapid and specific identification of Gallibacterium anatis. To design a set of 6 primers using the LAMP technique, the conserved region of the G. anatis sodA gene was selected as a target. To evaluate primer specificity we used 120 field strains, the reference strain G. anatis ATCC 43329, and 9 non-G. anatis bacteria. The results confirmed positive reactions for all G. anatis strains tested by LAMP at 63°C for 60 min, with no cross-reactivity observed for the negative control bacteria, i.e., Haemophilus parainfluenzae (ATCC 51505 and ATCC 33392), Aggregatibacter aphrophilus ATCC 7901, Avibacterium endocarditis, Pasteurella multocida, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Avibacterium paragallinarum, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, and Escherichia coli. The lowest detectable amount of DNA for the LAMP reaction was 0.2561 pg, which was detected in about 34 min, while the highest available concentration of the G. anatis reference strain was detected in about 10 min. The lowest detectable amount of DNA for the real-time PCR reaction was 21.24 pg, which was detected in about 20 min, while the highest available concentration of the G. anatis reference strain was detected in about 7 min. Moreover, using the real-time LAMP assay the reaction could be effectively carried out in a volume of just 13 µL, about half the officially recommended reaction volume (25 µL). The aim of this study was to develop a highly sensitive and specific G. anatis real-time LAMP assay that is less time-consuming and less costly than quantitative PCR.