Entre la estética y la medicina: el cuidado del cuerpo en el Breviarium de Johannes de Sancto Paulo / [Between aesthetics and medicine: care of the body in the Breviarium of Johannes de Sancto Paulo]

El Breviarium de Johannes de Sancto Paulo, compuesto en el entorno de la Escuela de Salerno en la segunda mitad del XII, presenta las características propias del género médico de los compendios o prácticas medievales, una suerte de vademécum que describe en latín los signos, las causas y el tratamiento de las principales enfermedades ordenadas a capite ad calcem. Pese a contar con una importante tradición manuscrita —se han encontrado hasta el momento 36 códices que se conservan en diversas bibliotecas de todo el mundo— el Breviariumes una obra inédita, pues nunca llegó a imprimirse en el Renacimiento. Entre sus capítulos, hallamos algunos dedicados al cuidado y a la higiene del cuerpo (teñido del cabello, manchas y pústulas en el rostro, halitosis, mal olor en las axilas, blanqueamiento de dientes). Todos ellos presentan recetas y experimenta para combatir estos problemas no solo desde un punto de visto médico, sino también estético. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo, por tanto, consiste en analizar estos capítulos, contextualizarlos dentro de la producción médica salernitana, rastrear sus fuentes y atestiguar su pervivencia en tratados posteriores. (AU)

Medicina y masculinidad: el cuidado de la barba en los recetarios domésticos castellanos del siglo XVI / [Medicine and masculinity: beard care in 16th century Castilian domestic recipe books]

En la Europa bajomedieval y durante la primera Edad Moderna, en paralelo al desarrollo de profesiones sanitarias como la cirugía y la barbería, emergen nuevos géneros de literatura médica en lenguas vernáculas pensados para un uso doméstico. Una parte sig-nificativa de estos textos estaba dedicada al cuidado de la apariencia estética, una esfera de intervención en el cuerpo humano tradicionalmente vinculada a las mujeres. Sin embargo, en este trabajo mostramos cómo los recetarios domésticos también incluyeron tratamientos destinados a los hombres, concretamente para la conservación y embellecimiento de la barba. Con ello, señalamos la importancia de estos textos para documentar prácticas de construc-ción de la identidad masculina a través de la imagen corporal. En este trabajo se analizan los tratamientos propuestos para el cuidado de la barba en dos recetarios castellanos del siglo XVI, el Vergel de señores y el Regalo de la vida humana, específicamente para su limpieza y teñido, así como para la prevención de la alopecia. Se estudian los procedimientos técnicos y las sustancias utilizadas para la confección de los productos finales, así como los consejos y advertencias para su aplicación correcta y efectiva. El estudio contextualizado de las recetas en sus testimonios manuscritos permite documentar la contribución de las tradiciones médicas domésticas a la construcción de la masculinidad. (AU)

Evolving beauty-Creating and transforming inequalities.

Society has always been fascinated by beauty, an interest that has a psychological and evolutionary basis. Studies across various fields have shown that being beautiful can result in emotional well-being and privilege in one's career and personal life. However, beauty is not equally distributed in our society, leading people to pursue aesthetic treatments and procedures to meet the beauty standard. Over time and with the influence of media, the societally accepted beauty standard has evolved. It is essential for clinicians to be aware of societal implications of beauty as they may serve as a motivation for patients seeking cosmetic procedures.

Cosmetic Otoplasty.

Otoplasty for prominent ears is a rewarding yet exacting surgery that demands the precise application of anatomic knowledge, anthropometric norms, and surgical creativity. The practitioner must be able to use a variety of different techniques to provide durable and acceptable cosmetic results to patients. This article provides an in-depth description of normal and abnormal auricular anatomy, the historical context for modern otoplasty, and describes in detail the common otoplastic procedures currently performed.

Body dysmorphic disorder: history and curiosities.

Body dysmorphic disorder is a chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by excessive preoccupation with an absent or minimal physical deformity. It causes severe distress and impairs normal functioning. In the last centuries, this disorder has been mentioned in the medical literature by important mental health practitioners by different names, such as "dysmorphophobia" or "dermatologic hypochondriasis". However, not until the last century was it included among the obsessive-compulsive disorders, although its classification has changed over time.Patients with body dysmorphic disorder constantly seek cosmetic treatments in order to improve their physical appearance, which more often deteriorates their mental condition. The high prevalence of psychiatric disorders in cosmetic medical practice has led in this field of study to the new science "cosmetic psychodermatology". This paper presents a summary of important facts about body dysmorphic disorder and its description throughout the history of medicine.

Cosmetic Medicine: Innovative Beauty Care as Popular Medicine in Days Gone By.

Throughout the ages, people yearned for beauty and longevity. This article examines how European physicians began to engage with the field of cosmetics over a century ago, thus introducing the category of aesthetics into medical practice. This historical phenomenon is currently repeating itself.

Evidence-Based Plastic Surgery: Its Rise, Importance, and a Practical Guide.

There is a perfect storm developing in 21st century healthcare; rising complexity and patient expectations in the context of fiscal restraint. Evidence-based medicine (EBM) may be the best-kept secret in dealing with the "storm." Such an approach prefers management pathways that deliver better outcomes at less relative cost. In this article, the rise of EBM, its significance, a guide to practicing it, and its future in the field of plastic, reconstructive, and aesthetic surgery are presented.

The 19th Century Origins of Facial Cosmetic Surgery and John H. Woodbury.

John H. Woodbury was an incredibly entrepreneurial, self-trained dermatologist who, between 1870 and 1909, built an empire of cosmetic surgery institutes in 6 states, with 25 physician/surgeon employees and an advertising budget of $150,000/year (1892 data). Under his management, his surgeons, and perhaps Woodbury himself, performed multiple facial cosmetic surgeries, including early versions of browlifts, frown excisions, lower facelifts, mid-face lifts, rhinoplasties, double-chin reductions, and dimple creation. In addition, Woodbury developed a proprietary soap and cosmetic line, which he sold to Jergens for $212,500 in 1901 (retaining a 10% royalty). Woodbury's story has been unknown until now because this nonacademic concentrated his publishing in articles and advertisements in lay magazines. Woodbury's life ended in bankruptcy, litigation, and suicide when the corporate practice of medicine and advertising were made illegal. In his legal proceedings, Woodbury conceded that he was not a doctor, although he went by the title. Regardless, his surgical innovations are of major historical significance, as these cosmetic procedures are the first of their kind to be noted in the lay or academic press and predate, by years and even decades, the previously earliest known cosmetic surgeries in the United States.