Dysphagia screening among stroke patients in a tertiary hospital: a best practice implementation project.

OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to promote nurses' compliance with best practices for dysphagia screening in patients with stroke. INTRODUCTION: Dysphagia can significantly increase the risk of complications, especially aspiration pneumonia, leading to increased risk of disability, death, and high medical expenses. Dysphagia screening can reduce aspiration risk and is recommended as a crucial step in dysphagia management; however, not all patients with stroke undergo dysphagia screening in the neurology ward. METHODS: The JBI Evidence Implementation Framework was used in this study. A baseline audit was conducted by interviewing 22 nurses and reviewing 48 medical records to evaluate current practice against best practice recommendations. The JBI Getting Research into Practice (GRiP) tool was used to identify barriers and strategies for practice change. A follow-up audit of 19 nurses and 48 medical records was conducted after implementation of improvement strategies. RESULTS: The follow-up audit results showed improvement in three criteria compared with the baseline audit: for Criterion 1, compliance increased by 27.3%, rising from 72.7% to 100%; for Criteria 3 and 4, compliance increased by 77.1%, rising from 20.8% to 97.9%. The difference in nurses' knowledge, attitude, and behavior scores for dysphagia screening between the baseline and follow-up audits was statistically significant (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The project showed improvements in evidence-based practice in the dysphagia screening of stroke patients in a neurology ward. However, more work needs to be done to ensure the sustainability of best practices, such as regular training for nurses, supervision from managers, and regular audits of dysphagia screening.

Associação entre a Enfermagem e a Fonoaudiologia na identificação de risco para disfagia: estudo transversal analítico / Asociación entre Enfermería y Fonoaudiología en la identificación de riesgo de disfagia: estudio transversal analítico / Association between Nursing and Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences in identifying risk for dysphagia: analytical cross-sectional study

Resumo Objetivo investigar e demonstrar a associação entre a avaliação de autopercepção da deglutição realizada pelo enfermeiro e a classificação de risco de disfagia realizada pelo fonoaudiólogo em idosos hospitalizados. Método estudo transversal analítico realizado com a aplicação dos instrumentos Eating Assessment Tool e do Protocolo Fonoaudiológico de Avaliação de Risco para Disfagia em 52 idosos em clínica médica, além da coleta de dados sociodemográficos e de condições de saúde. Para a análise estatística foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher e a regressão logística para a razão de chances. Resultados houve a associação (p=0,01) entre a avaliação do enfermeiro e a do fonoaudiólogo, com razão de chances de um idoso hospitalizado exposto ao risco de disfagia pelo Eating Assessment Tool apresentar a alteração no Protocolo Fonoaudiológico de Avaliação do Risco para Disfagia (OR 3,89 IC 95%: 1,10-13,68). Conclusão e implicações para a prática os achados apontam que há uma associação entre a avaliação do enfermeiro e a do fonoaudiólogo nas alterações da deglutição e que a Enfermagem poderá atuar na identificação de riscos, prevenção e reabilitação em disfagia.

Resumen Objetivo investigar y demostrar la asociación entre la evaluación de la autopercepción de la deglución realizada por enfermeros y la clasificación del riesgo de disfagia realizada por el audiólogo en ancianos hospitalizados. Método estudio analítico transversal realizado con la aplicación de los Eating Assessment Tool y del Protocolo de Evaluación del Riesgo de Disfagia por Logopedas en 52 pacientes ancianos de una clínica médica, además de la recogida de datos sociodemográficos y condiciones de salud. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la prueba exacta de Fisher y la regresión logística para el odds ratio. Resultados hubo asociación (p=0,01) entre la evaluación del enfermero y del logopeda, con odds ratio de un anciano hospitalizado expuesto al riesgo de disfagia por la Eating Assessment Tool presentar una alteración en el Protocolo Logopédico de Evaluación del Riesgo de Disfagia (OR 3,89 IC 95%: 1,10-13,68). Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica los hallazgos indican que existe una asociación entre la valoración de enfermería y logopedia en los trastornos de la deglución y que la Enfermería puede actuar en la identificación de riesgos, prevención y rehabilitación en la disfagia.

Abstract Objective to investigate and demonstrate the association between the self-perceived swallowing assessment carried out by nurses and the dysphagia risk classification carried out by speech therapists in hospitalized elderly patients. Method an analytical cross-sectional study using the Eating Assessment Tool and the Speech and Hearing Therapy Protocol for Dysphagia Risk Assessment in 52 elderly patients in a medical clinic, as well as collecting sociodemographic data and health conditions. Fisher's exact test and logistic regression for odds ratios were used for statistical analysis. Results there was an association (p=0.01) between the nurse's assessment and that of the speech therapist, with an odds ratio of a hospitalized elderly person exposed to the risk of dysphagia by the Eating Assessment Tool presenting a change in the Speech Therapy Protocol for Dysphagia Risk Assessment (OR 3.89 95% CI: 1.10-13.68). Conclusion and implications for practice the findings indicate that there is an association between the nurse's assessment and that of the speech therapist in swallowing disorders and that Nursing can act to identify risks, prevent and rehabilitate dysphagia.

Developing and Testing the Diagnostic Accuracy of a Brief Nursing Dysphagia Screen.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to develop and test the Groppo-Lawless nurse-initiated screen designed to identify patients diagnosed with pneumonia who are at risk for dysphagia. DESIGN: This is a two-phase methodological study. METHODS: Phase 1 involved three steps. First, risk factors (n = 27) for dysphagia were identified from the literature. Next, frequency of these risk factors was calculated from a chart review of patients diagnosed with pneumonia (N = 301). Finally, frequency of risk factors among those patients who failed the 3-oz water trial (n = 56) were calculated, and a five-item instrument, the Groppo-Lawless Dysphagia Screen, was constructed. In Phase 2, nurses' results using the screen were compared to blinded results of speech-language pathologists. FINDINGS: Sensitivity (81.1%), specificity (96.4%), and diagnostic odds ratio (22.43) were calculated. CONCLUSIONS/CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Given the strong psychometric properties of this screen, its use by nurses may increase the number of appropriate speech-language pathologist referrals among patients diagnosed with pneumonia.

Perceived barriers to compliance with speech-language therapist dysphagia recommendations of South African nurses.

BACKGROUND: Literature has shown that there is limited compliance amongst nurses with the dysphagia recommendations made by speech-language therapists (SLTs). Poor compliance could have a significant impact on the health outcomes of patients with dysphagia. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the specific barriers to compliance with dysphagia recommendations experienced by South African nurses, with the goal of identifying viable strategies to overcome these barriers. METHOD: This cross-sectional study made use of a self-administered questionnaire to obtain quantitative data on nurses' perceptions of barriers to the implementation of SLT dysphagia recommendations. Eighty-one nurses were recruited from two tertiary hospitals in two South African provinces. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the reported barriers to compliance. RESULTS: Three main barriers to compliance were identified, namely a lack of knowledge regarding dysphagia, patient-related barriers and workplace concerns. Knowledge barriers included poor familiarity with the role of the SLT in dysphagia management, lack of knowledge regarding SLT terminology, disagreement with dysphagia recommendations and insufficient dysphagia training. Workplace concerns included staff shortages, heavy workloads and time constraints. Poor patient cooperation was emphasised as a patient-related barrier. CONCLUSION: For dysphagia recommendations to be followed by nurses, SLTs need to be aware of the barriers experienced by nurses within the relevant facility. Speech-language therapists need to consider the provision of appropriate in-service dysphagia training and include nurses in the decision-making process when recommendations are made. Speech-language therapists need to consider their role in both clear communication with the nurses and the development of supporting material, such as glossaries and visual aids.

Nurses' knowledge of stroke-related oropharyngeal dysphagia in the Eastern Cape, South Africa.

BACKGROUND: Early identification of stroke-related oropharyngeal dysphagia (OPD) using screening by nurses can prevent adverse patient outcomes in lower middle-income countries. Nurses are essential in the OPD management team and should ideally be able to screen and prioritise dysphagia management in stroke patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research was to describe nurses' practices related to identification and management of patients with stroke-related OPD. METHODS: Qualified nurses from various healthcare levels in the Eastern Cape, South Africa were invited to complete a previously published hard copy survey on the signs and symptoms, complications and management of stroke-related OPD. A sample of 130 participants completed the survey. RESULTS: The mean scores of correct responses for each section were: 8.7/13 (66.7%) for signs and symptoms, 4.7/10 (47.3%) for complications and 3.8/7 (54.2%) for management practices. Statistically, there were no differences between the levels of healthcare for the signs and symptoms section and the complications section. Regarding management of OPD, secondary-level (S) nurses demonstrated significantly better knowledge than primary-level (P) and tertiary-level (T) nurses (S-P: p = 0.022; S-T: p = 0.010). Secondary-level nurses also scored significantly higher across all three sections (S-P: p = 0.044; S-T: p = 0.025) than those at the other levels. CONCLUSIONS: The study found that nurses across all levels of healthcare had only moderate knowledge regarding identification and management of stroke-related OPD. Interdisciplinary collaboration between nurses and speech-language therapists may improve nurses' knowledge in identification and management of stroke-related OPD in lower middle-income settings such as South Africa.

[Confronting Presbyphagia and Oropharyngeal Dysphagia].

The ability to swallow efficiently and safely is essential to maintaining nutrition, hydration, health status, and quality of life. The process of swallowing requires coordination among a complex series of psychological, sensory, and motor behaviors that are both voluntary and involuntary (Balou, Herzberg, Kamelhar, & Molfenter, 2019). Presbyphagia refers to the changes associated with natural, healthy aging in the head and neck anatomy and in the physiologic and neural mechanisms that underpin the function of swallowing (Cichero, 2018). This progression of change contributes, in part, to a natural decline in the ability of the body to adapt to physiological stress. Chewing impairment and dysphagia are syndromes that are most-often associated with old age. The World Health Organization included oropharyngeal dysphagia in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) under subordinate codes 787.2 ICD9 and R13.10 ICD10 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). The reported prevalence of oropharyngeal dysphagia among older adults has varied widely among studies, subjects, and locations (Ortega, Cabré, & Clavé, 2014). For example, the reported prevalence of chewing and swallowing disorders among community-healthy elders ranges between 11%~60% (Di Pede, Mantovani, Del Felice, & Masiero, 2016). Oropharyngeal dysphagia is an important factor that causes malnutrition and aspiration pneumonia in the elderly (Imaizumi et al., 2020). In view of the increasing prevalence of chewing and swallowing difficulties, PEACE has been adopted as the theoretical framework for this column "Perspectives on Chewing and Swallowing Care". The ultimate goal is to enable people to live long and enjoy a satisfactory quality of life (Enjoyment). To achieve this goal, people must have the ability to preserve in good condition the muscle groups and mechanisms related to swallowing (Preservation). However, preservation depends on three strategies: (1) Enhancing the knowledge and care skills related to chewing and swallowing difficulties, such as addressed in the four articles in this column: "Chewing screen and interventions for the elders", "The triangular relationship among swallowing disorder, aspiration pneumonia, and poor oral hygiene", "International classification systems of texture-modified foods", and "Innovative development of texture-softened foods for older adults living in residential care". (2) Holding a positive attitude (Attitude), especially regarding the potential for thoroughly implementing oral hygiene to break the vicious cycle of dysphagia-related aspiration pneumonia. Trust that people have the ability to maintain the strength of chewing and swallowing muscle groups and to resolve the comorbidities associated with sarcopenia and presbyphagia. (3) Practicing consistency in knowledge and action. Chewing and swallowing-related knowledge and care skills and positive attitudes may still be insufficient if knowledge and action are not united. When knowledge and action are united, the body may maintain to a good state of function and patients may enjoy peace through their life journey.

[Chewing Screen and Interventions for Older Adults].

Seeing older adults with nasogastric (NG) tubes in nursing homes is an unfortunately widespread phenomenon in Taiwan. NG tubes deprive the wearer of the tastes, smells, and joys of food and have been associated with malnutrition and increased susceptibility to aspiration pneumonia. In our studies, we found that 43% of nursing home residents in Taiwan are intubated with an NG tube and revealed a significant lower body mass index and hypoalbuminemia in these residents. In addition, the prevalence of dysphagia in residents of long-term care institutions was found to be greater than 60%. Older adults with dysphagia usually rely on liquid diets, which are frequently low in fiber, fruit, vegetable, and cereal contents. It is well known that diets low in fiber and vegetables increase the risks of constipation and cardiovascular events in older adults. A low intake of plant flavanols may also make older adults more susceptible to chronic inflammation. A high intake of red meats, eggs, or seafood may nurture gut microorganisms that catabolize carnitine and choline to trimethylamine-N oxide and which have been significantly linked to cardiovascular diseases and increased mortality. In contrast, eating plant vegetables and cereals is known to nurture better microbiota that produce short chain fatty acids, which, in turn, nurture enterocytes and improve immunity and brain health. Thus, the aims of this article are to demonstrate how to assess elders with chewing difficulty and dysphagia and to provide functional food scales for the classification, training, and care of active-aging nutrition. Through this article, we anticipate helping long-term care caregivers master key techniques for training and caring for elders with chewing difficulties and/or dysphagia. This article is also expected to 1) improve the nutrition of elders and satisfaction with feeding, 2) improve chewing and dysphagia care and training in long-term care institutions, and 3) avoid NG tube institution and aspiration pneumonia. The suggestions of this article may be used in the future to assist long-term care units across the interdisciplinary care providers teams to promote chewing instruction, swallowing care training, and active aging, appropriate nutrition, and health in older adult populations.

[The Triangular Relationship Among Swallowing Disorders, Aspiration Pneumonia, and Poor Oral Hygiene].

Persons with dysphagia have difficulties chewing and swallowing food because of functional, structural, or psychological reasons. Dysphagia may cause choking or the inhalation of food into the trachea and lungs. Patients with dysphagia often induce the coughing reflex when drinking water and brushing teeth and tend to suffer from gum bleeding. As a result, their caregivers tend to reduce the frequency of or discontinue teeth brushing, which promotes the spread of periodontal disease, dental caries, and oropharyngeal secretions colonizing in the oral cavity or throat. When a patient suffers a choking attack or aspiration, bacteria is inhaled into the trachea and lungs, causing aspiration pneumonia. Furthermore, patients with choking issues are often be fitted with nasogastric tubes to facilitate the delivery of nutrients and water. Long-term use of nasogastric tubes also significantly increases the risk of aspiration pneumonia. Adjusting eating posture, improving food texture, conducting swallowing rehabilitation, providing training, and practicing proper oral care are an effective approach to preventing the onset of chewing and swallowing disorders and aspiration pneumonia.

Society of swallowing and dysphagia of Japan: Position statement on dysphagia management during the COVID-19 outbreak.

On April 14, the Society of Swallowing and Dysphagia of Japan (SSDJ) proposed its position statement on dysphagia treatment considering the ongoing spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The main routes of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 are physical contact with infected persons and exposure to respiratory droplets. In cases of infection, the nasal cavity and nasopharynx have the highest viral load in the body. Swallowing occurs in the oral cavity and pharynx, which correspond to the sites of viral proliferation. In addition, the possibility of infection by aerosol transmission is also concerning. Dysphagia treatment includes a broad range of clinical assessments and examinations, dysphagia rehabilitation, oral care, nursing care, and surgical treatments. Any of these can lead to the production of droplets and aerosols, as well as contact with viral particles. In terms of proper infection control measures, all healthcare professionals involved in dysphagia treatment must be fully briefed and must appropriately implement all measures. In addition, most patients with dysphagia should be considered to be at a higher risk for severe illness from COVID-19 because they are elderly and have complications including heart diseases, diabetes, respiratory diseases, and cerebrovascular diseases. This statement establishes three regional categories according to the status of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Accordingly, the SSDJ proposes specific infection countermeasures that should be implemented considering 1) the current status of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the region, 2) the patient status of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and 3) whether the examinations or procedures conducted correspond to aerosol-generating procedures, depending on the status of dysphagia treatment. This statement is arranged into separate sections providing information and advice in consideration of the COVID-19 outbreak, including "terminology", "clinical swallowing assessment and examination", "swallowing therapy", "oral care", "surgical procedure for dysphagia", "tracheotomy care", and "nursing care". In areas where SARS-CoV-2 infection is widespread, sufficient personal protective equipment should be used when performing aerosol generation procedures. The current set of statements on dysphagia management in the COVID-19 outbreak is not an evidence-based clinical practice guideline, but a guide for all healthcare workers involved in the treatment of dysphagia during the COVID-19 epidemic to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Protocol of nursing care in hospitalized dysphagic patients. / Protocolo de cuidado de enfermagem no paciente disfágico hospitalizado.

PURPOSE: To investigate nursing care for patients hospitalized with oropharyngeal dysphagia. METHOD: This is a descriptive study of a qualitative approach, developed during the year 2017, in a Public hospital in Rio de Janeiro that offers a nursing residency program. The sample consisted of 17 nursing residents who work in the care of dysphagic patients. Data collection was realized by applying the problem-based learning methodology and data were analyzed according to the content analysis technique. RESULTS: The data analysis allowed for the identification of the main aspects of nursing care in the patient hospitalized with oropharyngeal dysphagia and the elaboration of a nursing care protocol for the patient, based on a discussion of thematic categories. CONCLUSION: This study allowed for the identification of the relevant nursing care for the patient hospitalized with oropharyngeal dysphagia, which could provide assistance for nurses, thereby improving the quality of care and safety of the service provided for hospitalized patients.

OBJETIVOS: investigar os cuidados de enfermagem para o paciente hospitalizado com disfagia orofaríngea. MÉTODO: trata-se de estudo descritivo de abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido durante o ano de 2017, em um Hospital da rede pública do Rio de Janeiro que oferece programa de residência em enfermagem. A amostra foi constituída por 17 residentes de enfermagem que atuam na assistência a pacientes disfágicos. A coleta de dados foi embasada nas etapas da metodologia da aprendizagem baseada em problemas e foram analisados segundo a técnica de análise de conteúdo. RESULTADOS: a análise dos dados permitiu identificar os principais cuidados de enfermagem no paciente hospitalizado com disfagia orofaríngea e a elaboração de um protocolo de cuidados de enfermagem no paciente hospitalizado disfágico a partir da discussão das categorias temáticas. CONCLUSÃO: este estudo promoveu a identificação dos principais cuidados de enfermagem no paciente hospitalizado com disfagia orofaríngea, podendo, dessa forma, fornecer subsídios para a atuação de enfermeiros, melhorando assim a qualidade da assistência e segurança do serviço prestado aos pacientes hospitalizados.

Accuracy and clinical utility of comprehensive dysphagia screening assessments in acute stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Nurses and other nonspecialists in dysphagia are often trained to screen swallowing poststroke. There are many basic tools that test water only, they are usually conservative, and patients that fail the test remain nil by mouth until a speech and language therapy assessment. More comprehensive tests also allow nonspecialists to recommend modified oral intake. Little is known about the accuracy, clinical utility and cost-effectiveness of these tests. METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was conducted to describe comprehensive swallowing tests that are available for use in acute stroke by nurses or other nonspecialists in dysphagia. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate accuracy and the clinical utility of the tests was considered. Searches and analyses, conducted by two reviewers, included MEDLINE, Embase, trial registries and grey literature up to December 2018. Validated studies were assessed for quality and risk of bias using QUADAS-2. RESULTS: Twenty studies were included, describing five different tests, three of which had undergone validation. The tests varied in content, recommendations and use. There was no test superior in accuracy and clinical utility. Three studies validating the Gugging Swallow Screen provided sufficient data for meta-analysis, demonstrating high sensitivity; 96% (95% CI 0.90-0.99), but low specificity, 65% (95% CI 0.47-0.79), in line with many water swallow tests. Results should be interpreted with caution as study quality and applicability to the acute stroke population was poor. CONCLUSIONS: There is no comprehensive nurse dysphagia assessment tool that has robustly demonstrated good accuracy, clinical utility and cost-effectiveness in acute stroke. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Nurses and other clinicians can develop competencies in screening swallowing and assessing for safe oral intake in those with poststroke dysphagia. It is important to use a validated assessment tool that demonstrates good accuracy, clinical utility and cost-effectiveness.

Nursing Students' Knowledge of the Nurse's Role in the Management of Dysphagia.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate nursing students' knowledge of the nurse's role in the interprofessional management of dysphagia. DESIGN: A quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest educational intervention was used in this study. METHODS: Thirty-eight pretest and 37 posttest undergraduate nursing students participated. An addendum to the original study assessed knowledge retention in a separate group of nursing students who had received a similar educational intervention 1.5 years prior. FINDINGS: Statistically significant changes were found between pretests and posttests. The knowledge retention group performed more poorly in some areas, suggesting that initial instruction was not reinforced beyond the novice level. CONCLUSIONS: Educating nursing students about the nurse's role in the management of dysphagia will increase their knowledge, but this knowledge must be reinforced for integration into clinical practice. More research is needed to determine what education nursing students receive on dysphagia and what the role of the nurse is in the management of dysphagia. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Dysphagia negatively impacts clinical and rehabilitation outcomes. Because nurses may lack sufficient training in the management of dysphagia, healthcare organizations should offer such training to new hires and then periodically thereafter. Likewise, practicing nurses who serve as preceptors should be prepared to train nursing students and new nurses how to safely manage dysphagia.

Protocolo de cuidado de enfermagem no paciente disfágico hospitalizado / Protocol of nursing care in hospitalized dysphagic patients

RESUMO Objetivos: investigar os cuidados de enfermagem para o paciente hospitalizado com disfagia orofaríngea. Método: trata-se de estudo descritivo de abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido durante o ano de 2017, em um Hospital da rede pública do Rio de Janeiro que oferece programa de residência em enfermagem. A amostra foi constituída por 17 residentes de enfermagem que atuam na assistência a pacientes disfágicos. A coleta de dados foi embasada nas etapas da metodologia da aprendizagem baseada em problemas e foram analisados segundo a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: a análise dos dados permitiu identificar os principais cuidados de enfermagem no paciente hospitalizado com disfagia orofaríngea e a elaboração de um protocolo de cuidados de enfermagem no paciente hospitalizado disfágico a partir da discussão das categorias temáticas. Conclusão: este estudo promoveu a identificação dos principais cuidados de enfermagem no paciente hospitalizado com disfagia orofaríngea, podendo, dessa forma, fornecer subsídios para a atuação de enfermeiros, melhorando assim a qualidade da assistência e segurança do serviço prestado aos pacientes hospitalizados.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate nursing care for patients hospitalized with oropharyngeal dysphagia. Method: This is a descriptive study of a qualitative approach, developed during the year 2017, in a Public hospital in Rio de Janeiro that offers a nursing residency program. The sample consisted of 17 nursing residents who work in the care of dysphagic patients. Data collection was realized by applying the problem-based learning methodology and data were analyzed according to the content analysis technique. Results: The data analysis allowed for the identification of the main aspects of nursing care in the patient hospitalized with oropharyngeal dysphagia and the elaboration of a nursing care protocol for the patient, based on a discussion of thematic categories. Conclusion: This study allowed for the identification of the relevant nursing care for the patient hospitalized with oropharyngeal dysphagia, which could provide assistance for nurses, thereby improving the quality of care and safety of the service provided for hospitalized patients.

Alimentação e Comunicação: Vídeo para Orientação de Cuidadores de Idosos / Food and Communication: Video for Guiding Elderly Caregivers

Objetivo: Analisar o conhecimento dos cuidadores formais com relação aos aspectos da alimentação e da comunicação com a pessoa idosa e elaborar um vídeo com orientações para o cuida-dor formal. Metodologia: Pesquisa realizada em instituições de longa permanência para idosos no Município de João Pessoa, Paraíba. Tornaram-se participantes 34 cuidadores de idosos. O instrumento utilizado para coleta de dados foi um questionário construído a partir das explanações da literatura sobre disfagia, linguagem e cognição. Na análise dos dados foi utilizada a es-tatística descritiva por meio da frequência absoluta, percentual e do teste de proporções. Foi elaborado o script do vídeo e as cenas avaliadas por 6 juízes. Todos concordaram com as cenas de forma unânime, sendo então o vídeo considerado confiável. Os juízes realizaram sugestões nas cenas e as mesmas foram analisadas por meio da estatística descritiva. Em seguida, foi realizada a edição do vídeo. Resultados:Os cuidadores não têm conhecimento das dificuldades de fala, audição, cognição do idoso e das estratégias que facilitam essas funções. Tam-bém, não mostram conhecer as dificuldades de alimentação dos idosos, embora realizem estratégias facilitadoras. Como produto final foi elaborado um vídeo de orientação ao profissio-nal cuidador. Conclusão: Ressalta-se a importância do vídeo para orientações com relação a alimentação e a comunicação, propiciando melhora na qualidade de vida da pessoa idosa institucionalizada. (AU)

Objective: To analyze the knowledge of formal caregivers regarding aspects of eating and communication of the elderly and to elaborate a video with guidelines for the formal caregiver. Methodology: Methodological research conducted in long-term care facilities for the elderly in the city of João Pessoa, Paraiba. 34 elderly caregivers became participants. The instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire built from the literature explanations on dysphagia, language and cognition. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics through the absolute frequency, percentage and the proportions test. The script of the video was elaborated and the scenes evaluated by 6 judges. Everyone agreed with the scenes unanimously, so the video was considered reliable. The judges made sugges-tions in the scenes and they were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Then, the video was edited. Results: Caregivers are unaware of the difficulties in speech, hearing, and cognition of the elderly and the strategies that facilitate these functions. They also do not show knowledge of the feeding difficulties of the elderly although they perform facilitating strategies. As a final product, a guidance video was prepared for the professional caregiver. Conclusion: We emphasize the importance of the video for guidance regarding food and communication, providing improvement in the quality of life of the institutionalized elderly, (AU)

A systematic review of noninvasive and invasive sialorrhoea management.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To review published literature pertaining to the management of sialorrhoea while also highlighting the significance of the multidisciplinary approach. BACKGROUND: Sialorrhoea is a common and troublesome problem among certain neurological patients. It is distressing for patients and caregivers, and can be challenging for healthcare professionals. Various sialorrhoea management approaches have been documented. However, there is no clear consensus on best management practices. Therefore, it is necessary to systematically review and synthesise various approaches so as to provide an understanding of the efficacy of management approaches. DESIGN: Systematic literature review using PRISMA checklist (see Appendix S1). METHOD: Five databases (ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and PubMed) were searched (years 2001-2018) following inclusion criteria. Out of 1,294 identified records, 29 studies met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Various management approaches identified, ranging from noninvasive, such as speech therapy aiming to enhance swallowing behaviour, to invasive treatment including anticholinergic medication, botulinum toxin injection and surgical techniques. However, in the majority of cases, there is no scientific evidence-based management protocol leading to favourable results, and the evidence base for intervention effectiveness remains weak. CONCLUSIONS: The multifactor nature of sialorrhoea and its associated complications presents challenges for the medical care team. None of the management strategies stand alone as the best modality; therefore, it is proposed that management strategies follow a multidisciplinary approach to meet the diverse needs of patients. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: A comprehensive understanding of different sialorrhoea management approaches will enable healthcare professionals to identify the signs and symptoms regarding sialorrhoea, and to assist in effective management implementation. This will help to improve the management of sialorrhoea, hence, to improve quality of life of patients and provide formative scope to the development of an integrated care pathway.

Management of swallowing problems in community settings.

There is an increase in the demand for community services to provide care closer to home, and care teams are placing a growing emphasis on admission avoidance and early discharge. Community and district nurses are key professionals in this care delivery and are required to be alert to the risk factors for clinical deterioration, such as dysphagia (swallowing problems). Especially in older adults and those with frailty, dysphagia can cause a wide range of problems, from dehydration and malnutrition to respiratory tract infections that warrant antibiotic use and even hospitalisation. This article describes how dysphagia can be identified and managed in the community setting and explains the benefits and impact of speech and language therapy and wider multidisciplinary team intervention.

[Nurse-performed screening to identify dysphagia for neurological patients]. / Pflegerische Screeninginstrumente zur Identifikation einer Dysphagie bei neurologischen Patientinnen und Patienten - Eine Literaturübersicht.

Nurse-performed screening to identify dysphagia for neurological patients Abstract. Background: Dysphagia is often underestimated, although it can have serious consequences if it is not treated. In the literature a multidisciplinary approach is often recommended in the diagnosis of dysphagia, with care playing an increasingly major role. A quick and easy assessment of the risk of dysphagia is absolutely essential. Aim: Identification of screening tools for the detection of neurogenic dysphagia by nurses and to describe the psychometric characteristics. Method: A literature review was carried out in 2017 between June and the end of July, resulting in 14 included studies. Results: A total of seven screening tools were identified. Due to its good practicability and psychometric properties, the RBWH DST appears to be particularly suitable for the use of screening in the nursing context, especially when the studies are given differentiated consideration. Conclusion: The relevant validation of already existing tools, aimed at creating a standard for the early detection of dysphagia, is not yet available. When this is concluded, the nursing staff need to be trained in the correct use of the tools.