Effect of Hierarchical Nursing Management in Patients with Hypertension Complicated with Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Risk Factors.

Hierarchical management is an essential component of nurse post management and an unavoidable tendency in nursing education. According to their existing condition, various hospitals around the country have actively tested the hierarchical usage and management model of clinical nurses, with some success. The application impact of hierarchical nursing care in patients with hypertension complicated by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk factors is the focus of this research. In a hospital, 300 patients with hypertension complicated by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk factors were chosen. All patients were split into two groups using the coin-throwing random method: the observation group received hierarchical nurse management and the control group received regular nursing management, with 150 cases in each group. The two groups' blood pressure, blood lipids, blood glucose, poor habits, rehospitalization rate, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular problems were also examined. At the same time, the patients' poor mood and quality of life were assessed before and after the intervention. In the control group followed up for 1 year, the blood pressure compliance rate was 44.88%, the blood lipid compliance rate was 28.65%, the blood glucose compliance rate was 45.00%, the smokers with bad lifestyle habits were 26.57%, the overweight and obese were 23.5%, the high sodium was 31.67%, the rehospitalization rate was 15.48%, and the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications was 43.00%. The observation group's blood pressure, blood lipids, and blood sugar compliance rates rose substantially (P = 0.05) as compared to the control group. The occurrence of poor luck living habits, the rate of rehospitalization, and the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications were significantly reduced (P < 0.05). Before nursing intervention, there was no significant difference in the bad mood scores SAS, SDS, and quality of life between the two groups of patients (P > 0.05); after nursing intervention, compared with the control group, the observation group's bad mood scores were significantly reduced, physical factors, psychological factors, and total scores all increased significantly, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05).

Gender Differences in Longitudinal Associations Between Intimate Care, Resiliency, and Depression Among Informal Caregivers of Patients Surviving the Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Informal caregivers (e.g., family and friends) are at risk for developing depression, which can be detrimental to both caregiver and patient functioning. Initial evidence suggests that resiliency may reduce the risk of depression. However, gender differences in associations between multiple psychosocial resiliency factors and depression have not been examined among neuroscience intensive care unit (neuro-ICU) caregivers. We explored interactions between caregiver gender and baseline resiliency factors on depression symptom severity at baseline through 3 and 6 months post-discharge. METHODS: Caregivers (N = 96) of neuro-ICU patients able to provide informed consent to participate in research were enrolled as part of a prospective, longitudinal study in the neuro-ICU of a major academic medical center. Caregiver sociodemographics and resiliency factors (coping, mindfulness, self-efficacy, intimate care, and preparedness for caregiving) were assessed during the patient's hospitalization (i.e., baseline). Levels of depressive symptoms were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months post-discharge. RESULTS: Baseline depressive symptoms predicted depressive symptoms at both 3- and 6-month follow-ups, with no difference at any time point in rates of depression by gender. At baseline, greater levels of coping, mindfulness, and preparedness for caregiving were individually associated with lower levels of concurrent depression regardless of gender (ps < 0.006). The main effect of baseline coping remained significant at 3-month follow-up (p = 0.045). We observed a trend-level interaction between gender and baseline intimate care, such that among male caregivers only, high baseline intimate care was associated with lower depression at 3-month follow-up (p = 0.055). At 6-month follow-up, we observed a significant interaction between caregiver gender and baseline intimate care, such that male caregivers reporting high intimate care reported lower symptoms of depression than females reporting high intimate care (p = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: Results support implementation of psychosocial resiliency interventions for caregivers of patients admitted to the neuro-ICU early in the recovery process. Male caregivers may particularly benefit from strategies focused on increasing intimate care (e.g., physical and emotional affection with their loved one) and quality of the patient-caregiver dyadic relationship.

Cuidados enfermeros en Atención Primaria ante el síndrome cardiorrenal crónico con compromiso cerebrovascular / Nursing care at primary care for chronic cardiorenal syndrome with cerebrovascular involvement

La función cardiaca y la función renal están íntimamente asociadas, ya que el corazón y los riñones llevan a cabo la regulación hemodinámica del organismo. Cuando se producen alteraciones de forma bidireccional en ambos órganos se activa una serie de mecanismos compensadores que provocan un efecto nocivo de uno de ellos sobre el otro. Es lo que se conoce como síndrome cardiorrenal. Actualmente se dispone de protocolos de Enfermería estandarizados para el manejo de la insuficiencia cardiaca y para la insuficiencia renal; no obstante, es necesario ampliar la información para entender de forma óptima la relación cardiorrenal y aplicar la mejor evidencia científica a los cuidados. Por ello se expone un caso clínico abordado desde Atención Primaria, con el desarrollo de un plan de cuidados elaborado una vez identificados los diagnósticos de Enfermería que se han derivado de la valoración enfermera siguiendo el modelo de las 14 necesidades básicas de Virginia Henderson

Cardiac function and renal function are closely related, because the heart and the kidneys carry out the hemodynamic regulation of the body. When there are bidirectional alterations in both organs, a series of compensating mechanisms are activated, which cause harmful effects of one over the other. This is known as Cardiorenal Syndrome. There are current standard Nursing protocols available for the management of heart failure and renal impairment; however, it is necessary to increase information for an optimal understanding of the cardiorenal interaction, and to apply the best scientific evidence into care. To this aim, we present a case record addressed at Primary Care, with the development of a plan of care prepared after the Nursing diagnoses were identified, derived from nursing assessment following the model of the 14 Basic Needs of Virginia Henderson

Lifetime expectancy and quality-adjusted life-year in Alzheimer's disease with and without cerebrovascular disease: effects of nursing home replacement and donepezil administration--a retrospective analysis in the Tajiri Project.

BACKGROUND: We previously demonstrated a positive correlation with nursing home (NH) replacement and donepezil (DNP) administration on lifetime expectancy after the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the correlation with quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) remains to be elucidated, along with the additional impact of concomitant cerebrovascular disease (CVD). Based upon our recently reported health state utility values, we retrospectively analyzed the correlation with NH replacement and/or DNP administration on QALY and life expectancy in 'pure' AD (without CVD) and AD with CVD patients. METHODS: All outpatients at the Tajiri Clinic from 1999-2012 with available medical records and death certificates were included. The entry criteria were a dementia diagnosis (DSM-IV) and diagnoses of pure AD or AD with CVD (NINCDS-ADRDA), medical treatment for more than 3 months, and follow up to less than 1 year before death. The main outcomes were lifetime expectancy (months between the onset of dementia and death) and QALY. RESULTS: We identified 390 subjects, of whom 275 had the diagnosis of dementia that met the entry criteria, including 67 pure AD, 33 AD with CVD, and 110 VaD patients. For the AD patients, 52 had taken DNP and 48 had not received the drug due to treatment prior to the introduction of DNP in 1999 in Japan. For the pure AD group, there were positive correlation between NH and DNP and QALY, as well as lifetime expectancy. As for the AD with CVD group, only a correlation between DNP and lifetime expectancy was noted, with no correlation with QALY. CONCLUSIONS: We found positive correlations between DNP administration and NH replacement and lifetime expectancy and QALY after the onset of AD. However, concomitant CVD negated such a positive correlation with QALY. The findings suggest that QALY in AD is affected by CVD; thus, indicating the importance of CVD prevention.

Protocolo de actuación de Enfermería para pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular / Nursing protocol for patients with cerebrovascular disease

Los protocolos de actuación de Enfermería para la asistencia de los principales problemas neurológicos y neuro quirúrgicos constituyen una necesidad en una unidad de asistencia médica para la adopción de decisiones acorde a las mejores evidencias científicas y los recursos disponibles. El personal de Enfermería en su desempeño, necesita de estos protocolos para brindar atención continua desde la atención primaria hasta la recuperación del paciente.Diseñar un protocolo de actuación de enfermería para pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular y con su aplicación, satisfacer la unificación de criterios para la excelencia en la prestación de esos servicios.Se realizó una revisión documental a partir de métodos teóricos: dialéctico-materialista, sistémico-estructural e histórico-lógico, que permitieron establecer las regularidades y contradicciones entre el objeto de estudio y el problema de investigación. Se entrevistaron los enfermeros y se sometió a la valoración de expertos la propuesta del protocolo de actuación diseñado.Se demostró la ausencia de protocolos específicos de actuación de Enfermería para la atención a pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular desde la atención primaria de salud hasta la atención secundaria, y la necesidad de estos para brindar cuidados de enfermería que amplíen la posibilidad de una mejor calidad de vida.Se diseñó un protocolo de actuación de Enfermería que permite el cumplimiento de los cuidados a pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular(AU)

Nursing protocols for care of major neurological and neurosurgical problems constitute a need in a medical care unit for making decisions according to best scientific evidence and available resources. On their performance, the nursing staff needs these protocols to provide ongoing care from primary health care to patient recovery.The objective was to design a nursing protocol for patients with cerebrovascular disease and, with its implementation, to satisfy the unification of criteria for excellence in providing these services.A literature review was made from theoretical methods: dialectical-materialist, systemic-structural and logical-historical, which permitted to establish regularities and contradictions between the object of study and the research problem. Nurses were interviewed and the proposed action protocol designed was subjected to evaluation by experts.Proved the nonexistence of specific nursing protocols for the care of patients with cerebrovascular disease from primary to secondary health care to care, and the need for these to provide nursing care widening the possibility of better life quality.A nursing protocol was designed permitting care for patients with cerebrovascular disease.

Efecto de una intervención de enfermería encaminada a prevenir las úlceras de presión en pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular en fase sub-aguda, fundamentada en el modelo de adaptación de Callista Roy / Effect of a nursing intervention aimed at preventing pressure ulcers in patients with cerebrovascular disease in the sub-acute phase, based on the adaptation model of Callista Roy

Introducción: Las úlceras por presión en las personas con enfermedad cerebro vascular, constituyen una complicación frecuente, con graves repercusiones en el proceso de recuperación y rehabilitación, además de afectación humana y económica. Objetivo: Explorar el efecto de una intervención de enfermería, enfocada en prevenir las úlceras de presión en personas con limitación funcional secundaria a una enfermedad cerebro-vascular, en la fase sub-aguda, teniendo como referente teórico el modelo de adaptación de Callista Roy. Método: Estudio prospectivo longitudinal de tipo pre experimental con grupo control. La muestra estuvo conformada por 40 participantes divididos en 2 grupos (n=20) con diagnóstico de enfermedad cerebro vascular en fase sub aguda captados en instituciones de salud de condiciones similares; al primer grupo se le aplicó la intervención CLAP y al segundo los cuidados rutinarios establecidos por enfermeros y médicos de los servicios (grupo control), durante diez días. El análisis de los datos se realizó a partir de las herramientas de la estadística descriptiva e inferencial. RESULTADOS: Los resultados del estudio muestran que 14 participantes del grupo experimental (70%), y 9 (45%) del grupo control no presentaron úlceras de presión. En cuanto a la categoría de la lesión, las personas del grupo experimental que recibieron la intervención CLAP, presentaron lesiones categoría I y II, mientras que en el grupo control se presentaron lesiones entre categoría I,II y III. Dado el tamaño de la muestra no se pudo establecer si los resultados de la intervención CLAP son estadísticamente significativos; sin embargo a nivel clínico se evidencia lo beneficioso de la intervención para el grupo intervenido. Conclusiones: Los resultados del estudio muestran que el grupo experimental tuvo mejores respuestas que el grupo control, en cuanto a frecuencia, gravedad y número de personas afectadas, con respecto al grupo control, por lo cual se recomienda replicar el estudio con un tamaño de muestra representativo. Asimismo este trabajo evidencia que, los modelos y teorías de enfermería constituyen una guía para la práctica de enfermería. La intervención CLAP constituyó un estímulo contextual, que redujo los efectos del estímulo focal, la enfermedad cerebro vascular para la prevención de úlceras por presión, en el grupo experimental. (AU)

Introduction: The pressure ulcers in people with stroke are a common complication, with serious consequences for the recovery and rehabilitation process. Objective: To explorer the effect of a nursing intervention, focused on the prevention of pressure ulcers in persons with functional limitation secondary to a stroke attack disease, in the sub-acute, taking as reference the Roy s theoretical model adaptation. Method: Longitudinal prospective study of type pre experimental with control group. The sample consisted of 40 participants divided into 2 groups (n = 20) with a diagnosis of stroke attack disease in the subacute phase captured in health institutions of similar conditions; the first group were applied intervention CLAP and the second the care routine established by nurses and doctors from the services (control group), for ten days. Data analysis was performed based on the tools of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. RESULTS: The results of the study show that 14 participants in the experimental group (70 %), and 9 (45 %) of the control group did not have pressure sores. In terms of the extent of the injury, the people of the experimental group who received the intervention CLAP, injuries were grade I and II, while in the control group showed a notice injuries between grades I, II AND III. Given the size of the sample could not be set if the results of the intervention CLAP are statistically significant. Conclusions: Although the results of the study show that the experimental group had better answers than the control group, in terms of frequency, severity and people affected in the intervention group compared with the control group, therefore it is recommended to replicate the study with a sample size representative. This work also evidence, models and nursing theories provide a guide for nursing practice. The CLAP intervention was a contextual stimulus, which reduced the effects of focal stimulation, cerebrovascular disease for prevention of pressure ulcers in the experimental group. (AU)

The effects of professional oral health care on patients in the subacute stage of emergent neurosurgical disorders.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of professional oral health care (POHC) on patients who were in the subacute stage of neurosurgical disorders. Forty subjects (26 male, 14 female) with acute cerebrovascular disorders or neurotrauma were randomly divided into two groups. The intervention group (n = 21) received POHC treatment by dental hygienists, and the control group (n = 19) did not. To evaluate the change in oral health status of the subjects, an oral examination was carried out at baseline and four weeks later. For the subjects in the intervention group, periodontal condition, oral hygiene status, and oral function improved statistically significantly. The detection rate for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was statistically significantly lower in the intervention group than in the control group. These results suggest that POHC performed by dental hygienists in collaboration with nurses plays an important role in the promotion not only of oral health but also of general health.

Internet based vascular risk factor management for patients with clinically manifest vascular disease: randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether an internet based, nurse led vascular risk factor management programme promoting self management on top of usual care is more effective than usual care alone in reducing vascular risk factors in patients with clinically manifest vascular disease. DESIGN: Prospective randomised controlled trial. SETTING: Multicentre trial in secondary and tertiary healthcare setting. PARTICIPANTS: 330 patients with a recent clinical manifestation of atherosclerosis in the coronary, cerebral, or peripheral arteries and with at least two treatable risk factors not at goal. INTERVENTION: Personalised website with an overview and actual status of patients' risk factors and mail communication via the website with a nurse practitioner for 12 months; the intervention combined self management support, monitoring of disease control, and drug treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary endpoint was the relative change in Framingham heart risk score after 1 year. Secondary endpoints were absolute changes in the levels of risk factors and the differences between groups in the change in proportion of patients reaching treatment goals for each risk factor. RESULTS: Participants' mean age was 59.9 (SD 8.4) years, and most patients (n=246; 75%) were male. After 1 year, the relative change in Framingham heart risk score of the intervention group compared with the usual care group was -14% (95% confidence interval -25% to -2%). At baseline, the Framingham heart risk score was higher in the intervention group than in the usual care group (16.1 (SD 10.6) v 14.0 (10.5)), so the outcome was adjusted for the separate variables of the Framingham heart risk score and for the baseline Framingham heart risk score. This produced a relative change of -12% (-22% to -3%) in Framingham heart risk score for the intervention group compared with the usual care group adjusted for the separate variables of the score and -8% (-18% to 2%) adjusted for the baseline score. Of the individual risk factors, a difference between groups was observed in low density lipoprotein cholesterol (-0.3, -0.5 to -0.1, mmol/L) and smoking (-7.7%, -14.9% to -0.4%). Some other risk factors tended to improve (body mass index, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, renal function) or tended to worsen (glucose concentration, albuminuria). CONCLUSION: An internet based, nurse led treatment programme on top of usual care for vascular risk factors had a small effect on lowering vascular risk and on lowering of some vascular risk factors in patients with vascular disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical trials NCT00785031.

Effectiveness of the "Elevated Position" Nursing Care Program in promoting the reconditioning of patients with acute cerebrovascular disease.

AIM: Over 34,000 Japanese patients suffer from a persistent disturbance of consciousness. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the "Elevated Position" Nursing Care Program (EPNCP) in promoting the reconditioning of patients with acute cerebrovascular disease (ACD). The primary assumption of this study was that they could experience the reconditioning process and would reach a reconditioned state through their involvement in the EPNCP, thus improving their level of consciousness and quality of life. METHOD: A historical controlled trial study, based on an intention-to-treat analysis of hospitalized patients with ACD who became participants the day after starting medical or surgical treatment, was used. Trained nurses implemented the EPNCP from May to September 2005 for an experimental group of 45 participants. The data on two independent control groups of 92 and 40 patients with ACD were gathered from historical medical records. The six measures were: Japan Coma Scale; Level of Cognitive Functioning Assessment Scale; number of days from the intervention to sitting in a wheelchair; number of participants who left the intensive care unit (ICU) by wheelchair; Barthel Index; and modified Rankin Scale. RESULTS: Significant differences were found regarding the number of participants who left the ICU by wheelchair, length of time from the EPNCP's commencement to the wheelchair-sitting position, and the Barthel Index 1 week after leaving the ICU. CONCLUSION: The EPNCP was safe for the reconditioning of patients with ACD and somewhat effective in improving their physical function. A comprehensive nursing care program now exists for elevating patients with cerebrovascular disease during the early phase following the onset of symptoms or immediately after surgery. Further research should be conducted, extending the duration of the intervention program and the length of the measurement period, followed by a careful analysis of the results.

Causes of decreased activity of daily life in elderly patients who need daily living care.

AIM: The causes of decreased activity of daily life (ADL) in elderly patients include cerebrovascular diseases, bone fracture by falls, and dementia. The present study was conducted among elderly patients with decreased ADL who were hospitalized in nursing wards in order to investigate the causes of becoming early bedridden and to determine precautionary measures against decreased ADL. METHODS: The study subjects were 224 elderly patients with decreased ADL (mean age: 83.3 ± 8.0 years) and 49 outpatients without decreased ADL (mean age: 76.8 ± 5.3 years). Current age, age at the start of ADL decrease, medical history and history of smoking were investigated. RESULTS: In the groups with decreased ADL, current age and the age of becoming bedridden in non-diabetic versus diabetic groups were 84.7 ± 7.9 versus 80.3 ± 7.5 and 82.7 ± 8.3 versus 77.6 ± 8.0 years, respectively, both showing significantly lower values in the diabetic group (P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis revealed that sex difference and diabetes were the factors determining the age of becoming early bedridden. Diabetic patients with smoking habit were significantly younger than diabetic and non-diabetic patients without smoking habit. CONCLUSION: Sex difference, smoking habit and presence of diabetes mellitus are independent risk factors of becoming early bedridden. Therefore, the major targets of medical care among elderly should be diabetic men with a smoking habit to lower the risks of decreased ADL.

Palliative care needs of patients with neurologic or neurosurgical conditions.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Many patients with non-cancer diagnoses utilize palliative services. There is little data on the palliative care needs of patients with neurologic and neurosurgical disorders. METHODS: Retrospective chart review. Log sheets which contain all patients seen between January 2004 and 2007 by palliative medicine (PM) were reviewed. Patients with neurologic or neurosurgical disorders were identified and their in-patient charts and electronic records reviewed. Patients with cancer were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 1429 cancer patients were seen by PM. Neurologic or neurosurgical diseases were the second most common in patients seen by the PM service, in 177 cases. Forty-seven patients were excluded. Complete data was collected on 129 patients. Mean age was 70. Seventy-one (55%) were female. The most common neurologic diagnosis was ischemic stroke in 33 (26%). Seventy-five (58%) had symptoms recorded. Reasons for PM consultation included 'comfort measures' in 40 (39%) and 'hospice candidacy' in 38 (37%). The most common recommendation made by the PM service was morphine in 44 (42%). Sixty-three (49%) were deemed hospice appropriate. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the need for PM services for patients with various neurologic and neurosurgical disorders. Understanding these needs will allow for the tailoring of palliative care services to such patients.

Barriers and supports for development of a clinician scientist role in cerebrovascular nursing: a position paper.

This position paper will: 1. Provide an update on relevant current developments in the education, training and positioning of clinician nurse scientists; 2. Provide and promote a rational argument for the development of the clinician nurse scientist role; and 3. Discuss issues related to capacity building in clinical research in neuroscience nursing, with specific reference to and support for the cerebrovascular (stroke) specialty nursing area.

User's demands to an emergency service and their welcoming in the health system.

This study aims to identify and analyze users' demands to emergency services, as well as to examine the work organization to welcome them in the health system. We carried out a case study with a qualitative approach. Data were collected through free observation by time sampling. Observation focused on the organization of the work process and on the care given to users who received some kind of care at the emergency service, highlighting their demands and their acceptance in the system. Users who demanded health services displayed different needs, ranging from the simple to the more complexes level. The work process was organized to meet some of these needs, aiming, within certain limits, to treat the main complaint and follow the health system hierarchy. Healthcare users were responsible for obtaining integral care. They journeyed alone, at their own risk, through different services, with no guidance or help from the healthcare system, as would be expected.

Expanding the role of the stroke nurse: a pragmatic clinical trial.

AIMS: This paper reports a study evaluating whether expanding a specialist nursing role to provide outreach education and support to stroke patients and carers after discharge from hospital is effective in promoting recovery. BACKGROUND: Building therapeutic relationships with patients and carers is a key component of the nursing role in stroke rehabilitation, although this is limited by the constraints of service organization. METHODS: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial was undertaken. Patients with a diagnosis of stroke were randomized to receive continued support from a stroke nurse (n = 87) or usual care and follow-up (n = 89) after discharge from hospital. Patients were recruited from two hospitals in the north-west of England from November 1999 to April 2001. Patient dependence (Barthel Index), general health (Nottingham Health Profile), activities of living (Frenchay Activity of Living Index), depression (Beck Depression Inventory) and carer strain (Carer Strain Index) were assessed at 3 and 12 months after stroke. RESULTS: The continued intervention of a stroke nurse after discharge was associated with improved patient perceptions of general health at 12 months (median difference 42.6, P = 0.012), and in particular reduced negative emotional reaction (P = 0.037) and perceived social isolation (P = 0.002). In addition, the intervention reduced carer strain at 3 months (P = 0.045), and reduced deterioration in physical dependence from 3 to 12 months (P = 0.049). CONCLUSION: The provision of continued intervention from a stroke nurse after discharge from hospital, focusing on education and support, has tangible benefits for patients and carers.

Postdischarge nursing interventions for stroke survivors and their families.

BACKGROUND: The physical, cognitive, and emotional sequelae of stroke underscore the need for nursing interventions across the continuum of care. Although there are several published studies evaluating community interventions for stroke survivors, the nursing role has not been clearly articulated. AIM: The aim of this paper is to report a study to describe, using a standardized classification system, the nursing interventions used with stroke survivors during the initial 6 weeks following discharge home. METHODS: In the context of a randomized controlled trial, two nurse case managers provided care to 90 community-dwelling stroke survivors who were assigned to the intervention arm of the trial. The nursing documentation was analysed, using the Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) system, to identify and quantify the interventions that were provided. FINDINGS: Stroke survivors received, on average, six different interventions. There was a trend for those who were older, more impaired, and who lived alone to receive more interventions. The most commonly reported interventions included those directed towards ensuring continuity of care between acute and community care, family care, and modifying stroke risk factors. The study was limited to the nursing documentation, which may represent an underestimation of the care delivered. CONCLUSIONS: The NIC system was useful in capturing the interventions delivered by the nurse case managers. Nursing interventions are often not clearly articulated and less often use standardized terminology. Describing nursing activities in a standard manner will contribute to an increase in nursing knowledge and to evidence-based practice.