Reliability, Validity, Modification and Expansion of the Chinese Version of the Disease-Specific Anxiety Questionnaire for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Purpose: To translate a disease-specific anxiety questionnaire on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and test its reliability and validity in China. Patients and Methods: The German version of the revised COPD Anxiety Questionnaire (CAF-R) was initially validated using step-by-step translation, back-translation, and cross-cultural adaptation. The reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the CAF-R (CAF-R-CN) were tested among 448 patients with COPD (mean age =71.42±9.33 years, 17.2% female) from four medical institutions in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, using convenience sampling, from April 2022 to June 2023. Results: The CAF-R-CN included six dimensions with a total of 25 items. The item-level content validity index was 0.860-1.000; the scale-level content validity index was 0.920. The structural validity χ2/df was 2.326, the root mean square error of approximation was 0.077, the comparative fit index was 0.924, and the Tucker-Lewis index was 0.912. The six-dimensional internal consistency index Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.696-0.910, and the test-retest reliability was 0.949. An optimal cut-off score of 50.5 was selected with a sensitivity of 0.786 and specificity of 0.870. Conclusion: The CAF-R-CN had satisfactory reliability and validity and can be used to identify and assess anxiety in COPD patients with a Chinese cultural background.

Automated translation accurately translates recorded pediatric neurosurgery clinic conversations between Spanish and English.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to analyze an automated voice to text translation device by reporting the translation accuracy for recorded pediatric neurosurgery clinic conversations, classifying errors in translation according to their impact on overall understanding, and comparing the incidence of these errors in English to Spanish vs. Spanish to English conversations. METHODS: English and Spanish speaking patients at a single academic health system's outpatient pediatric neurosurgery clinic had their conversations recorded. These recordings were played back to a Google Pixel handheld smartphone with Live Translate voice to text translation software. A certified medical interpreter evaluated recordings for incidence of minor errors, errors impacting understanding, and catastrophic errors affecting patient-provider relationship or care. Two proportion t-testing was used to compare these outcomes. RESULTS: 50 patient visits were recorded: 40 English recordings translated to Spanish and 10 Spanish recordings translated to English. The mean transcript length was 4244 ± 992 words. The overall accuracy was 98.2% ± 0.5%. On average, 46 words were missed in translation (1.09% error rate), 31 understanding-altering translation errors (0.73% error rate), and 0 catastrophic errors were made. There was no significant difference in English to Spanish or vice versa. CONCLUSION: Voice to text translation devices using automatic speech recognition accurately translate recorded clinic conversations between Spanish and English with high accuracy and low incidence of errors impacting medical care or understanding. Further study should investigate additional languages, assess patient preferences and potential concerns with respect to device use, and compare these devices directly to medical interpreters in live clinic settings.

Psychological well-being for cognitively impaired people scale: Assessing reliability and validity of Turkish version.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Psychological Well-Being of Cognitively Impaired People (PWB-CIP) scale in people with dementia in nursing homes. METHOD: It was conducted with 70 people with dementia and 12 formal caregivers in two nursing homes. This study used translation and back translation for the scale's language equivalence and expert opinion for content validity. The reliability and validity were tested by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, test-retest correlation analyses, and internal consistency. RESULTS: The PWB-CIP was clustered under two factors. Cronbach's alpha scores for positive affect (α = 0.624), and negative affect (α = 0.822) factors were satisfactory. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed an acceptable level of fit (GFI = 0.905, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.067). The test, retests were positively correlated (r: 0.756, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The 9-item PWB-CIP is a valid and reliable instrument for the examined Turkish sample. The PWB-CIP demonstrated robust psychometric properties in the context of nursing homes, indicating its suitability for assessing the well-being of individuals with dementia. NURSING IMPLICATIONS: The validated PWB-CIP can serve as a valuable tool for nurses and caregivers in evaluating the psychological well-being of cognitively impaired individuals in nursing home settings, enabling targeted interventions to enhance their overall quality of life.

Healthcare Provider Perceptions of the Use of Medical Interpretation in Primary Care.

OBJECTIVES: Sixty-three percent of Latinos/as/x in Alabama, speak English "not well" or "not at all." Effective provider-patient communication is the foundation of successful clinical interactions. Medical interpretation is important to the healthcare provision for patients with limited English proficiency (LEP). We examined Alabama providers' perceptions of working with medical interpreters to identify strategies to improve healthcare provision for LEP patients. METHODS: We conducted nine semistructured qualitative interviews with primary healthcare providers in western Alabama. We used NVivo to conduct thematic coding and content analysis. RESULTS: Of the nine providers, one self-identified as Latina and the others identified as White. Four participants worked in community clinics and five worked at university-based clinics. Four themes emerged: preference for in-person interpreters over technology-based interpretation; providers' perceptions and expectations of the roles of professional interpreters; challenges in the communication process; and use of family members or other ad hoc interpreters. CONCLUSIONS: To meet the needs of Latino/a/x communities, clinical settings should invest in adequate staffing of in-person interpreters, infrastructure and workflow improvements, and the hiring and training of polylingual providers. Capacity-building opportunities to establish team building between interpreters and providers could be useful tools in improving healthcare provision for LEP patients.

Cross-cultural translation and validation of the Chinese version Distress Tolerance Scale for adolescents with chronic physical disease.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic physical disease (CPD) makes life filled with many negative events in adolescents, but not all adolescents experiencing negative life events proceed to develop emotional distress, only those with low emotional distress tolerance (EDT). A valid and reliable scale to measure EDT in CPD adolescents is important for caring for their emotional distress. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to translate the 15-item English version Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) into a Chinese version and then validate the scale for measuring EDT of adolescents with CPD. METHODS: The 15-item English version DTS was translated into a Chinese version using the translation guidelines for cross-cultural research. Two cohorts of adolescents with CPD were recruited from four hospitals in southern Taiwan, with the first cohort including 124 adolescents with CPD employed to conduct exploratory factor analysis, corrected item-total correlation and reliability testing, while the second cohort, consisting of 238 adolescents with CPD, was utilized to examine confirmatory factor analysis and concurrent validity. RESULTS: The two-factor nine-item Chinese version DTS for Adolescents with CPD (C-DTS-A) was developed. Lower scores of the C-DTS-A were significantly associated with higher diabetes distress, poorer self-management, and worse glycaemic control; their correlation coefficients sequentially were -.40, .17 and -.23. Cronbach's α and the test-retest reliability of the two-factor C-DTS-A ranged from .81 to .87 and from .79 to .89, respectively. CONCLUSION: The two-factor nine-item C-DTS-A with good cross-cultural translation quality was a reliable and valid scale to assess EDT for adolescents with CPD.

Effect of Virtual Versus In Person Interpreting on Diabetes Outcomes in Non-English Language Preference Patients: A Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this pilot study was to explore the impact of interpreter format (virtual vs in person) on clinical outcomes in patients with non-English language preference (NELP) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a primary care setting. We hypothesized that NELP patients utilizing in person interpreters would have improved HbA1c values, better follow-up rate, and more complex care plans compared to patients utilizing virtual interpreters. METHODS: We completed a retrospective chart review of 137 NELP patients with T2DM who required a medical interpreter (February to June 2021). We calculated univariate and bivariate statistics to characterize the sample and assess the extent to which measures of continuity (follow-up visit rate and time to follow-up visit), quality (change in HbA1c), and complexity (medication intervention complexity) were associated with interpreter type. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in follow-up rate or average days to follow-up visit for NELP patients with in person as opposed to virtual interpreters. Patients with virtual interpreters demonstrated a non-statistically significant decrease in HbA1c compared to those with in person interpreters. Finally, there was no statistically significant association between interpreter format and intervention complexity. CONCLUSIONS: Quality medical interpretation contributes to optimal health outcomes in NELP patients with diabetes. Our study suggests that both in person and virtual interpreters can be effective in providing care for NELP patients, especially for chronic disease management in the context of a primary care relationship. It also highlights the importance of pursuing additional qualitative and mixed method studies to better understand the benefits of various interpreter formats across different visit types.

Understanding the language barriers to translating informed consent documents for maternal health trials in Zambia: a qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: Providing comprehensible information is essential to the process of valid informed consent. Recruitment materials designed by sponsoring institutions in English-speaking, high-income countries are commonly translated for use in global health studies in other countries; however, key concepts are often missed, misunderstood or 'lost in translation'. The aim of this study was to explore the language barriers to informed consent, focusing on the challenges of translating recruitment materials for maternal health studies into Zambian languages. DESIGN: We used a qualitative approach, which incorporated a multistakeholder workshop (11 participants), in-depth interviews with researchers and translators (8 participants) and two community-based focus groups with volunteers from community advisory boards (20 participants). Content analysis was used to identify terms commonly occurring in recruitment materials prior to the workshop. The framework analysis approach was used to analyse interview data, and a simple inductive thematic analysis approach was used to analyse focus group data. SETTING: The study was based in Lusaka, Zambia. RESULTS: The workshop highlighted difficulties in translating research terms and pregnancy-specific terms, as well as widespread concern that current templates are too long, use overly formal language and are designed with little input from local teams. Framework analysis of in-depth interviews identified barriers to participant understanding relating to design and development of recruitment materials, language, local context and communication styles. Focus group participants confirmed these findings and suggested potential solutions to ensure the language and content of recruitment materials can be better understood. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that the way in which recruitment materials are currently designed, translated and disseminated may not enable potential trial participants to fully understand the information provided. Instead of using overly complex institutional templates, recruitment materials should be created through an iterative and interactive process that provides truly comprehensible information in a format appropriate for its intended participants.

Motivations of undergraduate student medical interpreters: Exposure and experience.

BACKGROUND: When patients do not speak the same language as their doctors, they face poorer medical outcomes, decreased doctor-patient trust, and a diminished desire to seek medical care. It has been well established that interpretation is an essential part of an accessible healthcare system, but effective use of such language services relies on both the interpreters themselves and the healthcare teams working with them. This study presents an interdisciplinary examination of the motivations of undergraduate student medical interpreters, a group which serves as a bridge between these roles. While not full-time interpreters, they receive official training and spend time serving patients in local clinics. Further, for those who aspire to careers in medicine, interpreting provides invaluable exposure to the medical field and early professional know-how. METHODS: Semi-structured individual interviews with undergraduate student interpreters were conducted to describe this multifaceted educational experience. A thematic analysis framework was employed to understand how and why they volunteer their time to interpret. RESULTS: Motivations of student interpreters were found to fall under three general categories: (1) personal identity, or connection to family, language, and their career aspirations; (2) community engagement, or the opportunity to make a direct impact on patients at an early stage; and (3) pre-professional experience, both in general and specifically in healthcare. Each of these contributes to the view of a student medical interpreter as a unique contributor to language equity in medicine, as they provide language services in the short-term as well as set themselves up to be linguistically and culturally competent providers in the long-term. CONCLUSIONS: A greater understanding of student motivations adds to knowledge about language mediation and validates the utility of students in this role, encouraging the development of more student interpreter programs. Particularly in communities with high proportions of non-English speakers, these students can contribute to making medical care as inclusive and accessible as possible.

Mental health during ecological crisis: translating and validating the Hogg Eco-anxiety Scale for Argentinian and Spanish populations.

BACKGROUND: Eco-anxiety is increasingly recognized as a shared experience by many people internationally, encompassing fear of environmental catastrophe and anxiety about ecological crises. Despite its importance in the context of the changing climate, measures for this construct are still being developed in languages other than English. METHODS: To contribute to global eco-anxiety research, we translated the Hogg Eco-Anxiety Scale (HEAS) into Spanish, creating the HEAS-SP. We validated this measure in samples from both Argentina (n = 990) and Spain (n = 548), performing measurement invariance and confirmatory factor analyses. Internal consistency of the scale and score stability over time were investigated through reliability analyses. Differences in eco-anxiety across sociodemographic variables were explored through Student's t-tests and Pearson's r tests. RESULTS: The four-factor model of the HEAS-SP comprising affective and behavioural symptoms, rumination, and anxiety about personal impact demonstrated excellent model fit. We found good internal consistency for each subscale, and established measurement invariance between Spanish and Argentine samples, as well as across genders and participants' age. Spanish participants reported higher scores on the affective symptoms and personal impact anxiety factors compared to the Argentinian sample. Also, men reported lower levels than women on the subscales of affective symptoms, rumination, and personal impact anxiety. It was found that the relationship between both age and personal impact anxiety and age and affective symptoms varies significantly depending on the gender of the individuals. Younger participants tended to report higher scores on most dimensions of eco-anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: These findings enhance the global initiative to investigate, explore and therefore comprehend eco-anxiety by introducing the first valid and reliable Spanish-language version of this psychometric instrument for its use within Spanish and Argentinian populations. This study augments the body of evidence supporting the robust psychometric properties of the HEAS, as demonstrated in prior validations for Australian, Turkish, Portuguese, German, French, and Italian populations.

A Review of Disparities in Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients with Limited English Proficiency: The Importance of Nursing Resources.

Language barriers significantly affect communication between patients and health care staff and are associated with receipt of lower-quality care. Registered nurses are well positioned members of the health care team to reduce and eliminate disparities for patients with limited English proficiency (LEP). Current evidence recommends nurses use interpreters or translation devices to overcome language barriers; however, these recommendations fail to recognize that structural system-level factors, such as unsupportive work environments and poor nurse-to-patient staffing ratios, reduce nurses' ability to implement these recommendations. The Quality Health Outcomes Model (QHOM) is a useful framework for understanding relationships between hospital systems, the delivery of care interventions, and patient outcomes. The goal of this manuscript is to use the QHOM and existing empirical evidence to present a new perspective on the long-standing clinical challenge of reducing language-related health outcome disparities by considering the context in which nurses deliver patient care.

Translation and validation of the Hungarian version of the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R).

BACKGROUND: Evidence relating maternal birth experience to a range of maternal and neonatal outcomes is increasingly compelling. Consequently valid and reliable self-report of birth experience from the mothers perspective is critical. AIM: The current study sought to translate and validate a Hungarian-language version of the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R). METHOD: Following forward and backwards translation into Hungarian, the Hungarian BSS-R (HU-BSS-R) was administered to women in a major Transylvanian hospital maternity unit within 72 h postpartum. Key psychometric characteristics were then examined in relation to factor structure, divergent and convergent validity, internal consistency, and known-groups discriminant validity. RESULTS: Two-hundred and thirty-two women completed the HU-BSS-R. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed the HU-BSS-R to offer an excellent fit to data for the established tri-dimensional measurement model. The HU-BSS-R was also found to offer excellent convergent and divergent validity and known-groups discriminant validity. No significant differences were observed between internal consistency observations between the current study and the original UK validation study. CONCLUSIONS: The HU-BSS-R is a valid and reliable translation of the original BSS-R, it has proved itself to have excellent psychometric properties and is suitable for use in the Hungarian maternity context.

Translation and Psychometric Validation of the German Version of the Iceland-Family Perceived Support Questionnaire (ICE-FPSQ): A Cross-Sectional Study.

Supporting families experiencing critical illness through family interventions is essential to ease illness burden, enable family management, and reduce their risk for adverse health. Thus far, there is no validated German instrument to measure the perceived support families receive from nurses. We translated the 14-item Iceland-Family Perceived Support Questionnaire (ICE-FPSQ) and tested its psychometric properties with 77 family members of intensive care patients. Compared with the original instrument, the construct validity of the German ICE-FPSQ (FPSQ-G) showed unstable results with a partially divergent structure, most likely caused by the limited sample size. The first two principal components explained 61% of the overall variance and a good internal consistency with a Cronbach's alpha of .92. The FPSQ-G is a promising instrument to measure family members' perceptions of the support they received from nurses in the acute critical care setting but requires further validation.

Translating and Validating PRISMA-7 Questionnaire in Urdu: A Screening Tool to Identify Frail Individuals.

Frailty is a condition in which the affected individual is more prone to both external and internal stressors and has a higher risk of succumbing to chronic diseases. The aim of this research was to translate and validate the PRISMA-7 questionnaire in the Urdu language. This is a validation study conducted in a hospital in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. PRISMA-7 Questionnaire was translated into Urdu language using forward and backward translations and was then piloted on a sample of 151 subjects, aged 60 and above, and validated by applying reliability and validity statistics. Amongst the sampling population, frailty was found to be 63.26%. All the items in the questionnaire were significantly different from each other, however, the correlation between each was found to be low. Cronbach's alpha was found to be 0.322. Urdu translated version of PRISMA-7 is not a valid and reliable tool for screening frailty in the elderly population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Key Words: Frailty, Validation, Translation, Frail elderly, Urdu.

Consenso de terminología en microscopia confocal de reflectancia en español mediante método Delphi / Reflectance Confocal Microscopy Terminology in Spanish: A Delphi Consensus Study

La terminología usada para describir los diferentes hallazgos en la microscopía confocal de reflectancia (MCR), tanto en lesiones melanocíticas, como en no melanocíticas se ha consensuado en inglés. En el presente trabajo, se proponen los términos en español que mejor interpretan estos conceptos ya descritos para la MCR, mediante el consenso de expertos de distintas nacionalidades de habla hispana y utilizando el método DELPHI para el acuerdo final. Se obtuvieron 52 términos en total, de los cuales 28 fueron para lesiones melanocíticas y 24 para lesiones no melanocíticas. El uso de la nomenclatura propuesta permitirá una homogeneización y mejor entendimiento de las estructuras; una descripción más estandarizada en los registros clínicos y una mejor interpretación de estos informes por otros dermatólogos.(AU)

The terminology used to describe reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) findings in both melanocytic and nonmelanocytic lesions has been standardized in English. We convened a panel of Spanish-speaking RCM experts and used the Delphi method to seek consensus on which Spanish terms best describe RCM findings in this setting. The experts agreed on 52 terms: 28 for melanocytic lesions and 24 for nonmelanocytic lesions. The resulting terminology will facilitate homogenization, leading to a better understanding of structures, more standardized descriptions in clinical registries, and easier interpretation of clinical reports exchanged between dermatologists.(AU)

[Translated article] Reflectance Confocal Microscopy Terminology in Spanish: A Delphi Consensus Study / Consenso de terminología en microscopia confocal de reflectancia en español mediante método Delphi

La terminología usada para describir los diferentes hallazgos en la microscopía confocal de reflectancia (MCR), tanto en lesiones melanocíticas, como en no melanocíticas se ha consensuado en inglés. En el presente trabajo, se proponen los términos en español que mejor interpretan estos conceptos ya descritos para la MCR, mediante el consenso de expertos de distintas nacionalidades de habla hispana y utilizando el método DELPHI para el acuerdo final. Se obtuvieron 52 términos en total, de los cuales 28 fueron para lesiones melanocíticas y 24 para lesiones no melanocíticas. El uso de la nomenclatura propuesta permitirá una homogeneización y mejor entendimiento de las estructuras; una descripción más estandarizada en los registros clínicos y una mejor interpretación de estos informes por otros dermatólogos.(AU)

The terminology used to describe reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) findings in both melanocytic and nonmelanocytic lesions has been standardized in English. We convened a panel of Spanish-speaking RCM experts and used the Delphi method to seek consensus on which Spanish terms best describe RCM findings in this setting. The experts agreed on 52 terms: 28 for melanocytic lesions and 24 for nonmelanocytic lesions. The resulting terminology will facilitate homogenization, leading to a better understanding of structures, more standardized descriptions in clinical registries, and easier interpretation of clinical reports exchanged between dermatologists.(AU)

Translating and establishing the psychometric properties of the Jenkins Sleep Scale for Arabic-speaking individuals.

BACKGROUND: The Jenkins Sleep Scale is a widely used self-report questionnaire that assesses sleep quality and disturbances. This study aimed to translate the scale into Arabic and evaluate its psychometric properties in an Arabic-speaking population. METHODS: The Jenkins Sleep Scale was translated into Arabic using forward and backward translation procedures. The Arabic version was administered to a convenience sample of 420 adults along with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) for validation purposes. Reliability was examined using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was also conducted to test the unidimensional factor structure. Convergent validity was assessed using correlations with PSQI and AIS scores. RESULTS: The Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega values for the Arabic Jenkins Sleep Scale were 0.74 and 0.75, respectively, indicating good internal consistency. The 2-week and 4-week test-retest intraclass correlation coefficients were both 0.94 (p < 0.001), indicating excellent test-retest reliability. The CFA results confirmed the unidimensional factor structure (CFI = 0.99, TLI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.08). The measurement model had an equivalent factor structure, loadings, intercepts, and residuals across sex, age, and marital status. Significant positive correlations were found between the Arabic Jenkins scale score and the PSQI (r = 0.80, p < 0.001) and AIS (r = 0.74, p < 0.001), supporting convergent validity. CONCLUSION: The Arabic version of the Jenkins Sleep Scale demonstrated good psychometric properties. The findings support its use as a valid and reliable measure for evaluating sleep quality and disturbances among Arabic-speaking populations.

Evaluating a conceptual framework for quality assessment of medical interpretation.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate a proposed conceptual framework for quality assessment of medical interpretation using actual data from clinical settings. METHODS: A mixed methods approach was used. Routine outpatient encounters involving Portuguese-speaking Brazilian patients, Japanese physicians, and hospital-provided and ad hoc interpreters were digitally recorded and transcribed. A questionnaire survey examining participants' satisfaction was conducted; 111 and 13 encounters by hospital-provided and ad hoc interpreters, respectively, were recorded. Segments of consecutively interpreted utterances were coded as "altered," whereby the interpreter changed the meaning of the source utterance, or "unaltered (accurate)." Frequency and type of alteration were analyzed. The effect of positive interpretation alterations on physician-patient interactions was qualitatively described. RESULTS: Interpretation accuracy was significantly higher for hospital-provided interpreters, but was not associated with overall patient satisfaction. Overall physician satisfaction was associated with accurate interpretation, clinically negative altered interpretations, and positive voluntary interventions (p < 0.05). Positive alterations promoted patient, physician, and interpreter interactions, which helped to achieve clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION: A new conceptual framework for quality assessment of medical interpretation was developed for clinical settings. Healthcare provider satisfaction can provide a measure of interpretation alterations. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Healthcare providers can effectively use the conceptual framework to improve medical interpretation and collaboration with healthcare interpreters.

Reliability and Validity of the Turkish Translation of the PedsQL™ 3.0 Neuromuscular Module for 2-to 4-Year-Olds in Spinal Muscular Atrophy.

BACKGROUND: The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ (PedsQL™) Neuromuscular Module (PedsQL™ 3.0 NM) evaluates the health-related quality of life in children who are affected by neuromuscular diseases. This study's aim is to assess the adaptation of the PedsQL™ 3.0 NM Turkish version (PedsQL™ 3.0 NM-TR) for 2- to 4-year-olds in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). METHODS: The procedure of translating the PedsQL™ 3.0 NM into Turkish was conducted in accordance with the translation methodology outlined by the PedsQL™ measurement model. The PedsQL™ 3.0 NM-TR was administered to 54 parents of children with SMA aged 2 to 4 years. The test-retest reliability and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were measured for reliability analysis. Cronbach's α coefficient and item score correlations were calculated for internal consistency. Concurrent construct validity was evaluated by Pearson correlations between the outcomes of the PedsQL™ 4.0 Generic Core Scale (PedsQL™ 4.0 GCS) and the PedsQL™ 3.0 NM. RESULTS: The PedsQL™ 3.0 NM-TR total score shows excellent reliability. The Cronbach's α values for the PedsQL™ 3.0 NM ranged between 0.871 and 0.906, while those for the PedsQL™ 4.0 GCS ranged between 0.843 and 0.897. Test-retest ICC values for the PedsQL™ 3.0 NM-TR ranged between 0.812 and 0.917, and for the PedsQL™ 4.0 GCS ranged between 0.773 and 0.899. The relationship between the PedsQL™ 3.0 NM-TR and the subscores of the PedsQL™ 4.0 GCS demonstrated a range of correlations from excellent to fair, indicating the interplay between two scales. CONCLUSION: This study established the PedsQL™ 3.0 NM-TR as reliable, valid, and feasible for use in children aged 2 to 4 years with SMA.

Reliability and validity of the Estonian version of the Clinical Institute of Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol scale.

AIMS: Our aim was to adapt the Clinical Institute of Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol scale (CIWA-Ar) into Estonian and test its reliability and validity. METHODS: A total of 72 patients with alcohol withdrawal syndrome participated in the study. In order to assess the interrater reliability, at first assessment the CIWA-Ar was simultaneously completed by two nurses. In order to assess the sensitivity of the CIWA-Ar to the changes in the severity of the withdrawal syndrome, as well as its correlations to several indices characterizing the subjects' current condition, the CIWA-Ar, the Clinical Global Impression Severity subscale (CGI-S), the visual analogue scales for the assessment of the general feeling of malaise, anxiety and depression were filled in and the vital signs were measured at inclusion, in 4 h and after the withdrawal syndrome had been resolved. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the Estonian version of the CIWA-Ar total score, used as an indicator of interrater reliability, was excellent. The CIWA-Ar had significant correlations with the psychiatrists' CGI-S ratings of the severity of the patient's condition at all assessment points. Significant correlations were also found between CIWA-Ar and patients' self-ratings, the highest correlations found with self-rated anxiety and general feeling of malaise. CIWA-Ar total score did not correlate with simultaneously measured heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure at the first assessment. At the second assessment, heart rate had a significant correlation with the CIWA-Ar total score. CONCLUSION: Our study provides confirmation that the CIWA-Ar tool is well applicable in the Estonian language and culture setting.

Versión española del Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire: adaptación transcultural y validación en personal auxiliar de enfermería / Spanish version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire: cross-cultural adaptation and validation in nursing aides

Fundamento. El objetivo de este trabajo es traducir, adaptar culturalmente y validar una versión española del Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) en una muestra de personal auxiliar de enfermería. Metodología. Se realizó la traducción y adaptación cultural del cuestionario y se incluyó dentro de una batería de escalas, cumplimentada por 526 auxiliares de enfermería de centros residenciales para personas mayores del Principado de Asturias. Se analizó la validación de la escala a través de la sucesión del análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) y el análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC). La consistencia interna se estimó con el coeficiente ordinal ω de McDonald, complementándose con el análisis de fiabilidad test-retest por medio del coeficiente de correlación intraclase (ICC). La validez de criterio se estimó a través de la correlación de la puntuación total de la prueba con las medidas de calidad de vida, incertidumbre laboral, demanda psicológica y apoyo social en el trabajo. Resultados. Los índices de ajuste de AFE y AFC mostraron que se trata de una prueba unidimensional. Los valores de consistencia interna señalaron una fiabilidad muy alta (ω= 0,81) y el ICC fue excelente (r= 0,95). La validez de criterio mostró una correlación estadísticamente significativa con todos los constructos estudiados, especialmente con la calidad de vida. Conclusiones. La presente versión española del NMQ presenta unas buenas cualidades psicométricas en la población de personal auxiliar de enfermería por lo que podría ser una herramienta válida y fiable en la evaluación de los trastornos musculoesqueléticos. (AU)

Background. The aim of this study is to translate, culturally adapt, and validate a Spanish version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire for a sample of nursing assistant aides. Methods. The questionnaire was translated and culturally adapted. Next, it was included in a battery of tests that was completed by 526 nursing assistants working in residential care homes in the Principality of Asturias (Spain). To assess its validity, the Exploratory Factor Analysis and the Confirmatory Factor Analysis were used. The internal consistency was estimated with McDonald’s Omega coefficient (ω), complemented by the test-retest reliability analysis through the intraclass correlation coefficient. The validity of the criteria was established by the correlation between total score on the test and quality of life measures, job insecurity and psychological demand, and social support at work. Results. The Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis adjustment indices confirmed it is a unidimensional test. The internal consistency values indicated very high reliability (ω = 0.81). Similarly, the intraclass correlation coefficient showed statistically significant values and an excellent correlation coefficient (r = 0.95). The validity of the criteria showed a statistically significant correlation with all the constructs studied, particularly with quality of life. Conclusions. This Spanish version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire has good psychometric qualities for a population of nursing aides and therefore may be a valid and reliable tool for assessing musculoskeletal disorders. (AU)