20 años en enfermedad intersticial pulmonar / 20 years in pulmonary interstitial disease

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Surgical Management of Lung Cancer: History, Evolution, and Modern Advances.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Although surgery for lung cancer was not common before the early twentieth century, it has enjoyed remarkable progress since then both in type of resection and technical approach. This has been coupled with significant technological advances. Here, we will review the history and evolution of this relatively new field of surgery. RECENT FINDINGS: The gold standard of the extent of resection for lung cancer evolved from pneumonectomy to lobectomy to even sublobar resection for select situations. In addition, major advances have occurred in the technical aspect of the surgical procedure. The incisional approach has evolved from rib spreading thoracotomy to thoracoscopic surgery with the latter showing significant improvement in short-term outcomes over open thoracotomy. However, standard video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery or VATS is associated with visual and mechanical limitations, including lack of depth perception and rigid straight instruments. This makes it appropriate only for early-stage peripheral and small tumors. Most of the limitations of VATS can be overcome with the more recently introduced robotic-assisted thoracic surgery (RATS). RATS utilizes wristed instruments that are introduced in the chest through 8-mm ports and can mimic the movements of the human hand. In addition, magnified, three-dimensional and high definition imaging gives the surgeon an image of the lung unlike any other modality. This has allowed surgeons to perform advanced resections such as pneumonectomy or sleeve resection in a minimally invasive fashion. In addition, RATS has become a platform for the addition of other technical enhancements such as incorporating a near infra-red light source into the camera allowing identification of autoflourescent agents, such as indocyanin green. This has allowed localization of small nodules for resection and identification of tissue planes for sublobar resection. However, new technologies also require investments in time and money. Thoracic surgery for lung cancer has evolved to include advanced minimally invasive techniques including video-assisted and robotic-assisted thoracoscopy. RATS in particular may enable surgeons to perform more advanced procedures in a minimally invasive fashion. It is hoped that the higher costs of new surgical technology may be offset by the potential for improved patient outcomes and resultant socioeconomic benefits.

Hippocrates (ca 460-375 bc), Introducing Thoracotomy Combined With a Tracheal Intubation for the Parapneumonic Pleural Effusions and Empyema Thoracis.

Hippocrates was the first physician to describe in accuracy pleural effusion and pneumonia. To treat empyema thoracis he had introduced a combined method of tracheal intubation with a simultaneously thoracotomy. The surgical incision was used for the pus to be progressively drainaged. If the patient was too weak to eat, he had suggested for nutritional mixtures to be administered through an oral-gastric tube. Thus Hippocrates composed in his operating theatre, an icon similar to modern surgical operations.

Goldie Brangman Remembers the Operation to Save Dr King.

In September 1958 the Rev Dr Martin Luther King Jr was stabbed and nearly assassinated. Surgeons at Harlem Hospital in New York City removed a 17.8-cm (7-in)-long letter opener from Dr King's chest. Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist Goldie Brangman remembers this event because she participated in Dr King's anesthetic. This article correlates Brangman's memories with published accounts of the event. It also places the event within the context of the modern civil rights movement that Dr King led.

J. Mikulicz-Radecki, K. H. Bauer, and W. Bross. Three great surgeons, three different epochs, one clinic in Wroclaw.

The city of Wroclaw (Breslau) lies where the cultural and economic influences of the eastern, southern, and western Europe meet. Over a thousand years of history it changed the state affiliation several times. Since 1945, similarly as seven centuries ago, it lies within the borders of Poland. The historical complex of hospital buildings constructed at the end of the 19th century for the medical faculty remained almost untouched, despite catastrophic war destructions in the whole city. The building of surgical clinic witnessed epoch-making events in the discipline of surgery performed by the three great personalities. Jan Mikulicz-Radecki (1850-1905), the first head of the department, world famous physician and scientist, created in Wroclaw a modern surgical center. From among his numerous achievements the most important seems to be the performance of the world's first safe thoracotomy in the low-pressure chamber (1904). Karl Heinrich Bauer (1890-1979) was the next great personality, who had been leading the surgical department since 1933. Genetics, transplantology, traumatology and oncology were the main points of his interest. Because of political reasons he had to leave Wroclaw. He continued his surgical and scientific career in Heidelberg. Wiktor Bross (1903-1994) came to the ruined city directly after the World War II. As an experienced general and thoracic surgeon he created a new surgical school. First in Poland open heart surgery (1958) and renal transplantation (1966) were performed by him and his team in the same building, where Mikulicz-Radecki and Bauer worked in the past. The memory of all three great surgeons has been honored by placing their sculptures among the prominent Wroclaw citizens in the city hall.

The evolution of damage control surgery.

The philosophy of damage control surgery has developed tremendously over the past 10 years. It has expanded outside the original boundaries of the abdomen and has been applied to all aspects of trauma care, ranging from resuscitation to limb-threatening vascular injuries. In recent years, the US military has taken the concept to a new level by initiating a damage control approach at the point of injury and continuing it through a transcontinental health care system. This article highlights many recent advances in damage control surgery and discusses proper patient selection and the risks associated with this management strategy.

The tale of spring water cysts: a historical outline of surgery for congenital pericardial diverticula and cysts.

Congenital pericardial diverticula and cysts are extremely uncommon lesions within the anterior mediastinum. Both lesions derive from the pericardial celom and represent different stages of a common embryogenesis. Initial reports date from the 19th century. Surgical pioneers were Otto Pickhardt, who removed a pericardial cyst at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York in 1931, and Richard Sweet, who accomplished the first resection of a pericardial diverticulum at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston in 1943. These lesions were also called spring water cysts because they usually contain watery, crystal-clear fluid. This history outlines the milestones of evolving surgical management, from the first report in 1837 up to the present time.

Pulmonary metastasectomy for metastatic malignant melanoma.

Melanoma is the most deadly of skin cancers, and metastatic disease most commonly first appears in the lungs. Because most patients with early metastatic pulmonary disease are asymptomatic, routine screening with chest radiographs is the most cost-effective method of discovery. The therapy for pulmonary metastatic melanoma has drastically changed over the years. Even today there is no curative immunotherapy or chemotherapy available. The long-term overall survival for these patients is still very poor, but early detection and surgery offers the only hope for control in a small number of patients.

The history of thoracic surgical instruments and instrumentation.

Thoracic surgical practice has evolved from the innovations of its pioneers. Beginning with the stethoscope discovered by Laënnec with his system of auscultation, to the tools we use in the dissection and control of the hilum of the lung for resection, our practice of thoracic surgery has been entwined with the development of instruments and instrumentation. The development of strategies to prevent death from the open pneumothorax began with manual control of the mediastinum and progressed through differential pressure to, finally, the technique of intubation and the methods of positive-pressure and insufflation anesthesia. The instruments we place in our hands are not enough to define our art. Entry into the chest would not be possible without the use of rib retractors, rib shears, and even periosteal elevators. Finally, to the present day of minimally invasive techniques and the application of thoracoscopy for therapeutic purposes, we find the efforts of our predecessors well developed. For the progression from the fear of the open pneumothorax to the present-day state of the ease of thoracotomy for lung resection we are indebted to those who gave so much of their time and, for some, their lives to death from tuberculosis, to allow the advancement of our practice of surgery. These great people should be remembered not only for their acceptance of novel ideas but also, more importantly, for their lack of fear of testing them.

The evolution of the surgical treatment of lung cancer.

The evolution of surgery for lung cancer is a story of discovery and innovation. From the fortuitous lung resections of the fifteenth century to the sophisticated operations of the twentieth century, surgeons have pursued the goal of bringing technology and science to bear on the effort to cure lung malignancy. Intrathoracic operations could not have developed without the advent of modern anesthesia, described in detail in another section of this issue. Great courage and insight were the hallmarks of those who first realized that surgical removal of primary lung cancer could become a reality and who pursued this goal in the face of discouraging results. The surgeons involved have worn many hats as experimentalists, physiologists, anesthetists, and biologists to bring all their knowledge and experience to bear on the surgical treatment of this disease. It is not possible in a brief review to identify the many physicians and scientists who contributed to the evolution of this treatment, but some of their stories have been included to illustrate the ideas involving major events over the past seven decades.

Lesiones cardíacas penetrantes. Una revisión desde sus orígenes históricos hasta las últimas fronteras en el nuevo milenio / Penetrating cardiac injuries. A review from its origins to the last frontiers of the new millenium

Las lesiones cardíacas penetrantes representan una de las mayores causas de muerte por motivo de la violencia urbana. La mejora de los sistemas de urgencias en los últimos años, junto con la aplicación del principio Scoop and Run son responsables de que muchos de estos pacientes lleguen in extremis a los centros urbanos de trauma. Se ha acumulado una gran experiencia en el tratamiento de estas lesiones desde los primeros intentos de reparación de heridas cardíacas por parte de Cappelen, Farina, Rehn y Hill. La mejora y el perfeccionamiento de las técnicas originales descritas por Beck han llevado a la aparición de numerosos artículos en la bibliografía que describen el tratamiento de dichas lesiones. El conocimiento de que una intervención rápida mejora los resultados nos conduce a la era de la toracotomía en el departamento de urgencias, la vanguardia en los cuidados del trauma, ofreciendo a muchos de estos pacientes la posibilidad de sobrevivir, algo que de otra manera no ocurriría. Se han descrito distintas técnicas de reparación de heridas auriculares y ventriculares, que están en continua revisión. Cada vez más, el empleo de biomateriales como el Teflón adquiere un papel más relevante en la bibliografía, aun a sabiendas de que no existen pruebas de que estas prótesis mejoren la curación y los resultados de las lesiones cardíacas. En las dos últimas décadas, aproximadamente, en la bibliografía inglesa se han descrito unas 30 series de pacientes con heridas cardíacas penetrantes. El análisis de estas series revela que la mayoría de las mismas se componen de estudios retrospectivos y que algunos datos proceden de centros que tratan unos 15 casos de lesiones cardíacas cada año y, además, muchos de estos datos son recopilatorios. Los altos porcentajes de supervivencia que aparecen en artículos recientes tienden a crear una impresión errónea de que la mortalidad por lesiones cardíacas ha disminuido significativamente, cuando esto no es así. En una revisión reciente de la bibliografía desde 1951 a 1986, la mortalidad media por heridas de arma blanca cardíacas era del 16,3 por ciento y por heridas por arma de fuego, en el mismo período de tiempo, del 36 por ciento. Coincidimos en el porcentaje referido para las heridas de arma blanca, pero creemos que la mortalidad comunicada para las heridas por arma de fuego es significativamente baja. Un porcentaje de mortalidad más aceptable fluctuaría entre el 70 y el 80 por ciento de estas lesiones. Creemos que están apareciendo en el horizonte nuevas áreas de investigación, áreas como el impacto de la resucitación prehospitalaria y el tiempo de transporte, así como la posibilidad de la intubación prehospitalaria, que han mejorado los resultados. El uso de la ventana pericárdica subxifoidea en comparación con la nueva modalidad de ecocardiografía 2-D debe ser investigado científica y prospectivamente antes de su abandono prematuro. El papel de la toracotomía en el departamento de urgencias ha sido recientemente cuestionado por algunos autores que opinan que dicha técnica debería desempeñar un papel menos importante en el tratamiento de las lesiones cardíacas. Estos autores citan la ausencia de signos vitales como una contraindicación absoluta para la realización de dicho procedimiento, por la posibilidad potencial de contagio de enfermedades como el sida, y porque el coste del procedimiento no se corresponde con el porcentaje de vidas salvadas. Quizás el desarrollo de estudios científicos prospectivos, como los llevados a cabo por nuestro grupo, aportaría una mejor definición de cuáles son las formas más adecuadas de tratamiento de estas lesiones para establecer un diagnóstico temprano y un tratamiento correcto. Más importante todavía es el análisis estadístico de los factores que influyen en la resucitación inicial de los pacientes con heridas cardíacas. La inclusión de elementos cardiovasculares y respiratorios en los sistemas de puntuación del trauma puede establecer una mejor predicción y, por tanto, una forma más acertada de selección de pacientes subsidiarios de procedimientos agresivos de resucitación, incluyendo la toracotomía en el departamento de urgencias y la cardiorrafia. La probabilidad de éxito en estos procedimientos de resucitación está significativamente relacionada con el mecanismo del trauma, así como con el estado fisiológico del paciente cuando llega al departamento de urgencias.En resumen, deben investigarse científicamente muchos principios y deben identificarse mejores factores de predicción de resultados para excluir a los pacientes que no se beneficiarían de la utilización de estas medidas de resucitación agresiva y diferenciarlos de otros pacientes cuya supervivencia mejoraría significativamente (AU)

History of surgery for emphysema.

Throughout the 20th century, several operations have been advocated as methods of treatment for patients with emphysema and, often, they were promoted as offering potential cures. Unfortunately, most of these procedures attempted to treat the wrong physiological or anatomic deficit so that mid- or long-term results were unpredictable or frankly disastrous. Procedures such as costochondrectomy were designed to permit further enlargement of the lungs, whereas thoracoplasty was designed to reduce lung volume. Operations were performed to restore the curvature of the diaphragm or devised to increase blood supply to the lung. Almost every thoracic structure including chest wall, diaphragm, pleura, nerves, airways, lung, or esophagus became "at risk" for surgical intervention. Short of bullectomy for emphysematous bullous lung disease and perhaps volume reduction for diffuse emphysema, none of these procedures has stood the test of time.

[Thoracopagus symmetricus. On the separation of Siamese twins in the 10th century A. D. by Byzantine physicians]. / Thoracopagus Symmetricus. Zur Trennung von siamesischen Zwillingen im 10. Jahrhundert n. Chr. durch byzantinische Arzte.

The byzantine author, Leon Diakonos, mentions in 974/975 A.D. a pair of "siamese twins", e.g., a thoracopagus symmetricus. He had seen them personally several times in Asia Minor when they were about 30 years old. This pair is possibly the same that was "successfully" surgically separated after the death of one of the twins in the second half of the 10th century in Constantinople. This operation is mentioned by two historiographs, Leon Grammatikos and Theodoros Daphnopates. Although the second twin survived the operation, he died three days later. In spite of its lethal outcome, the operation left a long-lasting impression on the historians of that time and was even mentioned 150 years later by Johannes Skylitzes. Furthermore, the manuscript of Skylitzes, now in the library of Madrid, contains a miniature illuminating this operation. This is likely to be the earliest written report of a separation of siamese twins illustrating the high standard of byzantine medicine of that time.