[Retrospective analysis of the incidence rate of the population in the Republic of Tatarstan with diseases of the endocrine system].

Diseases of the endocrine system are an urgent medical and social problem in connection with their widespread prevalence and negative growth trend throughout the world; they often accompany other chronic diseases and can lead to disability. Aim: to study the trends in the structure and characteristics of the morbidity of the population in the Republic of Tatarstan with diseases of the endocrine system. The study was based on the materials of the official statistics in the Republic of Tatarstan for the period 2014-2019, the methods of descriptive statistics and linear regression analysis were used. The indicators of the primary morbidity and prevalence of the endocrine system diseases among various age groups in the Republic of Tatarstan were studied. The retrospective analysis of the incidence of the endocrine system diseases in the population in the Republic of Tatarstan indicates the formation of stable negative trends in the growth of the prevalence of thyroid diseases, diabetes and obesity among all the groups under study. There is an increase in the primary incidence and prevalence of thyroid diseases among children (growth rate in 2019 compared to 2014 of 198.6 and 50.1% respectively) and adolescents (growth rate of 244.9% and 114.3% respectively), as well as an increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in these groups (growth rate of 500% and 269,2% respectively); an increase in both the primary incidence (growth rate of 200%) and the prevalence of hypothyroidism among children (growth rate of 183.5%), an increase in the prevalence of thyroiditis among adults (growth rate of 24.3%).The rate of increase in the primary incidence of obesity, over 6 years of observation, among children was 74.7%, among adolescents - 171.1%; among the adult population - 21.2%. To reverse negative trends in morbidity, we believe it is necessary to strengthen preventive work among all age groups to form healthy eating habits, maintain a normal body weight, take legislative decisions on mass prevention of iodine deficiency in endemic regions, as well as conduct some research aimed at assessing the impact of risk factors caused by the impact of endocrine disruptors on the health of the population of the Republic.

Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among small mammals in Tatarstan, Russian Federation.

Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic parasite with a wide host range that includes humans, domestic animals and wild animals. Small mammals serve as intermediate hosts for T. gondii and may contribute to the persistence of this parasite in the environment. Mass mortality in wild animals and deaths in rare endemic species make the study of this parasite of growing importance. In this study, T. gondii infection prevalence was evaluated in brain tissues from 474 small mammals captured at 26 trapping points in urban and rural areas of Tatarstan, Russian Federation. Nested PCR was used to detect the T. gondii B1 gene in the samples. Overall, 40/474 samples (8.44%) showed B1 gene positivity. T. gondii infection among the wild small mammals trapped in the rural area was significantly higher as a whole than that of the urban area as a whole. Multivariate logistical regression analysis also showed that the trapping area (rural or urban) significantly contributed to T. gondii positivity. Vegetation in the trapping points, small mammal species, sex, age or distance from the trapping points to the nearest human settlements did not significantly affect T. gondii positivity in the sampled small mammals.

[The Indices of Morbidity of Main Socially Significant Noninfectious Diseases of Population of the Republic of Tatarstan].

Socially significant diseases cause enormous damage to entire modern society and require higher expenses for prevention, treatment and rehabilitation. The most studied socially significant diseases include cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, mental disorders, alcoholism, and oncologic diseases. The study purpose is to assess incidence of major socially significant diseases, including malignant nephropathy, mental disorders and alcoholism in the Republic of Tatarstan during 1997-2017. The discussion. According to the analysis results, there was gradual increasing of incidence of malignant necrosis in the Republic of Tatarstan during the analyzed period i.e. from 240.5 cases to 412.9 cases per 100 thousand of population. The incidence of mental disorders in males was significantly higher than in females. The maximal discrepancy of indices, amounting up to 252.6 cases per 100 thousand of population, was different in 1998. The gap gradually decreased and by 2017 made up to to 62.6 cases per 100 thousand of population. The dynamics of the incidence of alcoholism characterized by increasing up to to 2001. Since 2004, gradual decreasing of indicator was in 2011-2017. The incidence of alcoholism ranged from 123.5 to 129.6 cases per 100 thousand of population. Conclusion. The decreasing in the incidence of mental disorders and alcoholism was established during study period, as well as gradual increasing of incidence of cancer in the Republic of Tatarstan.

[Evaluation of population's commitment to healthy nutrition and physical culture (by results of the questionnaire)].

One of the main tasks in implementing the foundations of state policy in the field of a healthy lifestyle of the population is the formation of optimal nutritional status and the preservation of public health. In this regard, issues of a comprehensive self-assessment of health by the population are becoming particularly relevant. The aim of the research was to identify the degree of commitment of the population to a healthy lifestyle, including maintaining a balanced diet and the presence of physical activity, as well as the relationship between the respondents' lifestyle and the presence of non-communicable diseases. Material and methods. A random survey of the adult population of the Rybno-Slobodsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan has been conducted. In total, 2346 respondents aged 21 to 74 (women - 71.7%, people with higher education - 33.2%) took part in the survey. For this study, a questionnaire was developed to identify the attitude of the population to a healthy lifestyle (HLS), which included questions regarding the physical activity of respondents, their commitment to healthy eating and diet, the existence of pernicious habits (drinking, smoking), and the presence of noncommunicable diseases. In the framework of this article, two factors were analyzed: the population's commitment to a balanced diet and physical activity, as well as the relationship of these factors with the presence of non-communicable diseases among respondents. Results and discussion. Data analysis showed that 18.8% of women and 14.1% of men always adhere to healthy eating and proper diet. Women are more committed to healthy eating than men (p<0.001). Regularly (2-3 times a week), 21.4% of women and 18.1% of men are engaged in exercise (a sport or physical activity), that is only 20.6% of respondents (p<0.001). The percentage of people committed to healthy nutrition was almost equal, both in the group of those with and without cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (19.5 and 17.4%, respectively). Among people who regularly engage in physical activity and sports (2-3 times a week), 27.5% of respondents have CVD, while among those who do not engage in exercise, 64.2% of individuals have CVD (p<0.001). Among those who adhered to a balanced diet, gastrointestinal diseases were observed in 14.1% of the respondents, while among the respondents who did not adhere to healthy eating, gastrointestinal diseases were observed in 83.7% (p<0.001). Conclusion Among respondents who adhere to healthy eating and diet and physical activity, non-communicable diseases and stress are less common (according to the respondents' answers). The results of a self-assessment (questionnaire) of public health can be used to develop targeted program of treatment and preventive measures to build community commitment in the Rybno-Slobodsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan to healthy lifestyle.

Endothelin-1, nitric oxide, serotonin and high blood pressure in male adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Essential arterial hypertension (EAH) in adolescents represents a social burden. The endothelium is involved in the pathogenesis of EAH. Imbalance of key vasoactive factors - namely nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) - is observed, and serotonin (5-HT) release is also impaired. The relationship between the factors and high blood pressure (BP) has been established mainly in preclinical studies and in the adult age. The aim of the present manuscript is to establish the association between plasma ET-1, serum NO and 5-HT, platelet 5-HT levels and BP in male adolescents, analyzing their concentrations in controls, prehypertensive and hypertensive children. Consequently, we want to evaluate ET-1, NO and 5-HT levels as preclinical biomarkers of EAH. METHODS: Outpatient adolescents, examined at Children's Republican Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Tatarstan, were recruited between 26th of May and 25th of September 2016. Predictor variables identified were plasma ET-1, serum NO and 5-HT levels and were evaluated in serum and platelets of case and control groups. RESULTS: Plasma ET-1 and serum 5-HT concentrations in prehypertensive and hypertensive children were higher than in controls, with hypertensive adolescents showing higher levels of both factors compared with prehypertensive adolescents. Platelet 5-HT levels were lower in prehypertensive and hypertensive children compared with controls, while serum NO levels were higher in prehypertensive children than in hypertensive children. CONCLUSION: Measurable ET-1, NO and 5-HT are related to BP in adolescents and may serve as diagnostic biomarkers of EAH. Furthermore, they could help to better define prehypertensive and hypertensive children.

[Diagnosis and treatment of deep vein thrombosis in neonates and nurselings]. / Diagnostika i lechenie trombozov glubokikh ven u novorozhdennykh i detei grudnogo vozrasta.

The authors share herein their experience in diagnosis and treatment of deep vein thrombosis in neonates and nurselings. We examined a total of 132 infants undergoing treatment in an intensive care unit. Of these, 15 infants were diagnosed with various-localization thromboses. Ultrasonographic study was the main method of diagnosis. Management consisted in anticoagulant therapy. Timely administration of anticoagulant therapy made it possible to achieve complete recanalization of venous lumens in 80% of cases. Only 20% of infants were found to have vein occlusion preserved, thus requiring further follow up and treatment. Neither complications nor relapsing thromboses were observed. A conclusion was drawn that characteristic of neonates and infants under 12 months of life is a specific profile of etiopathogenesis of deep vein thrombosis. In the majority of cases thrombosis appears to be catheter-related, and only in sporadic cases it forms spontaneously. Treatment of thromboses is typically associated with high successfulness of medicamentous therapy.

[Epidemiology of sleep disorders in the Republic of Tatarstan]. / Épidemiologiia narushenii sna v respublike Tatarstan.

AIM: To evaluate the variability and severity of sleep disorders in people of the Republic of Tatarstan. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A continuous survey using a questionnaire based on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), sleep apnea risk scale, restless leg syndrome scale was performed. The survey was conducted in a random sample of people (n=1156). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: A high level of sleep disorders associated with anxiety disorders and comorbid pathologies was shown. Low awareness of patients about methods of tretament sleep disorders and a trend to self-medication (mostly using benzodiazepine drugs) were revealed.

[The Regional Risk Factors of Mortality Of Adult Population Because Of Leading Non-Infectious Diseases].

The analysis of data of 2000--2014 established a significant decreasing of total mortality of population of the Republic of Tatarstan. however, this occurrence concerns in a greater degree individuals of retirement age than able-bodied population. The percentage of mortality in connection with diseases of blood circulation diseases, diseases of respiratory system and neoplasms decreased in total mortality and elder age category but remained stable or even increased in population of able-bodied age. The anthropogenic load on objects of environment significantly effects mortality of population of able-bodied age (with wider spectrum of significant parameters) and elder age in the above listed classes of diseases. The values of generalized dispersion explain 95--98% of dispersion of intial indices of chemical pollution of the territory positively and/or negatively correlating with coefficients of mortality in main non-infectious diseases.

[Prevention of the recurrent herpetic stomatitis in employees of Kazan city industrial enterprises frequently suffering from acute respiratory viral infections]. / Profilaktika retsidiviruyushchego gerpeticheskogo stomatita u rabotnikov promyshlennykh predpriyatii goroda Kazani, chasto boleyushchikh ostrymi respiratornymi zabolevaniyami.

Research objective was to study the efficacy of ingavirin for prevention of recurrent herpetic stomatitis in employees of Kazan city industrial enterprises frequently suffering from acute respiratory viral infections. 128 employees aged from 18 to 56 years were included in the study. Clinical and immunological efficiency of ingavirin prevention of recurrent herpetic stomatitis is proved by estimation of oral cavity local immunity (SlgA, lisozyme), humoral immunity (IgE and IgG) and cellular immunity (RBTL with FGA, defined T-lymphocytes). After administration of ingavirin significant (p<0.05) increase of lisozyme and SlgA, RBTL with FGA, number of T-lymphocytes and IgG concentration was observed. The obtained data allow to recommend ingavirin for prevention of recurrent herpetic stomatitis.

[Risk assessment from exposure to chemical contaminants in food].

There was investigated the impact of chemical substances contained in the public health foodstuffs in eight regions of the Republic of Tatarstan on 11 product groups: meat and meat products, fish and fish products, milk and dairy products, bread and bakery products, sugar and confectionery products, vegetables and melons (excluding potatoes), potatoes, fruits and berries, vegetable oil, eggs and egg products, salt. In total there were analyzed more than 240 thousand samples offood raw materials andfood products over the period offrom 2006 to 2014. The study took place on 27 priority chemicals, including thirteen carcinogens (benzo (a) pyrene, DDT, hexachlorobenzene, hexachloran, heptachlor, alpha-lindane, beta-lindane, lindane, cadmium, arsenic, lead, derivatives of 2,4-D acid, cypermethrin). Exposition load is calculated by the 50 (median), and 90 percentiles of the content ofpollutants in food products. There were calculated carcinogenic risks, HQ coefficients and HI indices for chronic non-cancer exposure. High values of the total cancer risk (3.31*10 at the median level of 1.49*10+ at the 90 percentile) are associated with the exposure to tohexachlorane and alpha-lindane seem to be alarming (from 1.73*10 to 9.68*10) with the effect of lindane, cadmium and lead with dominant contribution to the total risk in the use of meat and meat products, milk and dairy products. The warning value of Hazard ratios (HQ 1.1-3) at 90-percentile were shown on nitrate, lead, beta-lindane, high (HQ >3), for DDT and its metabolites, lindane and arsenic, with the dominant contribution to the exposure of vegetables and melons (excluding potatoes), potato, milk and milk products.

Epidemiological dynamics of nephropathia epidemica in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, during the period of 1997-2013.

This report summarizes epidemiological data on nephropathia epidemica (NE) in the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. NE cases identified in the period 1997-2013 were investigated in parallel with the hantavirus antigen prevalence in small rodents in the study area. A total of 13 930 NE cases were documented in all but one district of Tatarstan, with most cases located in the central and southeastern districts. The NE annual incidence rate exhibited a cyclical pattern, with the highest numbers of cases being registered once in every 3-5 years. The numbers of NE cases rose gradually from July to November, with the highest morbidity in adult males. The highest annual disease incidence rate, 64·4 cases/100 000 population, was observed in 1997, with a total of 2431 NE cases registered. NE cases were mostly associated with visiting forests and agricultural activities. The analysis revealed that the bank vole Myodes glareolus not only comprises the majority of the small rodent communities in the region, but also consistently displays the highest hantavirus prevalence compared to other small rodent species.

[THE PROFILE OF SEASONALITY OF MORTALITY OF DISEASES OF BLOOD CIRCULATION SYSTEM IN WOMEN IN RURAL TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN].

The tasks of decreasing of mortality due to main causes require informational analytical support for effective decision making. The profiles of monthly mortality of women because of diseases of blood circular system vary in administrative territorial agglomerations with different social economical level. The monitoring of indicators of mortality permits selecting months of risk and to implement preventive, rehabilitation activities to decrease mortality.

[THE DYNAMICS OF THE MORBIDITY RATE OF HEMORRHAGIC FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME IN THE POPULATION OF THE CITY OF NABEREZHNYE CHELNY].

In the article there are considered the environmental and biological prerequisites for the dynamics of hemorrnagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) morbidity rate in the population of the city of Naberezhnye Chelny and the municipal districts located in the north-eastern part of the Republic of Tatarstan, a subdivision of Russian Federation. The territory of the Republic of Tatarstan is included into the body of Volga Federal District of the Russian Federation and is located within the boundaries in coniferous taiga and temperate forests, forest-steppe and steppe geographical areas. The endowment of large forests as well as weather and climatic conditions play an important role in the activity and rhythmicity of this natural focal viral infection, the virus carriers of which are mouse-like rodents. The virus belongs to the family Bunyaviridae and is a representative of the genus Hantavirus. On the base of the epidemiological and clinical data of State Autonomous Healthcare Institution "Naberezhno-Chelninskaya Infectious Diseases Hospital" there was performed the analysis of seasonal and the long-term HFRS morbidity rate from 2008 to 2012 with consideration of age and gender cohorts during the period from 2008 to 2012. There were shown both the seasonal character of the development of infectious disease and its unstable rhythmicity in the long-term dynamics. The most number of cases was observed in the summer-autumn period. 84,32% out of all disease cases were occurred in the male population, adults' morbidity rate was averagely 28 times more than the children's morbidity rate, which was due to the more frequent stay in the foci of the virus circulation. In the long-term dynamics the fever development is indirectly related with the weather and climate conditions of the whole region that influence on biology and the dynamics of rodents' population. So 2010 was differed by anomalously hot summer that led to a significant reduction in the number of the disease cases among the human population of the area.

[AIR POLLUTIONS AS A RISK FACTOR FOR THE POPULATION HEALTH IN KAZAN CITY].

In the paper there are presented data on the hygienic evaluation of the air pollution in the city of Kazan as a risk factor for the public health. The largest contribution to the air pollution in the city of Kazan was shown to be endowed by vehicles. The proportion of vehicle emissions in total emissions in the city in 2012 amounted to 71.4%. According to monitoring data the average annual concentrations of pollutant substances in 2012 exceeded the hygienic standards for benzo (a) pyrene--in 2.5 times, soot--2.2 times, nitrogen dioxide--1.8 times, formaldehyde--1.7 times. The risk of inhalation exposure is assessed as high, the greatest contribution to the risk is contributed by suspended matter PM2.5, soot and nitrogen dioxide.

[HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF WORKING CONDITIONS IN MODERN PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY].

In the paper there are reported the results of the performance of hygiene assessment of working conditions in petrochemical industry. The studies have shown that workers' body is exposed to a complex of hazardous occupational factors including a chemical factor, noise, the severity and intensity of the working process. An overall assessment of working conditions corresponds to Class 3.3.

[HEALTH STATUS OF ELECTROTECHNICAL PERSONNEL EXPOSED TO THE COMBINED IMPACT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS OF 50 HZ AND CHEMICALS].

There was performed an analysis of the working conditions and health status of workers of the chemical enterprise. In male electrical staff exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMF) of 50 Hz and chemicals, according to data of periodic medical examinations there was revealed statistically higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases and autonomic disorders. The obtained preliminary results allow to suggest the upsurge of the involvement of the autonomic nervous system in response to the combined effects of EMF of 50 Hz and chemicals.

[Main trends in children's population health in the Republic of Tatarstan].

There was performed a comparative analysis of the dynamics of newly diagnosed and the overall morbidity of children's population of the Republic of Tatarstan (RT) and the city of Kazan of main classes of diseases for 2004- 2012 according to the statistical reporting form N12. As an assessment of the possible impact of environmental factors on the formation of separate groups of diseases and changes in the systems of the body there was used health risk assessment according to annual average concentrations of chemicals in the ambient air Average annual indices of prevalence for the most of classes of diseases in children (0-14 years) of the population of the Republic of Tatarstan (RT) and the city of Kazan 2004-2012 (per 1000 children) showed significant differences for most classes of diseases and their rise in children of the city. Results of the assessment of the non-carcinogenic risk based on evolutionary models determined the magnitude of additional risks for the respiratory system. Non-carcinogenic health risk is assessed before the age of 19 years as negligible, until the age of 36 years as a moderate, until the age of 45 years as highfor persons over 46 years as very high.

[The priority diet factor of rural population of the Republic of Tatarstan].

The four risk factors of 60% of disease burden in Europe are closely related to diet. The results of random study of rural population substantiated that diet factors interact with other factors of life activity of rural population. Therefore, to control diet factors is possible only through other factors of life activity. The management of rural population health requires considering regional and gender characteristics offormation of population life-style.

[THE REGULARITIES OF DEVELOPMENT OF CANCER MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY RATE OF THE POPULATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN AND FINLAND].

There were revealed gender differences in cancer morbidity and mortality rate in the Republic of Tatarstan over the period from 1996 till 2013. The morbidity rate was increased by 1.54 times in both urban and rural areas. The morbidity rate level in men was two times higher than in women. The maximum share of new cases of cancer morbidity according to the primary lesion in men in Finland in 2008-2012 was noted in the age groups of 60-64, 70-79 and 85 years and older.