Genetic diversity in populations of Dalbulus maidis (DeLong and Wolcott) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) from distant localities in Brazil assessed by RAPD-PCR markers.

Populations of Dalbulus maidis (DeLong and Wolcott) from the northeastern and central-southern regions of Brazil differ morphologically, suggesting that they could be genetically isolated. Here we used the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique to estimate genetic structuring of this leafhopper species among five geographically distant localities across those regions and to estimate gene flow between populations. Ten specimens were sampled per population and genotyped with RAPD markers generated from amplification with nine oligonucleotides. The percentage of polymorphic loci was 78% in relation to the total number of amplified loci, and genetic similarity either between or within populations was higher than 0.72. Cluster analysis grouped specimens from the northeastern population (Mossoró/RN) into a single group, whereas central-southern specimens were not grouped in relation to their places of origin. Overall, the genetic subdivision index (Fst) was low (or= 0.192 and Nm

Optimization of random amplified polymorphic DNA techniques for use in genetic studies of Cuban Triatominae.

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique is a simple and reliable method to detect DNA polymorphism. Several factors can affect the amplification profiles, thereby causing false bands and non-reproducibility of assay. In this study, we analyzed the effect of changing the concentration of primer, magnesium chloride, template DNA and Taq DNA polymerase with the objective of determining their optimum concentration for the standardization of RAPD technique for genetic studies of Cuban Triatominae. Reproducible amplification patterns were obtained using 5 pmoL of primer, 2.5 mM of MgCl2, 25 ng of template DNA and 2 U of Taq DNA polymerase in 25 microL of the reaction. A panel of five random primers was used to evaluate the genetic variability of T. flavida. Three of these (OPA-1, OPA-2 and OPA-4) generated reproducible and distinguishable fingerprinting patterns of Triatominae. Numerical analysis of 52 RAPD amplified bands generated for all five primers was carried out with unweighted pair group method analysis (UPGMA). Jaccard's Similarity Coefficient data were used to construct a dendrogram. Two groups could be distinguished by RAPD data and these groups coincided with geographic origin, i.e. the populations captured in areas from east and west of Guanahacabibes, Pinar del Río. T. flavida present low interpopulation variability that could result in greater susceptibility to pesticides in control programs. The RAPD protocol and the selected primers are useful for molecular characterization of Cuban Triatominae.

Optimization of random amplified polymorphic DNA techniques for use in genetic studies of Cuban triatominae

La técnica de ADN polimórfico amplificado al azar (RAPD) es un método simple para detectar el polimorfismo genético del ADN. Diferentes factores afectan los perfiles de amplificación lo que se manifiesta en la presencia de bandas falsas y en la reproducibilidad del ensayo. En nuestro trabajo analizamos los cambios de la concentración de cebador, ADN molde, cloruro de magnesio y de Taq ADN polimerasa con el objetivo de determinar su concentración optima, quedando optimizada la técnica del RAPD para su utilización en estudios genéticos de Triatomíneos cubanos. Empleando una concentración de cebador de 5 pmol, 2.5 mM de MgCl2, 25 ng de ADN molde y 2 U de Taq ADN polimerasa en 25 µL de reacción, se obtuvieron patrones de amplificación reproducibles. Un total de cinco cebadores al azar fueron usados para evaluar la variabilidad genética de T. flavida. Tres de ellos (OPA-1, OPA-2 y OPA-4) produjeron patrones distinguibles y reproducibles de triatomineos. El análisis numérico según la técnica de UPGMA usando el coeficiente de similitud de Jaccard a partir de las 52 bandas de amplificación de RAPD generadas por los cinco cebadores, fue usado en la construcción del dendograma. Se obtuvieron 2 grupos bien definidos según el análisis del RAPD, mostrando concordancia con el origen geográfico, las poblaciones capturadas en áreas del occidente y el oriente de Guanahacabibes, Pinar del Río, respectivamente. T. flavida presentó una baja variabilidad genética inter-poblacional y esto puede resultar en una mayor susceptibilidad al uso de insecticidas en los programas de control. La técnica de RAPD optimizada y los cebadores seleccionados son útiles para la caracterización molecular de Triatomíneos cubanos.

El RAPD (random amplified Polymorphism of DNA)en el entorno de los marcadores moleculares / The RAPD (random amplified Polymorphism of DNA)en the environment of those molecular markers

Los marcadores moleculares constituyen una herramienta útil en diferentes campos de la investigación, salud, producción, etc. Con éstos se pueden establecer: relaciones genéticas entre organismos y definir el estatus de especie, diagnóstico de enfermedades interviniendo directamente en la ubicación del gen en cuestión o identificando organismos que causan la enfermedad, igualmente en la producción de alimentos con ciertas características, como en la detección de alimentos transgénicos. Actualmente los investigadores están buscando moleculares que se tienen a mano, cada una de éstas tienen ventajas y desventajas. En este trabajo se pretende mostrar de manera general muchos aspectos de estos marcadores, haciendo énfasis en la técnica de RAPD.

Optimization of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction for molecular typing of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi.

Optimization of the RAPD reaction for characterizing Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains was studied in order to ensure the reproducibility and the discriminatory power of this technique. Eight Salmonella serovar Typhi strains isolated from various regions in Brazil were examined for the fragment patterns produced using different concentrations of DNA template, primer, MgCl2 and Taq DNA polymerase. Using two different low stringency thermal cycle profiles, the RAPD fingerprints obtained were compared. A set of sixteen primers was evaluated for their ability to produce a high number of distinct fragments. We found that variations associated to all of the tested parameters modified the fingerprinting patterns. For the strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi used in this experiment, we have defined a set of conditions for RAPD-PCR reaction, which result in a simple, fast and reproducible typing method.

Characaterization of typical and atypical enteropathogenic Ëscherichia coli (EPEC) strains of the classical O55 serogroup by RAPD analysis

The genetic diversity of 41 typical and atypical enteropathogenic Ëscherichia coli" (EPEC) strains of the serogroup O55 was analysed by using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method. All typical EPEC O55 strains were grouped in two clusters (A and C) and belonged to serotype O55:H6, while cluster B included all atypical strains, which were of the serotype O55:H7. The three groups also included non-motile strains. RAPD may be a useful method for epidemiological studies on "E. coli" O55 infection