IL-6 regulates adipose deposition and homeostasis in lymphedema.

Lymphedema (LE) is a morbid disease characterized by chronic limb swelling and adipose deposition. Although it is clear that lymphatic injury is necessary for this pathology, the mechanisms that underlie lymphedema remain unknown. IL-6 is a known regulator of adipose homeostasis in obesity and has been shown to be increased in primary and secondary models of lymphedema. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the role of IL-6 in adipose deposition in lymphedema. The expression of IL-6 was analyzed in clinical tissue specimens and serum from patients with or without LE, as well as in two mouse models of lymphatic injury. In addition, we analyzed IL-6 expression/adipose deposition in mice deficient in CD4(+) cells (CD4KO) or IL-6 expression (IL-6KO) or mice treated with a small molecule inhibitor of IL-6 or CD4 depleting antibodies to determine how IL-6 expression is regulated and the effect of changes in IL-6 expression on adipose deposition after lymphatic injury. Patients with LE and mice treated with lymphatic excision of the tail had significantly elevated tissue and serum expression of IL-6 and its downstream mediator. The expression of IL-6 was associated with adipose deposition and CD4(+) inflammation and was markedly decreased in CD4KO mice. Loss of IL-6 function resulted in significantly increased adipose deposition after tail lymphatic injury. Our findings suggest that IL-6 is increased as a result of adipose deposition and CD4(+) cell inflammation in lymphedema. In addition, our study suggests that IL-6 expression in lymphedema acts to limit adipose accumulation.

Histopathological examination of lymphoid organs in cattle and mice experimentally poisoned by Baccharis coridifolia: immunohistochemical characterization of B and T Lymphocytes / Analise histopatológica de órgãos linfóides de bovinos e camundongos intoxicados experimentalmente por Baccharis coridifolia: caracterização imunoistoquímica de linfócitos B e T

Baccharis coridifolia is one of the most important poisonous plants to cattle in the South of Brazil. The plant provokes necrotic lesions in the lymphoid tissues and in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle. Experimental administration to mice produces most of the lesions seen in the lymphoid tissues of cattle. This study was conducted to search possible differences in the susceptibility of T and B lymphocyte subpopulations. Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of cattle and mice experimentally poisoned were evaluated. The results were evaluated based on cell populations affected or remaining in the organs. Immunostaining for B lymphocytes (anti-BLA-36) identified the germinal center of follicles of the lymph node, spleen and GALT in both species. Immunostaining for T lymphocyte (anti-CD3) identified the paracortical area of the germinal centers of the lymph nodes and GALT, the periarteriolar area of the spleen, and the whole thymus both in cattle and mice. Experimentally poisoned cattle and mice shows necrosis of the germinal center of secondary follicles of the lymph nodes, spleen and GALT, where necrotic cells were immunostained for B and less often for T lymphocyte. Necrotic cells in the paracortical region of the lymph node were less often and were not immunostained. Necrotic lesions of the thymus were seen only in mice, with positively stained for T lymphocyte. The distribution of the lesions in the lymphoid tissues and the immunostaining in necrotic cells suggested that the active principles of the plant are cytotoxic to B and T cells.

Baccharis coridifolia é uma das mais importantes plantas tóxicas para bovinos no Sul do Brasil. A intoxicação pela planta produz lesões necróticas nos tecidos linfóides e no trato gastrointestinal de bovinos. A administração experimental para camundongos produziu a maioria das lesões que ocorrem nos tecidos linfóides de bovinos. Este estudo foi conduzido para detectar as possíveis diferenças na susceptibilidade das populações de linfócitos T e B. Foram utilizados linfonodos, baço, timo e acúmulos linfóides associados ao intestino de bovinos e camundongos experimentalmente intoxicados pela planta. Os resultados foram avaliados com base na população de células lesadas ou por aquela que permaneceram nos tecidos. Em ambas as espécies, na marcação imunoistoquímica para linfócitos B (anti-BLA-36) predominou a região do centro germinativo dos linfonodos, baço e acúmulos linfóides associados ao intestino. A marcação para linfócitos T (anti-CD3) predominou na região paracortical dos linfonodos, acúmulos linfóides associados ao intestino e região periarteriolar do baço e timo de ambas as espécies. Bovinos e camundongos experimentalmente intoxicados demonstraram acentuada necrose do centro germinativo dos folículos secundários dos linfonodos, baço e intestino, onde as células necrosadas foram marcadas pela imunoistoquímica para linfócitos B e em menor freqüência para linfócitos T. Necrose celular na região paracortical do linfonodo foi discreta e sem marcação imunoistoquímica. Células necróticas no timo foram observadas somente em camundongos, com imunoistoquímica positiva para linfócitos T. A distribuição das lesões nos tecidos linfóides associadas à marcação imunoistoquímica das células necrosadas sugerem que o princípio ativo da planta é citotóxico para células T e B.

Blunt abdominal trauma: current imaging techniques and CT findings in patients with solid organ, bowel, and mesenteric injury.

Imaging plays a critical role in the evaluation of patients with blunt abdominal trauma. In most institutions, computed tomography (CT) is the modality of choice when evaluating such patients. The purpose of this review is to highlight current techniques in trauma imaging and to review CT findings associated with solid organ, bowel, mesenteric, and diaphragmatic injury. In particular, emphasis is placed on the use of multidetector CT technology (MDCT), especially 64-row detector CT. The role of various techniques, including the use of oral and intravenous contrast, as well as the potential benefit of delayed imaging, is discussed.

[Anatomy and histotopography of human pericardial lymphoid tissue]. / Anatomiia i gistotopografiia limfoidnoi tkani perikarda cheloveka.

Data concerning microscopic structure of the layers of human serous pericardium, localization of lymphoid structures as related to them and their interrelations with connective tissue elements and vessels are represented. Findings on the thickness of serous pericardium in different layers are also given.

Post-nephrolithotomy chyluria.

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy has proved to be a cost-effective, safe and expeditious means of renal calculus removal since its introduction in the late 1970s. The inherent risks and complications of this procedure have been well documented but less common complications continue to surface as case selection becomes increasingly more difficult. We report a case of chyluria after percutaneous nephrolithotomy. The patient recovered completely after treatment with total parenteral nutrition and required no further intervention. The etiology as well as the treatment of this previously unreported complication following percutaneous nephrolithotomy is addressed.