Webpalestra: Tabaco. Uso, abuso ou dependência?

Award for Distinguished Scientific Early Career Contributions: Lara A. Ray.

The APA Awards for Distinguished Scientific Early Career Contributions to Psychology recognize psychologists who have demonstrated excellence early in their careers and have held a doctoral degree for no more than 9 years. One of the 2017 award winners is Lara A. Ray, for "her substantive and innovative research on mechanisms that underlie alcohol and tobacco use disorders and for leveraging that knowledge to develop new, personalized treatment approaches for these disorders." Ray's award citation, biography, and a selected bibliography are presented here. (PsycINFO Database Record

Minimum Ages of Legal Access for Tobacco in the United States From 1863 to 2015.

In the United States, state laws establish a minimum age of legal access (MLA) for most tobacco products at 18 years. We reviewed the history of these laws with internal tobacco industry documents and newspaper archives from 1860 to 2014. The laws appeared in the 1880s; by 1920, half of states had set MLAs of at least 21 years. After 1920, tobacco industry lobbying eroded them to between 16 and 18 years. By the 1980s, the tobacco industry viewed restoration of higher MLAs as a critical business threat. The industry's political advocacy reflects its assessment that recruiting youth smokers is critical to its survival. The increasing evidence on tobacco addiction suggests that restoring MLAs to 21 years would reduce smoking initiation and prevalence, particularly among those younger than 18 years.

Evarts Ambrose Graham (1883-1957), doyen of pulmonary surgeons.

Evarts Graham performed the first successful pneumonectomy in 1933. Evarts Ambrose Graham, the son of a Scotch Irish surgeon, was born on 19 March 1883. After early schooling in Chicago, he graduated at Princeton and returned to Chicago to study Medicine, taking his MD at Rush Medical College in 1907. The chemical aspects of pathological changes then occupied him fully until 1919, when he was appointed full-time professor of surgery at the Washington School of Medicine in St Louis. Visualisation of gallstones temporarily took his attention, but bronchogenic carcinoma was seldom far from his thoughts, and he recognised (too late to save himself) the causative association with cigarette smoking by 1950. He died on 4 March 1957.

Politics, profit, and psychiatric diagnosis: a case study of tobacco use disorder.

The idea of tobacco or nicotine dependence as a specific psychiatric diagnosis appeared in 1980 and has evolved through successive editions of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Not surprisingly, the tobacco industry attempted to challenge this diagnosis through behind-the-scenes influence. But another entity put corporate muscle into supporting the diagnosis-the pharmaceutical industry. Psychiatry's ongoing professional challenges have left it vulnerable to multiple professional, social, and commercial forces. The example of tobacco use disorder illustrates that mental health concepts used to develop public health goals and policy need to be critically assessed. I review the conflicting commercial, professional, and political aims that helped to construct psychiatric diagnoses relating to smoking. This history suggests that a diagnosis regarding tobacco has as much to do with social and cultural circumstances as it does with science.

Tobacco and otorhinolaryngology: epic and disaster.

More than 500 papers are retrieved from the PubMed database by the keywords "Tobacco" and "Otorhinolaryngology", none of which, however, is devoted to the history of a plant that has a major impact on our specialty and practice. The present report describes and analyzes how tobacco conquered the world, the conflicts it triggered and the impact it has had in our field over the past centuries.

Tobacco use screening and treatment by outpatient psychiatrists before and after release of the American Psychiatric Association treatment guidelines for nicotine dependence.

OBJECTIVES: We examined tobacco use screening and treatment by US psychiatrists before and after release of the 1996 American Psychiatric Association (APA) nicotine dependence treatment guidelines. METHODS: We used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to identify rates of tobacco screening and treatment by psychiatrists before the release of the guidelines (1993-1996) and during 2 postguidelines periods: 2001-2005 and 2006-2010. Multiple logistic regression was used to compare preguidelines and postguidelines rates. RESULTS: Psychiatrists screened for tobacco use during 77% of visits from 1993 to 1996, 69% of visits from 2001 to 2005 (odds ratio [OR] = 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.64, 0.75), and 60% of visits from 2006 to 2010 (OR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.43, 0.50). Psychiatrists provided cessation counseling to 12% of smokers from 1993 to 1996, 11% from 2001 to 2005 (OR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.74, 1.26), and 23% from 2006 to 2010 (OR = 2.23; 95% CI = 1.74, 2.86). Psychiatrists prescribed nicotine replacement therapy to fewer than 1% of smokers during all 3 time periods. CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatrists are screening for tobacco use at declining rates, and the proportion of smokers provided with treatment remains low.

Scientific research and corporate influence: smoking, mental illness, and the tobacco industry.

Mentally ill individuals have always smoked at high rates and continue to do so, despite public health efforts to encourage smoking cessation. In the last half century, the tobacco industry became interested in this connection, and conducted and supported psychiatric and basic science research on the mental health implications of smoking, long before most mental health professionals outside the industry investigated this issue. Initially, representatives of tobacco industry research organizations supported genetics and psychosomatic research to try to disprove findings that smoking causes lung cancer. Tobacco industry research leaders engaged with investigators because of shared priorities and interests in the brain effects of nicotine. By the 1980s, collaborative funding programs and individual company research and development teams engaged in intramural and extramural basic science studies on the neuropharmacology of nicotine. When mental health researchers outside the industry became interested in the issue of the mentally ill and smoking in the mid-1990s, they increasingly explained it in terms of a disease of nicotine addiction. Both the idea that smoking/nicotine does something positive for the mentally ill and the conclusion that it is the result of nicotine dependence have the potential to support corporate agendas (tobacco or pharmaceutical).

Imagens de advertências impressas nos maços de cigarros brasileiros: um estudo de caso / Images printed warnings on cigarette packs Brazilians: a case study

Esta dissertação busca com base em dados documentais analisar sob a ótica da semiologia os processos de produção e circulação das imagens de advertências sanitárias dos anos de 2001, 2003 e 2008. São ao todo 29 imagens que passaram por transformações nos últimos 10 anos, tornando-as mais importantes, para causar o efeito de aversão ao maço de cigarros ao jovem não fumante, para que este público alvo não se sinta seduzido pelo produto. Com base teórico-analítica dos discursos sociais, esse estudo de caso pretende refletir sobre as transformações ocorridas nas imagens de advertências sanitárias nos últimos 10 anos e, sua trajetória como uma estratégia de comunicação capaz de influenciar na queda da iniciação ao tabagismo.

Historical and current perspective on tobacco use and nicotine addiction.

Although the addictive influence of tobacco was recognized very early, the modern concepts of nicotine addiction have relied on knowledge of cholinergic neurotransmission and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The discovery of the 'receptive substance' by Langley, that would turn out to be nAChRs, and 'Vagusstoff' (acetylcholine) by Loewi, coincided with an exciting time when the concept of chemical synaptic transmission was being formulated. More recently, the application of more powerful techniques and the study of animal models that replicate key features of nicotine dependence have led to important advancements in our understanding of molecular, cellular and systems mechanisms of nicotine addiction. In this review, we present a historical perspective and overview of the research that has led to our present understanding of nicotine addiction.

Tabagismo: do sagrado ao profano / Tobaccoism: from the sacred to the profane

Faz uma abordagem sobre a origem do mito da magia da fumaça, que está obrigatoriamente ligada ao fogo domesticado. Assim, só é muito antigo como também acompanhou de perto a marcha da humanização. Os registros da paleopatologia apontam para a evidência de que a sobrevivência dos nossos ancestrais, num determinado período, esteve diretamente relacionada com a produção, a conservação e o transporte do fogo. Os mais respeitados historiadores da atualidade atribuem ao uso do fogo, mudando o meio hostil, um dos fatores mais importantes na bravura dos hominídeos pela sobrevivência. Não é exagero afirmar que a partir dessa fase o homem tenha adquirido um novo sentimento contribuindo para reforçar a diferença dele sobre os outros animais. A passagem do tabagismo do espaço sagrado para o profano se deu, no Brasil, com a chegada do colonizador. O vício de fumar, por homens e mulheres, como instrumento de prazer doi imediatamente percebida ainda nos primeiros contatos e cristalinamente assinalado por Fernão Cardim, no século 16. O mais importante documento da historiografia sobre o avanço do tabagismo depois da colonização é o livro 'História natural e médica da Índia Ocidental', do médico holandes Guilherme Piso, formado na Universidade de Caen, na França, em 1634. Durante a ocupação holandesa do Nordeste brasileiro, na primeira metade do século 17, pelas tropas de João Maurício de Nassau, o médico Guilherme Piso, chefe dos serviços médicos das Índias Ocidentais, fez um registro fundamental para que se possa entender a sedução que o tabagismo exerceu no continente americano.

Tabagismo: do sagrado ao profano / Tobaccoism: from the sacred to the profane

Faz uma abordagem sobre a origem do mito da magia da fumaça, que está obrigatoriamente ligada ao fogo domesticado. Assim, só é muito antigo como também acompanhou de perto a marcha da humanização. Os registros da paleopatologia apontam para a evidência de que a sobrevivência dos nossos ancestrais, num determinado período, esteve diretamente relacionada com a produção, a conservação e o transporte do fogo. Os mais respeitados historiadores da atualidade atribuem ao uso do fogo, mudando o meio hostil, um dos fatores mais importantes na bravura dos hominídeos pela sobrevivência. Não é exagero afirmar que a partir dessa fase o homem tenha adquirido um novo sentimento contribuindo para reforçar a diferença dele sobre os outros animais. A passagem do tabagismo do espaço sagrado para o profano se deu, no Brasil, com a chegada do colonizador. O vício de fumar, por homens e mulheres, como instrumento de prazer doi imediatamente percebida ainda nos primeiros contatos e cristalinamente assinalado por Fernão Cardim, no século 16. O mais importante documento da historiografia sobre o avanço do tabagismo depois da colonização é o livro 'História natural e médica da Índia Ocidental', do médico holandes Guilherme Piso, formado na Universidade de Caen, na França, em 1634. Durante a ocupação holandesa do Nordeste brasileiro, na primeira metade do século 17, pelas tropas de João Maurício de Nassau, o médico Guilherme Piso, chefe dos serviços médicos das Índias Ocidentais, fez um registro fundamental para que se possa entender a sedução que o tabagismo exerceu no continente americano. [AU]

[Smoking history worldwide--cigarette smoking, passive smoking and smoke free environment in Switzerland]. / Die Geschichte des Rauchens--wie Nichtrauchen wieder gesellschaftsfähig wird.

After the invention of the cigarette 1881 the health consequences of active smoking were fully known only in 1964. Since 1986 research findings allow increasingly stronger conclusions about the impact of passive smoking on health, especially for lung cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory disease in adults and children and the sudden infant death syndrome. On the basis of current consumption patterns, approximately 450 million adults will be killed by smoking between 2000 and 2050. At least half of these adults will die between age 30 and 69. Cancer and total deaths due to smoking have fallen so far only in men in high-income countries but will rise globally unless current smokers stop smoking before or during middle age. Higher taxes, regulations on smoking, including 100 % smoke free indoor spaces, and information for consumers could avoid smoking-associated deaths. Irland was 2004 the first country worldwide introducing smoke free bars and restaurants with positive effects on compliance, health of employees and business. In the first year after the introduction these policies have resulted in a 10 - 20 % reduction of acute coronary events. In Switzerland smoke free regulations have been accepted by popular vote first in the canton of Ticino in 2006 and since then in 15 more cantons. The smoking rate dropped from 33 to 27 % since 2001.

Global economic and health benefits of tobacco control: part 2.

Although the risks of tobacco smoking have been known for decades, the pandemic of tobacco use continues. There are an estimated 1.3 billion smokers worldwide, along with millions more using various oral tobacco products. Recent global estimates place the mortality burden from tobacco use at over 6 million annually, with nearly two-thirds of these deaths occurring in developing countries. If current patterns persist, there will be an estimated 1 billion deaths from tobacco during the twenty-first century. Part 1 of this two-part paper provides an overview of the tobacco pandemic, the scope of the pandemic, and its economic and health consequences. Part 2 reviews the history of tobacco control to date and addresses the current global strategy, based on the World Health Organization's (WHO's) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control and the MPOWER package of interventions. Part 2 ends with a consideration of scenarios for the future of the pandemic.