Assessing Bioprinted Functionalized Grafts for Biological Tendon Augmentation In Vitro.

Tendinopathy, characterized by inflammatory and degenerative changes, presents challenges in sports and medicine. In addressing the limitations of conservative management, this study focuses on developing tendon grafts using extrusion bioprinting with platelet-rich plasma (PRP)-infused hydrogels loaded with tendon cells. The objective is to understand paracrine interactions initiated by bioprinted tendon grafts in either inflamed or non-inflamed host tissues. PRP was utilized to functionalize methacrylate gelatin (GelMA), incorporating tendon cells for graft bioprinting. Bioinformatic analyses of overexpressed proteins, predictive of functional enrichment, revealed insights into PRP graft behavior in both non-inflamed and inflamed environments. PRP grafts activated inflammatory pathways, including Interleukin 17 (IL-17), neuroinflammation, Interleukin 33 (IL-33), and chemokine signaling. Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1b) in the graft environment triggered p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) canonical pathway, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) signaling. Biological enrichment attributed to PRP grafts included cell chemotaxis, collagen turnover, cell migration, and angiogenesis. Acellular PRP grafts differed from nude grafts in promoting vessel length, vessel area, and junction density. Angiogenesis in cellular grafts was enhanced with newly synthesized Interleukin 8 (IL-8) in cooperation with IL-1b. In conclusion, paracrine signaling from PRP grafts, mediated by chemokine activities, influences cell migration, inflammation, and angiogenic status in host tissues. Under inflammatory conditions, newly synthesized IL-8 regulates vascularization in collaboration with PRP.

Platelet-rich plasma in the management of rotator cuff tendinopathy.

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous blood-derived product that has gained significant attention in the treatment of tendinopathies as one of many treatment modalities in the field of regenerative medicine. Rotator cuff pathologies are the leading cause of shoulder pain. Despite the high success rate with conservative treatment and arthroscopic surgical repair, the search for a nonsurgical treatment has made PRP a trending topic recently. The purpose of this article is to review the recent literature data on the possible role of PRP in different rotator cuff pathologies. The limited data in the literature about isolated tendinopathies without a tear (tendonitis and tendinosis) suggests potential benefit from conservative treatment with PRP. Many studies exist for the treatment of rotator cuff tears solely using PRP or as an augmentation to arthroscopic repair. Despite the large number of randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses about the topic, there is no consensus in favor of routine application of PRP in this patient population. The existing reliable evidence of benefit seems to be restricted to its use in only inflammatory tendinopathies with preserved tendon integrity.

Effect of extracorporeal shockwave therapy for rotator cuff tendinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Rotator cuff tendinopathy (RCT) is a widespread musculoskeletal disorder and a primary cause of shoulder pain and limited function. The resulting pain and limited functionality have a detrimental impact on the overall quality of life. The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review of the effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) for RCT. METHODS: The literature search was conducted on the following databases from inception to February 20, 2024: PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, MEDLINE, EMBASE, EBSCO, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were checked to identify the potential studies exploring the effect of ESWT for the treatment of Rotator cuff tendinopathy (Calcification or non-calcification), control group for sham, other treatments (including placebo), without restriction of date, language. Two researchers independently screened literature, extracted data, evaluated the risk of bias in the included studies, and performed meta-analysis using RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS: A total of 16 RCTs with 1093 patients were included. The results showed that compared with the control group, ESWT for pain score Visual Analogue Scale/Score (VAS) (SMD = -1.95, 95% CI -2.47, -1.41, P < 0.00001), function score Constant-Murley score (CMS) (SMD = 1.30, 95% CI 0.67, 1.92, P < 0.00001), University of California Los Angeles score (UCLA) (SMD = 2.69, 95% CI 1.64, 3.74, P < 0.00001), American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons form (ASES) (SMD = 1.29, 95% CI 0.93, 1.65, P < 0.00001), Range of motion (ROM) External rotation (SMD = 1.00, 95% CI 0.29, 1.72, P = 0.02), Total effective rate (TER) (OR = 3.64, 95% CI 1.85, 7.14, P = 0.0002), the differences in the above results were statistically significant. But ROM-Abduction (SMD = 0.72, 95% CI -0.22, 1.66, P = 0.13), the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Currently limited evidence suggests that, compared with the control group, ESWT can provide better pain relief, functional recovery, and maintenance of function in patients with RCT.

Novel In Vitro Platform for Studying the Cell Response to Healthy and Diseased Tendon Matrices.

Current in vitro models poorly represent the healthy or diseased tendon microenvironment, limiting the translation of the findings to clinics. The present work aims to establish a physiologically relevant in vitro tendon platform that mimics biophysical aspects of a healthy and tendinopathic tendon matrix using a decellularized bovine tendon and to characterize tendon cells cultured using this platform. Bovine tendons were subjected to various decellularization techniques, with the efficacy of decellularization determined histologically. The biomechanical and architectural properties of the decellularized tendons were characterized using an atomic force microscope. Tendinopathy-mimicking matrices were prepared by treating the decellularized tendons with collagenase for 3 h or collagenase-chondroitinase (CC) for 1 h. The tendon tissue collected from healthy and tendinopathic patients was characterized using an atomic force microscope and compared to that of decellularized matrices. Healthy human tendon-derived cells (hTDCs) from the hamstring tendon were cultured on the decellularized matrices for 24 or 48 h, with cell morphology characterized using f-actin staining and gene expression characterized using real-time PCR. Tendon matrices prepared by freeze-thawing and 48 h nuclease treatment were fully decellularized, and the aligned structure and tendon stiffness (1.46 MPa) were maintained. Collagenase treatment prepared matrices with a disorganized architecture and reduced stiffness (0.75 MPa), mimicking chronic tendinopathy. Treatment with CC prepared matrices with a disorganized architecture without altering stiffness, mimicking early tendinopathy (1.52 MPa). hTDCs on a healthy tendon matrix were elongated, and the scleraxis (SCX) expression was maintained. On tendinopathic matrices, hTDCs had altered morphological characteristics and lower SCX expression. The expression of genes related to actin polymerization, matrix degradation and remodeling, and immune cell invasion were higher in hTDCs on tendinopathic matrices. Overall, the present study developed a physiological in vitro system to mimic healthy tendons and early and late tendinopathy, and it can be used to better understand tendon cell characteristics in healthy and diseased states.

Association between Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha Gene Polymorphisms and Platelet-Rich Plasma's Efficiency in Treating Lateral Elbow Tendinopathy-A Prospective Cohort Study.

Individual differences in the response to platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy can be observed among patients. The genetic background may be the cause of this variability. The current study focused on the impact of genetic variants on the effectiveness of PRP. The aim of the present study was to analyze the impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) gene on the effectiveness of treating lateral elbow tendinopathy (LET) with PRP. The treatment's efficacy was analyzed over time (2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 52 and 104 weeks after the PRP injection) on 107 patients using patient-reported outcome measures (PROM) and achievement of a minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Four SNPs of the PDGFRA gene (rs7668190, rs6554164, rs869978 and rs1316926) were genotyped using the TaqMan assay method. Patients with the AA genotypes of the rs7668190 and the rs1316926 polymorphisms, as well as carriers of the T allele of rs6554164 showed greater effectiveness of PRP therapy than carriers of other genotypes. Moreover, the studied SNPs influenced the platelets' parameters both in whole blood and in PRP. These results showed that PDGFRA gene polymorphisms affect the effectiveness of PRP treatment. Genotyping the rs6554164 and the rs1316926 SNPs may be considered for use in individualized patient selection for PRP therapy.

The Heel Complex: Anatomy, Imaging, Pathologic Conditions, and Treatment.

The differential diagnosis for heel pain is broad but primarily involves abnormalities of the Achilles tendon, calcaneus, and plantar fascia. Achilles tendon disorders include tendinosis, tendinitis, and partial or complete tears. Tendinosis refers to tendon degeneration, while tendinitis is inflammation after acute overload. Untreated tendinosis can progress to partial or complete tears. Tendon disorders can be accompanied by paratenonitis or inflammation of the loose sheath enclosing the tendon. Initial management involves rehabilitation and image-guided procedures. Operative management is reserved for tendon tears and includes direct repair, tendon transfer, and graft reconstruction. The calcaneus is the most commonly fractured tarsal bone. The majority of fractures are intra-articular; extra-articular fractures, stress or insufficiency fractures, medial process avulsion, and neuropathic avulsion can also occur. Posterosuperior calcaneal exostosis or Haglund deformity, retrocalcaneal bursitis, and insertional Achilles tendinosis form the characteristic triad of Haglund syndrome. It is initially managed with orthotics and physiotherapy. Operative management aims to correct osseous or soft-tissue derangements. The plantar fascia is a strong fibrous tissue that invests the sole of the foot and contributes to midfoot stability. Inflammation or plantar fasciitis is the most common cause of heel pain and can be related to overuse or mechanical causes. Acute rupture is less common but can occur in preexisting plantar fasciitis. Conservative treatment includes footwear modification, calf stretches, and percutaneous procedures. The main operative treatment is plantar fasciotomy. Plantar fibromatosis is a benign fibroblastic proliferation within the fascia that can be locally aggressive and is prone to recurrence. ©RSNA, 2024 Test Your Knowledge questions for this article are available in the supplemental material.

Weights, resistance bands, and rest days are best for tendinopathy.

The studyPavlova AV, Shim JSC, Moss R, et al. Effect of resistance exercise dose components for tendinopathy management: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2023;57:1327-34.To read the full NIHR Alert, go to: https://evidence.nihr.ac.uk/alert/weights-resistance-bands-rest-days-best-tendinopathy/.

Exploring the feasibility and acceptance of an optimised physiotherapy approach for lateral elbow tendinopathy: a qualitative investigation within the OPTimisE trial.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the acceptability of an optimised physiotherapy (OPTimisE) intervention for people with lateral elbow tendinopathy (LET) and feasibility of comparing it to usual care in a randomised controlled trial. DESIGN: Semistructured interviews, analysed using thematic analysis and mapped onto the COM-B model of behaviour change. SETTING: Conducted as part of the OPTimisE Pilot & Feasibility randomised controlled trial within physiotherapy departments in the United Kingdom National Health Service. PARTICIPANTS: 17 patients with LET (purposively sampled to provide representativeness based on age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation index and treatment allocation) and all 8 physiotherapists involved as treating clinicians or site principal investigators. RESULTS: Four themes were identified. First, participants reported the OPTimisE intervention as acceptable. Second, differences between the OPTimisE intervention and usual care were identified, including the use of an orthosis, holistic advice/education including modifiable risk factors, forearm stretches, general upper body strengthening and a more prescriptive exercise-dosing regimen. Third, participants provided feedback related to the trial resources, which were viewed positively, but identified language translation as a need. Fourth, feedback related to trial processes identified the need for changes to outcome collection and reduction of administrative burden. From the perspective of adopting the OPTimisE intervention, we found evidence that participants were able to change their behaviour. Considering the findings through the lens of the COM-B model, the intervention is likely to be deliverable in practice and the trial can be delivered at scale with some additional support for physiotherapists. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the OPTimisE intervention was found to be different to usual care and acceptable to patients and physiotherapists. The study highlighted the need to refine trial processes and resources prior to a full-scale trial, to reduce administrative burden, increase support for physiotherapists, improve return rate of outcome questionnaires and provide language translation. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN database 19 July 2021. https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN64444585.

Arthroscopic Surgery Versus Nonoperative Treatment for Calcific Tendinitis of the Shoulder: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Treatment options for calcific tendinitis (CT) of the shoulder remain controversial. A consensus for an operative indication for this condition is lacking. PURPOSE: To compare nonoperative versus operative treatment for shoulder CT and analyze factors affecting the prognosis after treatment. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: A total of 180 patients diagnosed with symptomatic CT between January 2017 and September 2021 were evaluated in this retrospective cohort study. There were 103 patients treated nonoperatively at our institution, which included the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, acupuncture, steroid injections, extracorporeal shock wave therapy, and ultrasound-guided needle aspiration/percutaneous irrigation. However, 77 patients were treated with arthroscopic surgery after 6 months of failed nonoperative treatment. The visual analog scale (VAS) for pain, the Constant-Murley score, and imaging were used to assess and evaluate outcomes. Descriptive data, functional outcomes, and imaging findings were compared between the operative and nonoperative groups before and after propensity score matching. Additionally, prognostic factors including calcium deposit size, tendon infiltration by calcium deposits, involvement of single or multiple tendons, and occurrence of rotator cuff tears were analyzed by comparing the groups to determine their effect on treatment options and recovery. RESULTS: Magnetic resonance imaging showed that the supraspinatus tendon (66.7%) was most commonly involved, followed by the infraspinatus (42.8%) and subscapularis (21.1%) tendons. Tendon infiltration by calcium deposits was observed in 84.4% of the patients, and rotator cuff tears occurred in 30.0% of the patients. After propensity score matching, there was no significant difference in changes in the Constant-Murley score (48.1 ± 25.4 vs 49.0 ± 22.8, respectively; P = .950) and VAS score (4.9 ± 2.3 vs 4.5 ± 1.9, respectively; P = .860) between the operative and nonoperative groups at the final follow-up. However, for patients with shoulder CT and without rotator cuff tears, there was a significant difference in changes in the Constant-Murley score (52.93 ± 25.18 vs 42.13 ± 22.35, respectively; P = .012) and VAS score (5.21 ± 2.06 vs 3.81 ± 1.98, respectively; P < .001) between the operative and nonoperative groups, but the recovery time in the operative group was longer than that in the nonoperative group (86.92 ± 138.56 vs 30.42 ± 54.97 days, respectively; P = .016). The results also showed that calcium deposit size, involvement of multiple tendons, and tendon infiltration by calcium deposits did not affect the recovery time after treatment. The survival analysis showed that rotator cuff tears affected the complete recovery of shoulder function. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated no significant difference between nonoperative and operative treatment for patients with shoulder CT, on the whole. However, for patients with shoulder CT and without rotator cuff tears, the effect of operative treatment was better than that of nonoperative treatment; yet, operative treatment was shown to prolong the recovery time. Calcium deposit size, tendon infiltration by calcium deposits, and involvement of multiple tendons did not correlate with recovery time or the recovery of function. A rotator cuff tear was the only factor affecting the complete recovery of shoulder function.

Elbow calcific tendinosis initially detected by ultrasonography: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Calcific tendinosis is a common condition caused by the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals within the tendons that can impact any tendinous insertion. In this situation, ultrasound (US) may be a viable imaging modality in addition to radiography. CASE PRESENTATION: A 56-year-old Iranian male presented with left elbow pain. US evaluation at the lump site revealed a subcutaneous lipoma. Ultrasonography showed a thickened and diffusely heterogeneously hypoechoic pronator teres tendon. These characteristics were consistent with the diagnosis of calcific tendinosis. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Radiography is the most common and practical imaging modality for calcific tendinosis diagnosis. Despite this, the real-time nature of ultrasonography makes it both diagnostic and therapeutic in this condition. Other conditions, such as lipoma, may interfere with the proper diagnosis of calcific tendinosis.

To allow or avoid pain during shoulder rehabilitation exercises for patients with chronic rotator cuff tendinopathy-Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (the PASE trial).

BACKGROUND: Rotator cuff (RC) tendinopathy is the most reported shoulder disorder in the general population with highest prevalence in overhead athletes and adult working-age population. A growing body of evidence support exercise therapy as an effective intervention, but to date there are no prospective randomized controlled trials addressing pain as an intervention variable. METHODS: A single-site, prospective, pragmatic, assessor-blinded randomized controlled superiority trial. Eighty-four patients aged 18-55 years with chronic (symptom duration over 3 months) RC tendinopathy are randomized 1:1 to receive shoulder exercise during which pain is either allowed or avoided. The intervention period lasts 26 weeks. During that period, participants in both groups are offered 8 individual on-site sessions with an assigned sports physiotherapist. Participants perform home exercises and are provided with a pain and exercise logbook and asked to report completed home-based exercise sessions and reasons for not completing sessions (pain or other reasons). Patients are also asked to report load and the number of sets and repetitions per sets for each exercise session. The logbooks are collected continuously throughout the intervention period. The primary and secondary outcomes are obtained at baseline, 6 weeks, 26 weeks, and 1 year after baseline. The primary outcome is patient-reported pain and disability using the Shoulder PAin and Disability Index (SPADI). Secondary outcomes are patient-reported pain and disability using Disability Arm Shoulder and Hand short-form (Quick DASH), and shoulder pain using Numeric Pain Rating Scale. Objective outcomes are shoulder range of motion, isometric shoulder muscle strength, pain sensitivity, working ability, and structural changes in the supraspinatus tendon and muscle using ultrasound. DISCUSSION: The results of this study will contribute knowledge about the treatment strategies for patients with RC tendinopathy and help physiotherapists in clinical decision-making. This is the first randomized controlled trial comparing the effects of allowing pain versus avoiding pain during shoulder exercises in patients with chronic RC tendinopathy. If tolerating pain during and after exercise proves to be effective, it will potentially expand our understanding of "exercising into pain" for this patient group, as there is currently no consensus. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05124769. Registered on August 11, 2021.

Early delivery of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells improves healing in a rat model of Achilles tendinopathy.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the efficacy and optimal delivery time of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) in treating collagenase-induced Achilles tendinopathy. Methods: Achilles tendinopathy in rats at early or advanced stages was induced by injecting collagenase I into bilateral Achilles tendons. A total of 28 injured rats were injected with a hUC-MSC solution or normal saline into bilateral tendons twice and sampled after 4 weeks for histological staining, gene expression analysis, transmission electron microscope assay and biomechanical testing analysis. Results: The results revealed better histological performance and a larger collagen fiber diameter in the MSC group. mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1ß and MMP-3 was lower after MSC transplantation. Early MSC delivery promoted collagen I and TIMP-3 synthesis, and strengthened tendon toughness. Conclusion: hUC-MSCs demonstrated a therapeutic effect in treating collagenase-induced Achilles tendinopathy, particularly in the early stage of tendinopathy.

Effectiveness of non-invasive therapies on pain, maximum grip strength, disability, and quality of life for lateral elbow tendinopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Lateral elbow tendinopathy is a common musculoskeletal disorder. Effectiveness of non-invasive therapies for this health condition are unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effectiveness of non-invasive therapies on pain, maximum grip strength, disability, and quality of life for lateral elbow tendinopathy. METHODS: Searches were conducted on MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, AMED, PEDro, Cochrane Library, SPORTDiscus and PsycINFO without language or date restrictions up to May 3rd, 2023. Randomized trials investigating the effectiveness of any non-invasive therapy compared with control or other invasive interventions were included. Two independent reviewers screened eligible trials, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of included trials and certainty of the evidence. RESULTS: Twenty-two different therapies investigated in 47 randomized trials were included in the quantitative analysis. Moderate certainty evidence showed that betamethasone valerate medicated plaster may reduce disability (mean difference -6.7; 95% CI -11.4, -2.0) in the short-term when compared with placebo. Low certainty evidence showed that acupuncture may reduce disability (MD -9.1; 95% CI -11.7, -6.4) in the short-term when compared with sham. Moderate to very low certainty of evidence also showed small to no effect of non-invasive therapies on pain intensity, maximum grip strength, and disability outcomes in the short-term compared to control or invasive interventions. Most therapies had only very low certainty of evidence to support their use. CONCLUSIONS: Decision-making processes for lateral elbow tendinopathy should be carefully evaluated, taking into consideration that most investigated interventions have very low certainty of evidence. There is an urgent call for larger high-quality trials.

Diagnosis and management of Achilles tendon ailments: the Scottish mist.

The diagnosis and management of Achilles tendon ailments continue to be widely discussed by the scientific community. Also, the nomenclature used to describe the tendinopathic lesion in patients changed over the last decades together with the evolution in the knowledge of the physiopathology of Achilles tendinopathy, and unfortunately, through ignorance and possibly laziness, confusion still abounds. To emerge from these foggy paths, some clarifications are still necessary. The present Editorial tries to clarify some of these issues.

Optimising physiotherapy for people with lateral elbow tendinopathy - Results of a mixed-methods pilot and feasibility randomised controlled trial (OPTimisE).

BACKGROUND: The OPTimisE intervention was developed to address uncertainty regarding the most effective physiotherapy treatment strategy for people with Lateral Elbow Tendinopathy (LET). OBJECTIVES: To assess the feasibility of conducting a fully-powered randomised controlled trial (RCT) evaluating whether the OPTimisE intervention is superior to usual physiotherapy treatment for adults with LET. DESIGN: A mixed-methods multi-centred, parallel pilot and feasibility RCT, conducted in three outpatient physiotherapy departments in the UK. METHOD: Patients were independently randomised 1:1 in mixed blocks, stratified by site, to the OPTimisE intervention or usual care. Outcomes were assessed using pre-defined feasibility progression criteria. RESULTS: 50 patients were randomised (22 Female, 28 Male), mean age 48 years (range 27-75). Consent rate was 71% (50/70), fidelity to intervention 89% (16/18), attendance rate in the OPTimisE group 82% (55/67) vs 85% (56/66) in usual care, outcome measure completion 81% (39/48) at six-month follow-up. There were no related adverse events. Patients and physiotherapists reported that the OPTimisE intervention was acceptable but suggested improvements to the trial design. 49 patients were recruited from physiotherapy referrals vs one from primary care records. Outcome measure return rates were higher when completed online (74%) compared to postal questionnaire (50%). Exploratory analysis showed improvements in both groups over time. CONCLUSIONS: It is methodologically feasible to conduct a fully powered RCT comparing the clinical and cost-effectiveness of the OPTimisE intervention versus usual physiotherapy treatment. Considering the similar improvements observed in both groups, careful consideration is needed regarding the priority research question to be addressed in future research.

ICON 2020-International Scientific Tendinopathy Symposium Consensus: the development of a core outcome set for gluteal tendinopathy.

Gluteal tendinopathy (GT) is common and can be debilitating and challenging to manage. A lack of condition specific and appropriate outcome measures compromise evidence synthesis for treatment and limits clinical guideline development. Our objective was to develop a core outcome measurement set for GT (COS-GT). Participants were patients with GT and expert health professionals (HPs). A scoping review identified measures used in GT research, which were mapped to the nine International Scientific Tendinopathy Symposium Consensus core domains, and included in two surveys of HPs. The first survey identified the feasible and true measures for each domain. The second survey refined the list which a patient focus group then considered. Meeting online, HPs reached consensus (agreement ≥70%) on the most appropriate COS-GT measures. 34 HPs and seven patients were recruited. 57 measures were mapped to the nine core domains. Six measures did not proceed past survey one. Of those that progressed, none had adequate clinimetric properties for a COS-GT. Thus, participants decided on interim measures: the global rating of change, pain at night, time to pain onset with single limb stance, pain with stair walking, pain self-efficacy and hip abduction strength. HP participants additionally recommended that pain over the last week, the European Quality of Life-5 dimensions-5 levels and the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Gluteal be considered in clinical trials, as they currently provide best easures of the relevant tendinopathy domains. In conclusion this interim COS-GT should guide outcome measure selection in clinical practice and future research trials in patients with GT.

Physical therapy interventions used to treat individuals with biceps tendinopathy: a scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Shoulder pain related to pathology of the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) can be debilitating. Chronic LHBT tendinopathy is a common condition that is difficult to treat. Little consensus exists regarding the optimal approach to treating individuals with LHBT tendinopathy. OBJECTIVE: To systematically scope the literature to identify and present the available information regarding physical therapist interventions used for the management of individuals with LHBT tendinopathy including types of interventions used or recommended. METHODS: A scoping review of physical therapist interventions used to treat LHBT was conducted of the CINAHL, Embase, Medline, and SportDiscus databases. Full text records reporting physical therapist-based interventions in individuals with proximal LHBT pathology were included. Articles not written in English were excluded. RESULTS: Of the 4059 records identified, 14 articles met the inclusion criteria. Interventions used to treat LHBT tendinopathy identified in quantitative studies included: extracorporeal shock wave therapy, polarized light, ultrasound, low-level laser, iontophoresis, general exercise, eccentric training, stretching, dry needling, and joint mobilization. Interventions described in literature reviews, clinical commentaries, and a Delphi study included: therapeutic modalities, manual therapy, exercise, dry needling, and patient education. CONCLUSION: This scoping review reported interventions primarily based on therapeutic modalities in quantitative studies while literature reviews, clinical commentaries, and a Delphi study described the addition of manual therapy, patient education, exercise, and dry needling. Overall, there is a dearth of evidence detailing the conservative management of LHBT tendinopathy.

5 Things to Look for When Seeing a Health Professional for Achilles Tendon Pain.

A huge number of treatments for Achilles tendon pain exist. Therefore, it may be overwhelming for people with tendon pain seeing a healthcare professional. To help people with Achilles tendon pain and symptoms know what high value treatment looks like we have developed this infographic. We highlight five things' people with Achilles tendon pain should expect when seeing a healthcare professional. We have also provided five things' people with Achilles tendon pain should be cautious of as not representing best management. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2024;54(1):96. doi:10.2519/jospt.2023.9002.

Effects of a Conventional Treatment Plus Scapular Exercises Program in Patients With Chronic Lateral Elbow Tendinopathy: A Pre-Post Single-Group Study.

BACKGROUND: Weakness of the shoulder girdle muscles has been reported in patients with chronic lateral elbow tendinopathy. The aim of this study was to assess the short- and long-term effects of a conventional treatment plus scapular exercises program in patients with chronic lateral elbow tendinopathy. METHODS: A single-group prestudy and poststudy were conducted. The primary outcome was the Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation questionnaire score. Secondary outcomes were grip strength; Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire score; Visual Analogue Scale score at rest and at grip, and presence of scapular dyskinesis. RESULTS: A total of 65 patients (72.3% females), with a mean age of 41.8 years, were analyzed. At the end of 6 weeks, the results showed clinically and statistically significant differences (P < .05). At 1-year follow-up, the differences were: Patient-Rated Tennis Elbow Evaluation -31 points (P < .001); grip strength +33.6% (P < .001); Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand -34.2 points (P < .001); Visual Analogue Scale at rest -2.5 cm (P < .001); and Visual Analogue Scale at grip -2.3 cm (P < .001). CONCLUSION: At the end of 6 weeks and at 1-year follow-up, conventional treatment plus scapular exercises program showed statistically and clinically significant differences in all functional outcomes assessed in patients with lateral elbow tendinopathy.