RESUMEN
With considerable debate concerning the impact of culture on the expression of callous-unemotional (CU) traits, it is unclear whether the core features of CU traits generalize to youth across cultures. This study aimed to examine whether cultural differences are reflected in the core features of CU traits and the associations among these features. Network analysis was employed to identify the core features and to examine the network structure of CU traits operationalized by the Inventory of Callous Unemotional traits (ICU) in four community youth samples from different nations (Australia, N = 190; the UK, N = 437; the USA, N = 330; China, N = 503). The item "Apologizes to people" was identified as a cross-cultural core feature in the ICU network with a greater centrality of this item compared to others in all four samples. In addition, some items were identified as culture-specific core features in the network, differing in their centrality across samples. The network structures of the youth self-report ICU items were moderately similar across samples, while the structures of parent-report items showed substantial differences. These findings have important implications for cross-cultural research on CU traits as well as practical implications for screening and treatment. The core features of ICU appear to be generalizable in youth across cultures, although cultural-specific manifestations should be noted.
Asunto(s)
Comparación Transcultural , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Estados Unidos , China/etnología , Reino Unido , Australia , Niño , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/psicología , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/etnología , Emociones/fisiología , Trastorno de la Conducta/psicología , Trastorno de la Conducta/etnología , EmpatíaRESUMEN
The Comprehensive Assessment of Psychopathic Personality (CAPP) model is a new lexically based concept of psychopathy that has potential clinical utility. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the generalizability of the CAPP conceptual model in South Korea. In the current study, 88 experts and 1727 laypeople in South Korea were asked to evaluate the prototypicality of the symptoms of psychopathy (CAPP items) by using a Korean translation of the CAPP model (K-CAPP). In addition, 11 international prototypicality studies were systematically compared to the ratings by experts in the present study. As a result, it indicated that Korean experts and laypeople, on average, rated K-CAPP symptoms as moderately to highly prototypical of psychopathy, and more prototypical of psychopathy than symptoms theoretically unrelated to psychopathy (foils). Also, prototypicality ratings of K-CAPP symptoms made by those two groups were similar to each other as well as to ratings by experts and laypeople using the CAPP in other 11 countries. In conclusion, these results clearly show that both experts and laypeople in the current study conceptualized PPD in almost the same way as experts and laypeople from previous studies using the CAPP model.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial , Comparación Transcultural , Humanos , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/diagnóstico , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/etnología , Pueblo Asiatico , Determinación de la Personalidad , Psicometría/métodos , República de Corea , Pueblos del Este de Asia/psicologíaRESUMEN
This article develops a class of models called sender/receiver finite mixture exponential random graph models (SRFM-ERGMs). This class of models extends the existing exponential random graph modeling framework to allow analysts to model unobserved heterogeneity in the effects of nodal covariates and network features without a block structure. An empirical example regarding substance use among adolescents is presented. Simulations across a variety of conditions are used to evaluate the performance of this technique. We conclude that unobserved heterogeneity in effects of nodal covariates can be a major cause of misfit in network models, and the SRFM-ERGM approach can alleviate this misfit. Implications for the analysis of social networks in psychological science are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Modelos Estadísticos , Psicometría/métodos , Adolescente , Alcoholismo/epidemiología , Alcoholismo/etnología , Algoritmos , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/epidemiología , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/etnología , Etnicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Individualidad , Masculino , Uso de la Marihuana/epidemiología , Uso de la Marihuana/etnología , Red Social , Uso de Tabaco/epidemiología , Uso de Tabaco/etnologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Electrophysiological variables may represent sensitive biomarkers of vulnerability to or endophenotypes for alcohol use disorders (AUD). METHODS: Young adults (age 18-30 yrs, nâ¯=â¯580) of Mexican American heritage were assessed with the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism and event-related oscillations (EROs) generated in response to a task that used pictures of objects, food, and alcohol-related and non-alcohol-related drinks as stimuli. RESULTS: Decreases in energy in the alpha and beta frequencies and higher phase synchrony within cortical brain areas were seen in response to the alcohol-related as compared to the non-alcohol-related stimuli. Differences in ERO energy and synchrony responses to alcohol-related stimuli were also found as a function of age, sex, AUD status and comorbidity. Age-related decreases in energy and increases in synchrony were found. Females had significantly higher energy and lower synchrony values than males. Participants with AUD had higher synchrony values specifically in the beta frequencies, whereas those with a lifetime diagnosis of conduct disorder and/or antisocial personality disorder had lower alpha power and synchrony, and those with any affective disorder had lower ERO energy in the beta frequencies. Those with substance-associated affective "dark-side" symptoms had slower reaction times to the task, lower energy in the beta frequencies, lower local synchrony in the theta frequencies, and higher long-range synchrony in the delta and beta frequencies. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that EROs recorded to alcohol-related stimuli may be biomarkers of comorbid risk factors, symptoms and disorders associated with AUD that also can differentiate those with "dark-side symptoms".
Asunto(s)
Síntomas Afectivos/fisiopatología , Alcoholismo/fisiopatología , Potenciales Evocados , Americanos Mexicanos/psicología , Análisis y Desempeño de Tareas , Adolescente , Adulto , Síntomas Afectivos/etnología , Síntomas Afectivos/psicología , Factores de Edad , Alcoholismo/etnología , Alcoholismo/psicología , Ritmo alfa , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/etnología , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/fisiopatología , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/psicología , Ritmo beta , Encéfalo/fisiopatología , Comorbilidad , Trastorno de la Conducta/etnología , Trastorno de la Conducta/fisiopatología , Trastorno de la Conducta/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Americanos Mexicanos/genética , Trastornos del Humor/etnología , Trastornos del Humor/fisiopatología , Trastornos del Humor/psicología , Tiempo de Reacción , Factores Sexuales , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Previous research has identified different, but not mutually exclusive, etiological pathways (i.e., the positive affect regulation pathway, the negative affect regulation pathway and the deviance proneness pathway) to alcohol use and misuse in which personality characteristics play a key role. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to simultaneously and cross-culturally examine all these personality pathways to alcohol use in a large sample of young adult drinkers (N = 1280) from the US, Argentina, and Spain. METHOD: Structural equation modeling was conducted to test the models. Multi-group models were conducted to test model invariance across countries and gender groups. RESULTS: In the whole sample, low conscientiousness and extraversion were related to alcohol outcomes through enhancement drinking motives (i.e., positive affect regulation pathway), low emotional stability was related through coping drinking motives (i.e., negative affect regulation pathway), and low conscientiousness and low agreeableness were related through antisocial behavior (i.e., deviance proneness pathway). The model was invariant between gender groups. Some minor, yet significant, differences across countries arose. Specifically, antisocial behavior was a significant mediator of the association between agreeableness and alcohol use, but only in the US subsample. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings suggest that risky-personality pathways for alcohol use and alcohol-related problems may be generalized across gender groups and cultures in young adults.
Asunto(s)
Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/etnología , Alcoholismo/etnología , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/etnología , Comparación Transcultural , Personalidad , Adolescente , Adulto , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/psicología , Alcoholismo/diagnóstico , Alcoholismo/psicología , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/diagnóstico , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/psicología , Argentina/etnología , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Motivación/fisiología , Personalidad/fisiología , Conducta Social , España/etnología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Estados Unidos/etnología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The current study examines variants of psychopathy in a community sample of Dutch adolescents (N = 2,855, 57% male) using three dimensions of psychopathy and trait anxiety. Five subgroups were identified, two with high levels of psychopathic traits. The first seemed consistent with primary psychopathy, high on all dimensions, with additional low levels of anxiety, whereas the second showed elevated levels of anxiety, consistent with secondary psychopathy. Two variants low on psychopathic traits were identified: a low-risk variant and an anxious variant. Further, a moderaterisk group was found, with slightly above average psychopathy traits and average levels of mental health problems. The secondary psychopathy and the anxious variant reported the most problem behaviors. Boys, younger adolescents, and non-Western immigrant youth were overrepresented in the secondary group. These findings show that in a community sample psychopathy is a heterogeneous phenomenon.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial , Ansiedad , Problema de Conducta , Adolescente , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/clasificación , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/etnología , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/fisiopatología , Ansiedad/clasificación , Ansiedad/etnología , Ansiedad/fisiopatología , Comorbilidad , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
Although criminological research has provided support for general strain theory (GST), there is still little known about the relationship between victimization and delinquency among Latino adolescents. This study seeks to fill the gap in the literature by examining the association between a broader measure of victimization (i.e., polyvictimization) and delinquent behavior using data from the Dating Violence Among Latino Adolescents (DAVILA) Study, a national sample of Latino youth. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine two issues: (a) whether polyvictimization is associated with self-reported delinquent behavior and (b) whether anger mediates the relationship between polyvictimization and delinquency. Our findings provided partial support for GST among Latino youth. Specifically, the effect of polyvictimization on delinquency was explained in part by its effect on anger. Contrary to the theory's hypothesis, the effect of polyvictimization was not conditional on the effect of social support. Overall, findings suggested that GST is a promising framework for understanding the relationship between polyvictimization and delinquency among Latino youth.
Asunto(s)
Víctimas de Crimen/estadística & datos numéricos , Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Delincuencia Juvenil/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Ira , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/epidemiología , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/etnología , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/psicología , Acoso Escolar/psicología , Acoso Escolar/estadística & datos numéricos , Correlación de Datos , Víctimas de Crimen/psicología , Femenino , Hispánicos o Latinos/psicología , Humanos , Entrevistas como Asunto , Violencia de Pareja/psicología , Violencia de Pareja/estadística & datos numéricos , Delincuencia Juvenil/psicología , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Factores de Riesgo , Autoinforme , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
The current study examines how the bifactor model of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI) is related to conduct problems in a sample of Dutch adolescents (N = 2,874; 43% female). It addresses to what extent the YPI dimensions explain variance over and above a General Psychopathy factor (i.e., one factor related to all items) and how the general factor and dimensional factors are related to conduct problems. Group differences in these relations for gender, ethnic background, and age were examined. Results showed that the general factor is most important, but dimensions explain variance over and above the general factor. The general factor, and Affective and Lifestyle dimensions, of the YPI were positively related to conduct problems, whereas the Interpersonal dimension was not, after taking the general factor into account. However, across gender, ethnic background, and age, different dimensions were related to conduct problems over and above the general factor. This suggests that all 3 dimensions should be assessed when examining the psychopathy construct. (PsycINFO Database Record
Asunto(s)
Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/diagnóstico , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/psicología , Trastorno de la Conducta/diagnóstico , Trastorno de la Conducta/psicología , Inventario de Personalidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Psicometría/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Afecto , Factores de Edad , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/etnología , Etnicidad/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Modelos Estadísticos , Problema de Conducta/psicología , Factores Sexuales , Estadística como AsuntoRESUMEN
Psychiatric disorder prevalence has been shown demonstrably higher among justice-involved adolescents than youth in the general population. Yet, among arrested juveniles, little is known regarding racial/ethnic differences in disorder prevalence, the role of trauma exposure in the diagnosis of behavioral disorders, or subsequent psychiatric treatment provided to adolescents with such diagnoses. The current study examines racial/ethnic disparity in psychiatric diagnoses and treatment of behavioral disorders associated with delinquency, controlling for traumatic experiences, behavioral indicators, and prior offending among serious juvenile offenders. Logistic regression is employed to explore the racial/ethnic disproportionality in behavioral disorder diagnoses and psychiatric treatment provision among 8763 males (57.7 % Black, 11.8 % Hispanic) and 1,347 females (53.7 % Black, 7.6 % Hispanic) admitted to long-term juvenile justice residential placements in Florida. The results indicate Black males are 40 % more likely, and Black females 54 % more likely to be diagnosed with conduct disorder than Whites, even upon considerations of trauma, behavioral indicators, and criminal offending. Black and Hispanic males are approximately 40 % less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than White males, with no racial/ethnic differences for females. Importantly, Black males are 32 % less likely to receive psychiatric treatment than White males, with no differences between White and Hispanic males, or any female subgroups. Traumatic exposures increased the odds of oppositional defiant disorder and ADHD, but not conduct disorder for males, though adverse childhood experiences were unrelated to behavioral disorder diagnoses among females.
Asunto(s)
Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Hispánicos o Latinos/psicología , Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Delincuencia Juvenil/etnología , Delincuencia Juvenil/psicología , Trastornos Mentales/etnología , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Población Blanca/psicología , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/diagnóstico , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/etnología , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/psicología , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/rehabilitación , Trastorno de la Conducta/diagnóstico , Trastorno de la Conducta/etnología , Trastorno de la Conducta/psicología , Trastorno de la Conducta/rehabilitación , Criminales , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Florida , Disparidades en el Estado de Salud , Humanos , Delincuencia Juvenil/legislación & jurisprudencia , Delincuencia Juvenil/rehabilitación , Acontecimientos que Cambian la Vida , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/diagnóstico , Trastornos Mentales/rehabilitación , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
Parental monitoring and family problem solving are key parenting practices targeted in evidence-based interventions targeting adolescents and families, yet the constructs have yet to be validated across ethnic groups. The study's objective was to promote translational research by evaluating convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity of the two constructs at age 16-17 years through the use of multiple observation indicators and methods and as a function of ethnic status. Videotaped parent-adolescent family interactions were coded for monitoring and problem solving in a sample of 714 European American (EA; 59.2 %) and African American (AA; 40.8 %) males (53.8 %) and females (46.2 %). Structural equation models established convergent and discriminant validity of parental monitoring and problem solving among parent, youth, and observation measures for AA and EA families. Low levels of parent monitoring was highly predictive of antisocial behavior in EA and in AA youths (p < 0.001) and moderately predicted future drug use (p < 0.001) for both groups at age 18-19. Poorer family problem solving was also moderately predictive of antisocial behavior (p < 0.001 for EA; p < 0.05 for AA) and drug use (p < 0.01 for EA; p < 0.05 for AA) at age 18-19. These findings suggest that interventions targeting parental monitoring and family problem solving can be reliably evaluated through various measurement methods and that such interventions are of value in efforts to prevent and treat problem behavior in adolescence. These family processes are readily observable in videotaped family interaction tasks in both EA and AA families.
Asunto(s)
Conducta del Adolescente , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/prevención & control , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Responsabilidad Parental/psicología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/prevención & control , Investigación Biomédica Traslacional/métodos , Adolescente , Análisis de Varianza , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/etnología , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/psicología , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/terapia , Familia/psicología , Humanos , Modelos Teóricos , Solución de Problemas , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/etnología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicología , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/terapia , Resultado del Tratamiento , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Research has identified a multitude of demographic, psychological, and contextual factors that are associated with violent offending among youth. However, much of the previous research has focused on single factors, and little is known about the effects of these various factors in tandem. The present study examines whether certain community factors impact the effects of race and psychopathology on violent crime. Multivariate analyses were used to investigate race-psychopathology combinations and the moderating influence of exposure to community violence in a sample of youth (N = 1,116). Youth without antisocial personality disorder (APD) or psychopathy were less violent than the other diagnostic groups, and Black youth were less likely to have psychopathy compared with Whites and Hispanics. However, Black youth with APD and psychopathy were twice as likely to exhibit violent crime versatility. Furthermore, Black and Hispanic youth demonstrating aggressive conduct problems committed a greater number of violent crime types than Whites. This relationship was further qualified, such that Black and Hispanic youth with APD and psychopathy, who were more exposed to community violence, committed a greater number of violent crime types compared with Whites. These results suggest that prevention and intervention strategies should consider individual and community-level factors. (PsycINFO Database Record
Asunto(s)
Conducta del Adolescente/fisiología , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial , Trastorno de la Conducta , Ambiente , Delincuencia Juvenil , Violencia , Adolescente , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/etnología , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/etiología , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/fisiopatología , Trastorno de la Conducta/etnología , Trastorno de la Conducta/etiología , Trastorno de la Conducta/fisiopatología , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The construct of psychopathy is sparsely researched in the non-Western world, particularly in the Middle East. As such, the extent to which the psychopathy construct can be generalized to other cultures, including Middle Eastern Arab cultures, is largely unknown. METHODS: The present study investigated the cross-cultural/national comparability of self-reported psychopathy in the United States (N = 786), Egypt (N = 296), and Saudi Arabia (N = 341). RESULTS: A widely used psychopathy questionnaire demonstrated largely similar properties across the American and Middle Eastern samples and associations between Five Factor Model (FFM) personality and psychopathy were broadly consistent. Nevertheless, several notable cross-cultural differences emerged, particularly with regard to the internal consistencies of psychopathy dimensions and the correlates of Coldheartedness. Additionally, in contrast to most findings in Western cultures, associations between psychopathy and FFM personality varied consistently by gender in the Egyptian sample. CONCLUSIONS: These findings lend preliminary support to the construct validity of self-reported psychopathy in Arabic-speaking cultures, providing provisional evidence for the cross-cultural generalizability of certain core characteristics of psychopathy.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/etnología , Comparación Transcultural , Adulto , Población Negra , Egipto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Inventario de Personalidad/normas , Escalas de Valoración Psiquiátrica , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Arabia Saudita , Autoinforme , Factores Sexuales , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Estados Unidos , Población BlancaRESUMEN
The causes of psychopathy, a condition characterized by interpersonal (e.g., superficial charm), affective (e.g., lack of empathy), and behavioral (e.g., impulsive actions) features, remain contested. The present review examines 1 of the most influential etiological models of psychopathy, the response modulation hypothesis (RMH), which proposes that psychopathic individuals exhibit difficulties in adjusting their behavior in the presence of a dominant response set. We conduct a meta-analysis and narrative literature review to examine the RMH quantitatively and qualitatively, estimate the statistical effects of response modulation (RM) deficits in psychopathic individuals, and ascertain the boundary conditions of the RMH. Ninety-four samples from published and unpublished studies involving 7,340 participants were identified for inclusion. Overall results provided some support for the RMH, revealing a small to medium relationship between psychopathy and RM deficits (r = .20, p < .001, d = .41) that extended to both psychopathy dimensions. Moreover, as predicted by the RMH, RM deficits were observed for both affectively neutral and affectively laden tasks. A number of moderators, such as anxiety, laboratory task, dependent measure, psychopathy measure, and race, contributed to significant variability in effect sizes; we also found evidence for potential publication bias using 2 methods, raising questions concerning the robustness of RM findings. An ancillary narrative review revealed that the RMH is inconsistent with a number of replicated findings in the psychopathy literature, suggesting that the RMH, at least in its present form, is unlikely to provide a comprehensive etiological account of psychopathy. Nevertheless, more recent attentional versions of the RMH may hold promise with respect to intervention. Further fruitful directions for research on the RMH, including the use of multiple dependent measures of RM and latent variable approaches, are delineated.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/psicología , Empatía/fisiología , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/etnología , Trastornos de Ansiedad/psicología , Atención/fisiología , Humanos , Modelos Psicológicos , Prisioneros/psicologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Psychopathy, a severe disorder of personality, is well represented in the criminal and forensic psychiatric population and is significantly associated with increased risk of violence and crime. Fire-setting is a major source of property damage, injury, and death in many Western countries. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate psychopathic traits in a consecutive sample of Finnish male pretrial fire-setting offenders. Further, we wanted to investigate whether fire-setting recidivists show higher traits of psychopathy than one-time firesetters and whether exclusive firesetters show lower traits of psychopathy than those with criminal versatility. METHODS: The forensic psychiatric examination statements for male firesetters who underwent a pretrial forensic psychiatric evaluation during a 10-year period (1989 -1998) were reviewed. The sample comprised 129 firesetters with normal IQ, 41 of whom were fire-setting recidivists. Fifty men were exclusive firesetters. Assessment of psychopathy-like personality character was performed using the 20-item Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. RESULTS: Two individuals (1.6%, 95% Cl: 0.0-3.7) scored ≥30 points and 19 (14.7%, 95% Cl: 8.6-20.8) ≥ 25 points on the PCL-R. The mean PCL-R total score was 16.1 (SD 6.88), the mean Factor 1 score 5.0 (SD 3.41), and the mean Factor 2 score 9.9 (SD 3.86). No significant differences emerged between the recidivists and the one-time firesetters. The versatile firesetters exhibited significantly higher mean total and factor scores than the exclusive ones. CONCLUSION: Among firesetters, there is a subgroup of persons with significant psychopathic traits, which should be recognized in legal and health care organizations. Although psychopathy was associated with greater criminal versatility, it bore no relationship to fire-setting recidivism.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/psicología , Piromanía/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/etnología , Carácter , Crimen/psicología , Criminales/psicología , Estudios Transversales , Finlandia , Piromanía/etnología , Psiquiatría Forense , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Personalidad , Violencia/psicología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The present study is a cluster analytic examination and validation of psychopathic offender subtypes from 4 combined samples of Canadian federally incarcerated offenders, most of whom were serving sentences for violent offenses. The men were rated on the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R; Hare, 1991, 2003) on the basis of comprehensive file information and 314 cases were extracted using a PCL-R total cut score of 25. Cluster analysis of the 4 PCL-R facets converged at a 2-cluster solution: a primary subtype characterized by prominent interpersonal and affective features of psychopathy and a secondary subtype characterized by comparatively few interpersonal features and high scores on the remaining facets. Validation analyses found that the vast majority of primary psychopathic offenders (74.1%) were White or of non-Aboriginal descent in contrast to the secondary subtype (47.6%). Secondary psychopathic offenders tended to be actuarially higher risk, have greater criminogenic needs, and to make greater amounts of treatment change on criminogenic targets; however, contrary to expectations, within-treatment changes from a violence reduction program were significantly associated with reductions in violent recidivism for primary, but not secondary, variants. There were few differences in rates of recidivism between the groups overall; secondary variants had higher rates of sexual violence which was largely accounted for by individual differences in baseline static risk. Implications for risk assessment, treatment planning, and the classification and etiology of primary and secondary psychopathy are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial , Criminales/estadística & datos numéricos , Violencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/clasificación , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/epidemiología , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/etnología , Canadá/epidemiología , Canadá/etnología , Análisis por Conglomerados , Humanos , Masculino , Prisioneros/estadística & datos numéricos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Violencia/etnología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The aim of the present study was to analyze differences regarding psychopathic traits and related constructs in male youths of diverse ethnic backgrounds. The participants were 216 male youths from the Juvenile Detention Centers of the Portuguese Ministry of Justice (White Europeans group: n = 108; ethnic minorities group: n = 108). Psychopathy was measured by the Antisocial Process Screening Device and the Child and Adolescent Taxon Scale. The results showed that no differences were found between ethnic groups regarding psychopathic traits and psychopathy taxon. Independent of ethnic group membership, psychopathic trait scores were significantly associated with behavioral problems, conduct disorder, self-reported delinquency, seriousness of criminal activity, age of criminal activity onset, and age at first trouble with the law. The present study adds support to the literature regarding youth psychopathic traits and supports the psychopathy construct as universally and interculturally consistent.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/etnología , Etnicidad/psicología , Delincuencia Juvenil/etnología , Prisioneros/psicología , Autoinforme , Adolescente , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/diagnóstico , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/psicología , Lista de Verificación , Comorbilidad , Humanos , Delincuencia Juvenil/psicología , Masculino , Portugal , Psicometría/estadística & datos numéricos , Estadística como Asunto , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to assess the measurement invariance of 2 commonly used measures of youth psychopathic characteristics across sex and racial/ethnic groups. Among a community sample of Hispanic and Black adolescents (N = 355; 50.5% female; mean age = 15.09) and their parents, this study tested the configural and metric invariance of the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (LSRP; Levenson, Fitzpatrick, & Kiehl, 1995) and the parent-report version of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (Frick, 2004). Preliminary analyses indicated that the adolescents in the present study reported similar rates of psychopathic characteristics as those reported by other studies of adolescents and young adults. Results of the multigroup invariance analyses indicated that these measures are invariant across sex and between Hispanic and Black youth. In addition, further analyses assessing associations between these measures and a number of behavioral and emotional characteristics indicated that scores on the LSRP Scale and Callous-Unemotional Traits demonstrate good convergent and discriminant validity with few differences by sex or race/ethnicity. To date, research on psychopathy has focused predominantly on samples of White males. Therefore, it is important that research examines the equivalence of measures of psychopathic characteristics across different populations, so that accurate assessments can be made to inform intervention and treatment efforts.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/diagnóstico , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/etnología , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Hispánicos o Latinos/psicología , Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Determinación de la Personalidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Inventario de Personalidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Psicometría/estadística & datos numéricos , Población Blanca/psicología , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Negro o Afroamericano/educación , Factores de Edad , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/psicología , Asiático , Comparación Transcultural , Educación Especial , Femenino , Hispánicos o Latinos/educación , Humanos , Masculino , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Autoinforme , Factores Sexuales , Población Blanca/educaciónRESUMEN
Although gang-involved Latino youth in the United States are uniquely at risk of adverse consequences from sexual behavior, little research is available that can guide those who wish to develop interventions to reduce sexual risk among these youth. To facilitate the development of effective interventions, we identified cultural and contextual factors that influence sexual behavior and sex education among gang-involved Latino youth in one U.S. community. By analyzing transcripts from interviews and focus groups with three different groups of key stakeholders--gang-experienced Latino youth, the parents of gang-experienced Latino youth, and the personnel of a program providing comprehensive human services for gang-involved Latino youth--we identified three domains to be considered in developing sexual risk-reduction interventions for gang-involved U.S. Latino youth. The focus of our discussion is on the implications of these findings for future development or adaptation of interventions.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/etnología , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/enfermería , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud/etnología , Hispánicos o Latinos/psicología , Educación Sexual , Conducta Sexual/etnología , Identificación Social , Sexo Inseguro/etnología , Adolescente , Adulto , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Responsabilidad Parental/psicología , Autorrevelación , Conducta Sexual/psicología , Bienestar Social , Estados Unidos , Sexo Inseguro/psicología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Multicultural responsiveness and adaptation have been a recent area of emphasis in prevention and intervention science. The changing demographics of the United States demand the development of intervention strategies that are acceptable and effective for diverse cultural and ethnic groups. The Family Check-Up (FCU) was developed to be an intervention framework that is flexible and adaptive to diverse cultural groups (Dishion & Stormshak, 2007 ). We empirically evaluated the extent to which the intervention is effective for improving youth adjustment and parent-child interactions for diverse cultural groups. A sample of 1,193 families was drawn from 2 large-scale randomized prevention trials conducted in diverse urban middle schools. We formulated 3 groups on the basis of youth self-identification of ethnicity (European American, African American, Hispanic) and examined group differences in the hypothesized mediating effect of family conflict (FC) on later antisocial behavior (ASB). Path analysis revealed that youths in the intervention condition reported significantly less ASB over a 2-year period (Grades 6-8). Moreover, youth-reported reductions in FC at 12 months were an intervening effect. Ethnicity did not moderate this relationship. Consistent with one of the primary tenets of coercion theory, participation in the FCU acts on ASB through FC across diverse ethnic groups, lending support to the multicultural competence of the model. Limitations of this study are discussed, along with areas for future research.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/prevención & control , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/prevención & control , Etnicidad/psicología , Conflicto Familiar/psicología , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Padres/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/etnología , Trastorno de Personalidad Antisocial/psicología , Niño , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/etnología , Trastornos de la Conducta Infantil/psicología , Coerción , Etnicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Conflicto Familiar/etnología , Femenino , Hispánicos o Latinos/psicología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Evaluación de Procesos y Resultados en Atención de Salud , Instituciones Académicas , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Estados Unidos , Población Blanca/psicologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Antisocial behaviour and adult criminality often have their origins in childhood and are best addressed early in the child's life using evidence-based treatments such as the 'Incredible Years Parent Programme'. However, families with additional risk factors who are at highest risk for poor outcomes do not always make sufficient change while attending such programmes. Additional support to address barriers and improve implementation of positive parenting strategies while these families attend the Incredible Years Programme may improve overall outcomes.The study aims to evaluate the efficacy of adding a structured home visiting intervention (Home Parent Support) to improve outcomes in families most at risk of poor treatment response from the Incredible Years intervention. This study will inform the design of a larger prospective randomised controlled trial. METHODS/DESIGN: A pilot single-blind, parallel, superiority, randomised controlled trial. Randomisation will be undertaken using a computer-generated sequence in a 1:1 ratio to the two treatments arranged in permuted blocks with stratification by age, sex, and ethnicity. One hundred and twenty six participants enrolled in the Incredible Years Parent Programme who meet the high-risk criteria will be randomly allocated to receive either Incredible Years Parent Programme and Home Parent Support, or the Incredible Years Parent Programme alone. The Home Parent Support is a 10-session structured home visiting intervention provided by a trained therapist, alongside the usual Incredible Years Parent Programme, to enhance the adoption of key parenting skills. The primary outcome is the change in child behaviour from baseline to post-intervention in parent reported Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory Problem Scale. DISCUSSION: This is the first formal evaluation of adding Home Parent Support alongside Incredible Years Parent Programme for families with risk factors who typically have poorer treatment outcomes. We anticipate that the intervention will help vulnerable families stay engaged, strengthen the adoption of effective parenting strategies, and improve outcomes for both the children and families. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12612000878875.