RESUMEN
AIM: Congenital Zika Virus Syndrome (CZS) presents notable hurdles to neurodevelopment, with language development emerging as a crucial aspect. This study investigates sleep patterns and language skills in children with CZS, aiming to explore the potential synchronization of sleep development with their neurodevelopment. METHOD: We studied cross-sectionally 135 children with CZS aged 0 to 48 months, investigating sleep using the BISQ Questionnaire. Language development was assessed using the Early Language Milestone Scale, while motor development and cognitive and social ability were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Young Child Development 3rd edition. We also studied longitudinally a cohort of 16 children (initially aged 0 to 12 months) whom we followed for four years, assessing at one-year intervals. RESULTS: Sleep disturbances and language deficits were highly frequent in this population. In the 0-12 months group, a late bedtime and frequent nighttime awakenings were associated with poorer auditory expressive skills. At 13-24 months, nighttime awakenings were associated with poorer auditory expressive skills, while among 25-36-month-olds decreased auditory receptive skills were associated with longer sleep onset latency and reduced nighttime sleep duration. CONCLUSION: The brain alterations caused by Zika virus infection affect both sleep disturbances and delays in language development. It is possible that sleep disturbance may be a mediating factor in the pathway between CZS and delayed language development, as the three analyzed language skills showed a correlation with sleep parameters.
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Desarrollo del Lenguaje , Sueño , Infección por el Virus Zika , Humanos , Infección por el Virus Zika/complicaciones , Infección por el Virus Zika/fisiopatología , Infección por el Virus Zika/virología , Infección por el Virus Zika/congénito , Lactante , Femenino , Masculino , Preescolar , Sueño/fisiología , Recién Nacido , Estudios Transversales , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/fisiopatología , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/virología , Virus Zika/fisiología , Estudios Longitudinales , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Trastornos del Desarrollo del Lenguaje/fisiopatología , Trastornos del Desarrollo del Lenguaje/virologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: COVID-19 pandemic has affected the world globally causing widespread repercussions on individuals' physical, mental and emotional well-being. In such times, sleep is likely to be affected. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to present the available literature on sleep and also the foresight as to the future national strategy to mitigate the effects of this pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An extensive literature search on PubMed, Google Scholar, Epistemonikos database (https://www.epistemonikos.org), PsycINFO for available literature on the prevalence of sleep problem on COVID-19 was done. Cross-citation search was also conducted to increase relevance of the review. The key words used were- (((((((((((insomnia)) OR (sleep)) OR (sleepiness)) OR ("sleep quality")) OR (OSA)) OR ("obstructive sleep apnoea")) OR ("obstructive sleep apnea")) OR (("sleep problem")) AND "covid-19" OR covid19* OR "COVID-19" OR "2019-nCoV" OR cv19* OR "cv-19" OR "cv 19" OR "n-cov" OR ncov* OR "sars-cov-2" OR "sars-cov2" OR "2019-ncov" OR "SARS-Coronavirus-2" OR "SARS-Coronavirus2" OR (wuhan* AND (virus OR viruses OR viral)) OR (covid* AND (virus OR viruses OR viral)) OR "covid-19-related" OR "SARS-CoV-2-related" OR "SARS-CoV2-related" OR "2019-nCoV-related" OR "cv-19-related" OR "n-cov-related"). Inclusion criteria consisted of articles in English, published from Jan 2020 till 19 Apr 2020. Two reviewers independently screened each research study for inclusion and eligibility. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Sleep is affected during COVID-19 pandemic in patients, their families, health-care workers and their families, population in isolation, and quarantine and as such in public. Limited literature exists with subjective data and no objective criteria were found to study sleep in COVID-19 pandemic. OSA was found to be a frequent baseline characteristic of COVID-19 patients. A need to follow guidelines is of paramount importance and strategies to better sleep in the population needs to be addressed.
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COVID-19 , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia , Sueño , COVID-19/complicaciones , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2 , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/epidemiología , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/virologíaRESUMEN
This study investigates the effect of progressive muscle relaxation training on negative mood and sleep quality in Coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID-19) patients.COVID-19 is an emerging infectious disease, and there is still uncertainty about when the outbreak will be contained and the effectiveness of treatments. Considering that this disease is highly contagious, patients need to be treated in isolation. This may lead to psychological symptoms such as anxiety and depression, and even sleep problems.This study is a clinical observation study.Participants included 79 COVID-19 patients admitted to a designated hospital for COVID-19 patients in Wuhan from February to March, 2020. Patients were selected and assigned to the control group and the observation group according to their wishes, with 40 and 39 cases in each group, respectively. The control group received routine treatment and nursing, and the observation group received progressive muscle relaxation training, in addition to the routine treatment and nursing. We compared scores of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Scale (PSQI), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7), and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) before and after the intervention.There was no significant difference in PSQI, GAD-7, and PHQ-9 scores between the control group and the observation group before the intervention (Pâ>â.05). After the intervention, the difference in scores of PSQI, GAD-7, and PHQ-9 in the 2 groups were statistically significant (Pâ<â.05).Progressive muscle relaxation training can significantly reduce anxiety and depression and improve sleep quality in COVID-19 patients during isolation treatment.Progressive muscle relaxation training was shown to improve the treatment effect of patients and is worthy of clinical promotion.
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Trastornos de Ansiedad/terapia , Entrenamiento Autogénico/métodos , Betacoronavirus , Infecciones por Coronavirus/terapia , Neumonía Viral/terapia , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/terapia , Sueño/fisiología , Adulto , Trastornos de Ansiedad/virología , COVID-19 , Infecciones por Coronavirus/complicaciones , Infecciones por Coronavirus/psicología , Depresión/terapia , Depresión/virología , Emociones/fisiología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pandemias , Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente , Neumonía Viral/complicaciones , Neumonía Viral/psicología , SARS-CoV-2 , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/virología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: COVID-19 and home isolation has impacted quality of life, but the perceived impact on anxiety and sleep remains equivocal. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of COVID-19 and stay-at-home orders on self-report anxiety and sleep quality, with a focus on sex differences. We hypothesized that the COVID-19 pandemic would be associated with increased anxiety and decreased sleep quality, with stronger associations in women. METHODS: One hundred three participants (61 female, 38 ± 1 years) reported perceived changes in anxiety and sleep quality due to stay-at-home orders during the COVID-19 pandemic and were administered the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Chi-square and T test analyses were utilized to assess sex differences in reported anxiety and sleep. Analysis of covariance was used to compare the associations between reported impact of COVID-19 and anxiety/sleep parameters. RESULTS: Women (80.3%) reported higher prevalence of increased general anxiety due to COVID-19 when compared to men (50%; p = 0.001) and elevated STAI state anxiety compared to men (43 ± 1 vs. 38 ± 1 a.u., p = 0.007). Despite these differences in anxiety, the perceived impact of COVID-19 on PSQI was not different between sexes. However, when stratified by perceived changes in anxiety due to COVID-19, participants with higher anxiety responses to COVID-19 had higher ISI compared to those with no perceived changes in anxiety (9 ± 1 vs. 5 ± 1 a.u., p = 0.003). Additionally, participants who reported reduced sleep quality due to COVID-19 reported higher state anxiety (45 ± 1 a.u.) compared to those that perceived no change (36 ± 2 a.u., p = 0.002) or increased (36 ± 2 a.u., p < 0.001) sleep quality. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 and state-ordered home isolation was associated with higher anxiety and reduced sleep quality, with a stronger association in women with respect to anxiety.
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Trastornos de Ansiedad/epidemiología , Trastornos de Ansiedad/psicología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/psicología , Neumonía Viral/epidemiología , Neumonía Viral/psicología , Cuarentena/psicología , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/epidemiología , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Trastornos de Ansiedad/etiología , Betacoronavirus/aislamiento & purificación , COVID-19 , Infecciones por Coronavirus/prevención & control , Infecciones por Coronavirus/transmisión , Femenino , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pandemias/prevención & control , Neumonía Viral/prevención & control , Neumonía Viral/transmisión , Prevalencia , Calidad de Vida , SARS-CoV-2 , Autoinforme , Factores Sexuales , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/etiología , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/virología , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Sleep disturbances, especially sleep disordered breathing and sleep movement disorders, seem to be highly prevalent among aging polio survivors. They could contribute to late functional deterioration, fatigue, poor quality of life and negative health outcomes, thereby increasing cardiovascular risk. OBJECTIVES: This review focused on current knowledge of the prevalence of sleep disorders in polio survivors, their features, predictive factors and management. DATA SOURCES: Articles were searched in PubMed and the Cochrane Library up to March 2018. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS: Articles needed to 1) be written in English; 2) include only participants with previous poliomyelitis or post-polio syndrome diagnosis; and 3) involve any form of sleep disorders. Articles about isolated fatigue or non-specific sleep complaints as well as non-polio specific articles (neuromuscular disorders) were not included in the qualitative analysis. RESULTS: Among 166 studies identified, 41 were included in this review. The prevalence of sleep apnea syndrome, nocturnal alveolar hypoventilation and restless legs syndrome seemed higher than in the general population (from 7.3% to 65%, 15% to 20% and 28% to 63%, respectively). This review highlights the lack of randomised studies assessing sleep disorder management in this specific population. LIMITATIONS: Because of the small number of eligible publications, none was excluded for methodological limitations, and only a qualitative analysis was provided. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Follow-up of polio survivors should include systematic screening for sleep disorders because they are associated with adverse consequences. Sleep disorder evaluation and management should improve the long-term survival and quality of life of polio survivors. Methodologically robust clinical trials are needed, but the decreasing prevalence and large clinical spectrum of the disease may complicate the creation of comparable groups.
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Envejecimiento/patología , Poliomielitis/complicaciones , Poliovirus , Síndrome Pospoliomielitis/complicaciones , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/epidemiología , Anciano , Fatiga/epidemiología , Fatiga/virología , Femenino , Factores de Riesgo de Enfermedad Cardiaca , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Trastornos del Movimiento/epidemiología , Trastornos del Movimiento/virología , Poliomielitis/virología , Prevalencia , Calidad de Vida , Síndrome de las Piernas Inquietas/epidemiología , Síndrome de las Piernas Inquietas/virología , Síndromes de la Apnea del Sueño/epidemiología , Síndromes de la Apnea del Sueño/virología , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/virología , SobrevivientesRESUMEN
Murine gammaherpesvirus (MuGHV) is a natural pathogen of wild rodents that has been studied extensively in terms of host immune responses to herpesviruses during acute infection, latency, and reactivation from latency. Although herpesvirus infections in people can be associated with fatigue and excessive sleepiness during both acute and latent infection, MuGHV has not been assessed extensively as a model for studying the behavioral consequences of chronic latent herpesvirus infections. To assess MuGHV infection as a model for evaluating fatigue and assessing potential mechanisms that underlie the exacerbation of fatigue during chronic viral disease, we evaluated sleep, temperature, and activity after exposure of healthy and latently MuGHV-infected mice to sleep fragmentation and social interaction. Neither treatment nor infection significantly affected temperature. However, at some time points, latently infected mice that underwent sleep fragmentation had less locomotor activity and more slow-wave sleep than did mice exposed to social interaction. In addition, delta-wave amplitude during slow-wave sleep was lower in infected mice exposed to sleep fragmentation compared with uninfected mice exposed to the same treatment. Both reduced locomotor activity and increased time asleep could indicate fatigue in infected mice after sleep fragmentation; reduced delta-wave amplitude during slow-wave sleep indicates a light plane of sleep from which subjects would be aroused easily. Identifying the mechanisms that underlie sleep responses of mice with chronic latent MuGHV infection may increase our understanding of fatigue during infec- tions and eventually contribute to improving the quality of life for people with chronic viral infections.
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Conducta Animal , Síndrome de Fatiga Crónica/virología , Gammaherpesvirinae/patogenicidad , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/virología , Fases del Sueño , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/virología , Animales , Regulación de la Temperatura Corporal , Ondas Encefálicas , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Síndrome de Fatiga Crónica/fisiopatología , Síndrome de Fatiga Crónica/psicología , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/fisiopatología , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/psicología , Relaciones Interpersonales , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Actividad Motora , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/fisiopatología , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/psicología , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Sleep disorders are common in patients with HIV/AIDS, and can lead to poor quality of life. Although many studies have investigated the aetiology of these disorders, it is still unclear whether impaired sleep quality is associated with HIV itself, social problems, or side effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Moreover, despite its known neurological associations, little is known about the role of the trans-activator of transcription (Tat) protein in sleep disorders in patients with HIV/AIDS. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the sleep quality of patients with HIV/AIDS affected by an altered circadian rhythm correlates with cerebrospinal HIV Tat protein concentration. METHODS: Ninety-six patients with HIV/AIDS between 20 and 69 years old completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Their circadian rhythm parameters of blood pressure, Tat concentration in cerebrospinal fluid, melatonin concentration, CD4 cell count and HIV RNA viral load in serum were measured. RESULTS: The circadian amplitude of systolic blood pressure and the score for sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) were negatively correlated with HIV Tat protein concentration, while the melatonin value was positively correlated with Tat protein concentration. CONCLUSIONS: The HIV Tat protein affects circadian rhythmicity by interfering with the circadian system in patients with HIV/AIDS and further increases the melatonin excretion value. A Tat protein-related high melatonin value may counteract HIV-related poor sleep quality during the progression of HIV infection. This study provides the first clinical evidence offering an explanation for why sleep quality did not show an association with progression of HIV infection in previous studies.
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Infecciones por VIH/fisiopatología , Melatonina/metabolismo , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/fisiopatología , Productos del Gen tat del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Presión Sanguínea , Ritmo Circadiano/inmunología , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Humanos , Masculino , Melatonina/inmunología , Glándula Pineal , Calidad de Vida , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/líquido cefalorraquídeo , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/virología , Carga ViralRESUMEN
The rational of this study we intended to investigate whether the peripheral blood immunological/virological biomarkers were associated with distinct patterns of sleeping quality in patients with chronic hepatitis C-(HCV). Distinct well-established indexes/scores were used to categorize the sleeping quality of HCV patients, including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Fatigue Severity Scores. Our findings demonstrated that HCV patients classified as 'good sleeper' displayed an enhanced frequency of circulating CD8(+) T cells, lower frequency of activated (CD69(+)) neutrophils and eosinophils but enhanced frequency of activated lymphocytes besides lower seric levels of IL-4/IL-8/IL-10 but higher levels of IL-12, besides lower HCV virus load and lower anti-HCV IgG levels. In contrast, HCV patients classified as 'poor sleeper' displayed enhanced levels of activated neutrophils and eosinophils but lower frequency of activated lymphocytes, higher seric levels of IL-6/TNF-α/IL-10 but lower levels of IL-12 besides higher HCV virus load and increased anti-HCV IgG levels. Positive correlation was further confirmed by the relationship between the leucocyte activation status, the cytokine levels, the HCV viral load and the anti-HCV IgG reactivity with the PSQI indexes. Analysis of cytokine signature curves demonstrated that lower frequency of IL-10 was observed in HCV patients classified as 'good sleepers', whereas enhanced frequency of IL-6 was found HCV patients classified as 'poor sleepers'. In conclusion, our data suggest that immunological biomarkers (leucocytes activation status and seric cytokines levels) are likely to be associated with sleeping quality patterns in HCV patients, suggesting their putative use for clinical monitoring purposes.
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Hepacivirus/inmunología , Hepatitis C Crónica/sangre , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/sangre , Adulto , Anciano , Biomarcadores/sangre , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/inmunología , Femenino , Citometría de Flujo , Hepatitis C Crónica/inmunología , Hepatitis C Crónica/virología , Humanos , Inmunofenotipificación , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , ARN Viral/química , ARN Viral/genética , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/inmunología , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/virología , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Adulto JovenAsunto(s)
Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Autónomo/fisiopatología , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Autónomo/virología , Síndrome de Fatiga Crónica/fisiopatología , Síndrome de Fatiga Crónica/virología , Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Grave/complicaciones , Adolescente , Adulto , Sistema Nervioso Autónomo/fisiopatología , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Autónomo/psicología , Mareo/virología , Síndrome de Fatiga Crónica/psicología , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Examen Neurológico , Nervios Periféricos/fisiopatología , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Periférico/fisiopatología , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Periférico/virología , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/virología , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/virología , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Mice develop changes in sleep during the nonspecific immune response that occurs during the initial few days after inoculation with influenza virus. T lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer (NK) cells all participate in the early host response to influenza infection. All of these cell types are potential sources of endogenous substances that modulate sleep, but the contributory role of each cell type to the alteration of somnolence during infection has not been determined. To investigate which cell types contribute to the sleep enhancement that develops during influenza infection in mice, the sleep patterns of C57BL/6J mice with perturbations of particular facets of host immune response capabilities were assessed before and after influenza infection. Targeted mutation of the gene Ccl3 (macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha) prevented development of the dark phase sleep enhancement that is characteristic of C57BL/6J mice after influenza infection. Other experimental treatments that impair macrophage or monocyte function also produced significant (administration of pentoxifylline or CNI-1493) or marginally significant (deletion of the interferon-gamma gene or intranasal administration of carrageenan) changes in influenza-induced sleep enhancement in C57BL/6J mice. In contrast, functional impairments of NK cells, neutrophils, and T lymphocytes did not significantly influence sleep responses. These data therefore support a contributory role for macrophages, but not for NK cells, neutrophils, and T lymphocytes, in eliciting the sleep response typical of influenza-infected C57BL/6J mice.
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Macrófagos/inmunología , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/inmunología , Fases del Sueño/inmunología , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/virología , Sueño/inmunología , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Factores Biológicos/inmunología , Factores Biológicos/metabolismo , Ritmo Circadiano , Electroencefalografía , Electromiografía , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Células Asesinas Naturales/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Neutrófilos/inmunología , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/fisiopatología , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/inmunología , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/fisiopatología , Especificidad de la Especie , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/clasificación , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/metabolismoRESUMEN
The routine clinical evaluation of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) improves quality of care in patients with HIV/AIDS by effectively assessing and optimizing treatment outcomes, enhancing patient adherence, improving communication between patients and clinicians/nurses, and documenting changes in patients' health status over time. Existing HRQOL assessment tools may not be appropriate for this purpose, as they are designed for clinical trials and research, and exclude several aspects relevant to QOL in patients with HIV/AIDS in the clinical setting. Therefore, there is a need for a new, user-friendly, HIV-specific clinical assessment tool that briefly but effectively evaluates symptom-related HRQOL issues most relevant to patients with HIV/AIDS, including fatigue, depression, pain, nausea and vomiting, sleep disturbances, sexual dysfunction, and body image changes. This article describes the role of nurses in HRQOL assessment in HIV/AIDS, compares commonly used assessment tools, and evaluates the applicability of these tools for routine clinical use in this patient population.
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Infecciones por VIH/psicología , Evaluación en Enfermería/métodos , Calidad de Vida , Actividades Cotidianas , Comunicación , Diarrea/diagnóstico , Diarrea/virología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Fatiga/diagnóstico , Fatiga/virología , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Infecciones por VIH/enfermería , Infecciones por VIH/fisiopatología , Estado de Salud , Humanos , Náusea/diagnóstico , Náusea/virología , Rol de la Enfermera , Relaciones Enfermero-Paciente , Evaluación en Enfermería/normas , Dolor/diagnóstico , Dolor/virología , Psicometría , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Perfil de Impacto de Enfermedad , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/diagnóstico , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/virología , Encuestas y Cuestionarios/normas , Vómitos/diagnóstico , Vómitos/virologíaRESUMEN
Little is known about sleep problems in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The article reports a study that assessed quantitative and qualitative aspects of sleep in a group of men and women with HIV infection and examined sleep parameters in regard to the degree of immune function. The convenience sample of 50 persons was drawn from an HIV clinic in a large midwestern metropolitan area. Subjects identified a variety of problems with their sleep that were not significantly related to their immune status. The findings of this study indicate that nurses should perform a sleep history and assessment on all persons with HIV infection to identify those in need of intervention.
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Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/virología , Adaptación Psicológica , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Trastornos del Sueño-Vigilia/prevención & control , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Feline immunodeficiency virus infects the CNS and results in predictable pathophysiology strikingly similar to that seen with HIV-1 infection of humans. The observed pathophysiology is mimicked in several physiologically assessed modalities, further supporting the validity of the feline model. Peripheral and control evoked potential findings and the occurrence of the sleep architecture changes in both cat and human disease provide an intriguing focus for further investigation. Although structurally diverse in an absolute sense, FIV and HIV-1 share basic structural features and commonalities of their life cycle. It is likely that by understanding the common mechanisms by which these lentiviruses influence CNS function, a more complete understanding of the neurological deficits seen in HIV-1 infected patients will be obtained. The cat model is particularly valuable for study of CNS disease, since it allows detailed analyses of events during the acute phase of infection, under circumstances in which the nature and timing of the infection are carefully controlled. The availability of molecular clones for mutational analysis will facilitate mapping of genomic regions critical to the perturbation of CNS function. It is suggested that development of intervention strategies in the cat model will yield treatment modalities directly applicable to HIV-1 infection of humans.