Drawing as a window to emotion with insights from tech-transformed participant images.

This study delves into expressing primary emotions anger, happiness, sadness, and fear through drawings. Moving beyond the well-researched color-emotion link, it explores under-examined aspects like spatial concepts and drawing styles. Employing Python and OpenCV for objective analysis, we make a breakthrough by converting subjective perceptions into measurable data through 728 digital images from 182 university students. For the prominent color chosen for each emotion, the majority of participants chose red for anger (73.11%), yellow for happiness (17.8%), blue for sadness (51.1%), and black for fear (40.7%). Happiness led with the highest saturation (68.52%) and brightness (75.44%) percentages, while fear recorded the lowest in both categories (47.33% saturation, 48.78% brightness). Fear, however, topped in color fill percentage (35.49%), with happiness at the lowest (25.14%). Tangible imagery prevailed (71.43-83.52%), with abstract styles peaking in fear representations (28.57%). Facial expressions were a common element (41.76-49.45%). The study achieved an 81.3% predictive accuracy for anger, higher than the 71.3% overall average. Future research can build on these results by improving technological methods to quantify more aspects of drawing content. Investigating a more comprehensive array of emotions and examining factors influencing emotional drawing styles will further our understanding of visual-emotional communication.

Translational Research of the Acute Effects of Negative Emotions on Vascular Endothelial Health: Findings From a Randomized Controlled Study.

BACKGROUND: Provoked anger is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease events. The underlying mechanism linking provoked anger as well as other core negative emotions including anxiety and sadness to cardiovascular disease remain unknown. The study objective was to examine the acute effects of provoked anger, and secondarily, anxiety and sadness on endothelial cell health. METHODS AND RESULTS: Apparently healthy adult participants (n=280) were randomized to an 8-minute anger recall task, a depressed mood recall task, an anxiety recall task, or an emotionally neutral condition. Pre-/post-assessments of endothelial health including endothelium-dependent vasodilation (reactive hyperemia index), circulating endothelial cell-derived microparticles (CD62E+, CD31+/CD42-, and CD31+/Annexin V+) and circulating bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (CD34+/CD133+/kinase insert domain receptor+ endothelial progenitor cells and CD34+/kinase insert domain receptor+ endothelial progenitor cells) were measured. There was a group×time interaction for the anger versus neutral condition on the change in reactive hyperemia index score from baseline to 40 minutes (P=0.007) with a mean±SD change in reactive hyperemia index score of 0.20±0.67 and 0.50±0.60 in the anger and neutral conditions, respectively. For the change in reactive hyperemia index score, the anxiety versus neutral condition group by time interaction approached but did not reach statistical significance (P=0.054), and the sadness versus neutral condition group by time interaction was not statistically significant (P=0.160). There were no consistent statistically significant group×time interactions for the anger, anxiety, and sadness versus neutral condition on endothelial cell-derived microparticles and endothelial progenitor cells from baseline to 40 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: In this randomized controlled experimental study, a brief provocation of anger adversely affected endothelial cell health by impairing endothelium-dependent vasodilation.

Liking music with and without sadness: Testing the direct effect hypothesis of pleasurable negative emotion.

Negative emotion evoked in listeners of music can produce intense pleasure, but we do not fully understand why. The present study addressed the question by asking participants (n = 50) to self-select a piece of sadness-evoking music that was loved. The key part of the study asked participants to imagine that the felt sadness could be removed. Overall participants reported performing the task successfully. They also indicated that the removal of the sadness reduced their liking of the music, and 82% of participants reported that the evoked sadness also adds to the enjoyment of the music. The study provided evidence for a "Direct effect hypothesis", which draws on the multicomponent model of emotion, where a component of the negative emotion is experienced as positive during music (and other aesthetic) experiences. Earlier evidence of a mediator, such as 'being moved', as the source of enjoyment was reinterpreted in light of the new findings. Instead, the present study applied a semantic overlap explanation, arguing that sadness primes emotions that share meaning with sadness, such as being-moved. The priming occurs if the overlap in meaning is sufficient. The degree of semantic overlap was defined empirically. The present study therefore suggests that mediator-based explanations need to be treated with caution both as a finding of the study, and because of analytic limitations in earlier research that are discussed in the paper.

Peripheral inflammation is associated with impaired sadness recognition in euthymic bipolar patients.

BACKGROUND: Inflammation impairs cognitive function in healthy individuals and people with psychiatric disorders, such as bipolar disorder (BD). This effect may also impact emotion recognition, a fundamental element of social cognition. Our study aimed to investigate the relationships between pro-inflammatory cytokines and emotion recognition in euthymic BD patients and healthy controls (HCs). METHODS: We recruited forty-four euthymic BD patients and forty healthy controls (HCs) and measured their inflammatory markers, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and TNF-α. We applied validated cognitive tasks, the Wisconsin Card-Sorting Test (WCST) and Continuous Performance Test (CPT), and a social cognitive task for emotion recognition, Diagnostic Analyses of Nonverbal Accuracy, Taiwanese Version (DANVA-2-TW). We analyzed the relationships between cytokines and cognition and then explored possible predictive factors of sadness recognition accuracy. RESULTS: Regarding pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α was elevated in euthymic BD patients relative to HCs. In euthymic BD patients only, higher TNF-α levels were associated with lower accuracy of sadness recognition. Regression analysis revealed that TNF-α was an independent predictive factor of sadness recognition in patients with euthymic BD when neurocognition was controlled for. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that enhanced inflammation, indicated by increased TNF-α, was an independent predictive factor of impaired sadness recognition in BD patients but not in HCs. Our findings suggested a direct influence of TNF-α on sadness recognition and indicated vulnerability to depression in euthymic BD patients with chronic inflammation.

Negative mood induction in children: An examination across mood, physiological, and cognitive variables.

Experimental mood induction procedures are commonly used in studies of children's emotions, although research on their effectiveness is lacking. Studies that support their effectiveness report sample-level changes in self-reported affect from pre- to post-induction, and a subset of children who do not self-report expected changes in affect (i.e., "nonresponders"). Given children's limited abilities to self-report their emotions, it is critical to know whether these paradigms also shift physiological and social-cognitive indices of emotion. We hypothesized increases in physiological reactivity and accuracy for discerning facial expressions of negative emotions from pre- to post-induction and smaller increases for nonresponders, Children (N = 80; 7- to 12-year-olds) completed a facial emotion recognition task and had an electrocardiogram recorded to index high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) before and after a mood induction procedure. The mood induction involved watching a 3-min sad film clip while attending to their feelings. In the sample overall, from pre- to post-mood induction, children self-reported significantly sadder affect, displayed significant increases in HF-HRV, and displayed significant increases in accuracy of recognizing facial emotion expressions congruent with the mood induced. One quarter (25%) of the sample did not self-report expected increases in sad affect. Contrary to expectations, responders and nonresponders did not differ in mood-induced changes in physiological reactivity or emotion recognition accuracy. These findings support that mood inductions are efficacious in shifting not only children's self-reported affect but also underlying physiological and social-cognitive processes. Furthermore, they are an effective methodology for research questions related to underlying processes even in self-reported nonresponders.

A pilot study of measuring emotional response and perception of LLM-generated questionnaire and human-generated questionnaires.

The advent of ChatGPT has sparked a heated debate surrounding natural language processing technology and AI-powered chatbots, leading to extensive research and applications across various disciplines. This pilot study aims to investigate the impact of ChatGPT on users' experiences by administering two distinct questionnaires, one generated by humans and the other by ChatGPT, along with an Emotion Detecting Model. A total of 14 participants (7 female and 7 male) aged between 18 and 35 years were recruited, resulting in the collection of 8672 ChatGPT-associated data points and 8797 human-associated data points. Data analysis was conducted using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results indicate that the utilization of ChatGPT enhances participants' happiness levels and reduces their sadness levels. While no significant gender influences were observed, variations were found about specific emotions. It is important to note that the limited sample size, narrow age range, and potential cultural impacts restrict the generalizability of the findings to a broader population. Future research directions should explore the impact of incorporating additional language models or chatbots on user emotions, particularly among specific age groups such as older individuals and teenagers. As one of the pioneering works evaluating the human perception of ChatGPT text and communication, it is noteworthy that ChatGPT received positive evaluations and demonstrated effectiveness in generating extensive questionnaires.

Can Happiness and Sadness Overcome Organ Donation Barriers Following Exposure to Radio Ads?

Concerns related to bodily integrity, medical mistrust, superstition, and disgust with respect to organ transplantation remain commonly cited barriers among African American, Caucasian, and Hispanic non-donors. The current study examined two narrative strategies for mitigating these barriers by eliciting feelings of happiness or sadness. African American, Caucasian, and Hispanic non-donors (N = 576) were randomly assigned to a radio ad that communicated either a recipient narrative or a waiting list narrative. As expected, the recipient narrative elicited greater feelings of happiness whereas the waiting list narrative aroused greater feelings of sadness. Moderated mediation analyses revealed models in which happiness, not sadness, was the mediator, such that the narrative frame was associated with ad persuasiveness. Additionally, only medical mistrust interacted with happiness to predict ad persuasiveness The results are discussed with an emphasis on message design strategies to employ among reluctant adult African American, Caucasian, and Hispanic potential donors.

Co-existence of depression and post-concussion syndrome one month after mild traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest an association between Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and depression, both highly prevalent after mTBI. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and risk-factors of depression among patients with PCS 1 month after mTBI. METHODS: We prospectively screened 372 mTBI patients admitted in two academic Emergency Departments between 2017 and 2019. One month after mTBI, we administered the Rivermead Post-concussion symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ) and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) questionnaires over the telephone. PCS and depression were defined by RPQ ≥ 12 and PHQ-9 ≥ 10. Multivariate multinomial regression identified baseline factors associated with PCS and depression. RESULTS: Two hundred and eight completed RPQ and PHQ-9. Forty-seven patients (22.5%) met criteria for PCS, among which 22 (46.8%) met criteria for depression (PCS+D+). Patients with PCS but without depression were less likely to present with an associated injury (Coefficient = -1.6, p = 0.047) and to report initial sadness (Coefficient = -2.5, p = 0.03). Initial sadness (Coefficient = -1.3, p = 0.047), associated injury (Coefficient = -1.9, p = 0.008), as well as initial nausea (Coefficient = -1.8, p = 0.002), and male sex (Coefficient = 1.8, p = 0.002), were associated with the absence of depression and PCS in comparison with PCS+D+ patients. CONCLUSION: Among patients with PCS 1 month after mTBI, those with depression are more likely to present with initial sadness and with an associated injury.

Self-reported Everyday Sources of Happiness and Unhappiness in Autistic Adults.

PURPOSE: Daily mood can be influenced by a range of experiences. Identifying everyday life experiences that make autistic adults happy and unhappy holds potential to foster positive mood and tackle mental health problems amongst this group. METHODS: A total of 293 autistic adults between the ages of 18 to 35 years old (mean age of 26.51 years old (SD = 4.62); 43.3% female gender, 4.8% nonbinary) provided open-text responses regarding everyday sources of happiness and unhappiness. Using an iterative process of inductive coding, 14 happy themes and 22 unhappy themes of mood-changing life experiences were identified based on self-report qualitative data. RESULTS: Common themes across the happy and unhappy domain involved social partners, social interactions, and engagement in recreational and employment activities, with additional distinct themes specific to happy or unhappy mood. Top themes identified in the happy domain emphasizes encouraging quality relationships and positive interactions with others and cultivating supportive work/societal environments to build a sense of achievement and value. Meanwhile, emotional tolls accompanied negative relationships and interactions, underscoring the necessity to provide autistic adults with conflict resolution and coping skills to increase feelings of happiness. CONCLUSION: Overall, the wide range of sources of happy and unhappy everyday experiences highlights the importance of considering personal preferences in engagement with others and activities in treatment.

Activity increases in empathy-related brain regions when children contribute to peers' sadness and happiness.

Responding empathically when causing peers' emotions is critical to children's interpersonal functioning, yet there are surprising gaps in the literature. Previous research has focused on empathy when witnessing others' emotions instead of causing others' emotions, on negative emotions instead of positive emotions, and on behavioral correlates instead of neural correlates. In this study, children (N = 38; Mage = 9.28 years; 50% female) completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging block design task in which they played a rigged game where they won and lost coins for themselves or peers and viewed their peers' happiness and sadness. We used a region of interest approach to test whether activity in brain regions associated with positive and negative empathy in adults showed significantly greater activity in each condition (i.e., when children won and lost tokens for themselves and peers) compared with a fixation baseline. We predicted that experiencing self-conscious emotions, such as pride and guilt, would heighten the experience of empathy. Activity in the amygdala, which is associated with visceral arousal, and in the anterior insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, which are associated with integrated arousal, increased significantly when winning and losing for oneself and peers and observing their resulting happy and sad facial expressions. Activity did not differ when playing for oneself versus peers, indicating that self-conscious emotions do not heighten empathy and instead support similar neural processes underlying firsthand and secondhand (empathic) emotions. These findings support that empathy during middle childhood involves the same brain regions as empathy during adulthood and that children experience firsthand and secondhand positive and negative emotions in similar ways.

Not all negative emotions are equal - Sadness and anger develop differently and their adaptivity is age-graded.

We argue that a comprehensive understanding of emotional development across adulthood must go beyond broad dimensions of affect and consider discrete emotions. Current evidence focuses on sadness and anger, two negative emotions that exert contrasting age trajectories because anger has high adaptive value in young adulthood, when people have abundant resources and need to carve out a niche in society, whereas sadness has high adaptive value in old age, a time of declining resources that requires adaptation to increasingly unattainable goals. We conclude that our position about the age-graded experience and adaptive value of emotions should hold for a variety of negative and positive emotions.

The power of personal control: Task choice attenuates the effect of implicit sadness on sympathetically mediated cardiac response.

Implicitly processed pictures of facial expressions of emotions have been found to systematically influence sympathetically mediated cardiovascular reactivity during task performance. According to the Implicit-Affect-Primes-Effort model, this happens because different affect primes activate the concepts of performance ease versus performance difficulty. Grounded in a recent action shielding model, our laboratory experiment (N = 129 university students) tested whether engaging in action by personal choice can immunize against those implicit affective influences on effort. Participants worked on an objectively difficult cognitive task, which was either externally assigned or ostensibly personally chosen. As predicted, participants in the assigned task condition showed weaker cardiac pre-ejection period reactivity during task performance, reflecting disengagement, when they were primed with sadness than when they were exposed to anger primes. Most relevant, this affect prime effect disappeared when participants could ostensibly choose their task themselves. These findings replicate previous research on implicit affect's impact on sympathetically mediated cardiac response and extend the literature on action shielding by personal choice effects to implicit affective influences on action execution.

Altered emotional mind-body coherence in older adults.

Coherence between subjective experience and bodily responses in emotion is assumed to have a positive influence on well-being, which might be particularly valuable in late adulthood. Previous studies of young adults' continuous subjective, behavioral, and physiological responses to emotional films reported emotional mind-body coherence. In contrast, research regarding emotional coherence in older adults has been scarce. In this study, we examined emotional coherence in older adults between continuous valence ratings and behavioral responses (facial electromyography [EMG] of the corrugator supercilii and zygomatic major muscles), as well as between continuous arousal ratings and physiological measures (electrodermal activity [EDA] and fingertip temperature), in response to four emotion-eliciting film clips (anger, sadness, contentment, and amusement) film clips and an emotionally neutral clip. Intraindividual cross-correlation analyses revealed that the coherence between valence ratings and corrugator EMG activity for the anger-eliciting film was weaker in older adults than in young adults, who completed an identical experiment. Age differences also emerged in the coherence of arousal ratings with EDA and fingertip temperature measures, respectively, while participants watched the anger-eliciting and contentment-eliciting films; while negative correlations were found for older adults, positive correlations were found for young adults. These results indicate that emotional mind-body coherence somewhat differs quantitatively and qualitatively between older and young adults. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Hidden feelings: Expressive suppression in middle childhood and links with physiology and negative emotion.

A commonly used strategy for regulating emotions, expressive suppression (ES), involves attempts to conceal emotion-expressive behavior. The present study investigated the effects of two types of ES (trait and state) in middle childhood on two domains of functioning-subjective negative emotion (measured by self-report of sadness) and stress physiology (measured by skin conductance level [SCL], an indication of physiological arousal)-in a racially diverse sample. Children ages 9-10 (n = 117; 46% female) self-reported trait ES before coming into the lab, then were randomly assigned to receive instructions to suppress or receive no emotion regulation instructions (control condition) while watching a sad movie scene. SCL and self-reported emotions were measured before and during the movie scene, and children subsequently self-reported how much they had suppressed during the movie scene. Parents and children provided a wide range of additional measures as covariates. Data were collected from 2017 to 2018. Results from multiple regression analyses indicated that higher trait ES predicted greater SCL, but not subjective sadness, during the movie scene. The instructions to suppress did not affect children's subjective sadness or SCL during the movie scene, but self-reported (noninstructed) ES during the movie scene was related to feeling more sadness. Although additional research is needed to generalize findings to other developmental periods, results converge with considerable research on adults and also with a growing number of studies pointing to the potential physiological and emotional correlates of frequent ES during childhood. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Network dysfunction of sadness facial expression processing and morphometry in euthymic bipolar disorder.

Facial emotion recognition (FER), including sadness, is altered in bipolar disorder (BD). However, the relationship between this impairment and the brain structure in BD is relatively unexplored. Furthermore, its association with clinical variables and with the subtypes of BD remains to be clarified. Twenty euthymic patients with BD type I (BD-I), 28 BD type II (BD-II), and 45 healthy controls completed a FER test and a 3D-T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Gray matter volume (GMV) of the cortico-limbic regions implicated in emotional processing was estimated and their relationship with FER performance was investigated using network analysis. Patients with BD-I had worse total and sadness-related FER performance relative to the other groups. Total FER performance was significantly negatively associated with illness duration and positively associated with global functioning in patients with BD-I. Sadness-related FER performance was also significantly negatively associated with the number of previous manic episodes. Network analysis showed a reduced association of the GMV of the frontal-insular-occipital areas in patients with BD-I, with a greater edge strength between sadness-related FER performance and amygdala GMV relative to controls. Our results suggest that FER performance, particularly for facial sadness, may be distinctively impaired in patients with BD-I. The pattern of reduced interrelationship in the frontal-insular-occipital regions and a stronger positive relationship between facial sadness recognition and the amygdala GMV in BD may reflect altered cortical modulation of limbic structures that ultimately predisposes to emotional dysregulation. Future longitudinal studies investigating the effect of mood state on FER performance in BD are warranted.

Sadness facilitates "deeper" reading comprehension: a behavioural and eye tracking study.

Reading is one of the most common everyday activities, yet research elucidating how affective influence reading processes and outcomes is sparse with inconsistent results. To investigate this question, we randomly assigned participants (N = 136) to happiness (positive affect), sadness (negative affect), and neutral video-induction conditions prior to engaging in self-paced reading of a long, complex science text. Participants completed assessments targeting multiple levels of comprehension (e.g. recognising factual information, integrating different textual components, and open-ended responses of concepts from memory) after reading and after a week-long delay. Results indicated that the Sadness (vs. Happiness) condition had higher comprehension scores, with the largest effects emerging for assessments targeting deeper levels comprehension immediately after reading. Eye-tracking analyses revealed that such benefits may be partly driven by sustained attentional focus over the 20-minute reading session. We discuss results with respect to theories on affect, cognition, and text comprehension.

Relationships Between Meaning in Life and Positive and Negative Spirituality in a Field Setting in Japan.

This study examined the relationships between positive/negative spirituality and meaning in life at two religious sites in Japan. Participants reported greater sadness and less meaning in life at Koyasan Okunoin, a temple with graves surrounded by nature, than at Nachi Kumano Taisha, a shrine with a waterfall. However, greater feelings of happiness protected meaning in life in the presence of sadness at Koyasan. Additionally, participants who felt a sense of awe reported greater meaning in life through self-liberation, regardless of the sites. The results provide new insights into meaning in life from the two sides of spirituality.

Genetic algorithms reveal identity independent representation of emotional expressions.

People readily and automatically process facial emotion and identity, and it has been reported that these cues are processed both dependently and independently. However, this question of identity independent encoding of emotions has only been examined using posed, often exaggerated expressions of emotion, that do not account for the substantial individual differences in emotion recognition. In this study, we ask whether people's unique beliefs of how emotions should be reflected in facial expressions depend on the identity of the face. To do this, we employed a genetic algorithm where participants created facial expressions to represent different emotions. Participants generated facial expressions of anger, fear, happiness, and sadness, on two different identities. Facial features were controlled by manipulating a set of weights, allowing us to probe the exact positions of faces in high-dimensional expression space. We found that participants created facial expressions belonging to each identity in a similar space that was unique to the participant, for angry, fearful, and happy expressions, but not sad. However, using a machine learning algorithm that examined the positions of faces in expression space, we also found systematic differences between the two identities' expressions across participants. This suggests that participants' beliefs of how an emotion should be reflected in a facial expression are unique to them and identity independent, although there are also some systematic differences in the facial expressions between two identities that are common across all individuals. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Neurophysiological responses to emotional faces predict dynamic fluctuations in affect in adolescents.

The ability to accurately identify and interpret others' emotions is critical for social and emotional functioning during adolescence. Indeed, previous research has identified that laboratory-based indices of facial emotion recognition and engagement with emotional faces predict adolescent mood states. Whether socioemotional information processing relates to real-world affective dynamics using an ecologically sensitive approach, however, has rarely been assessed. In the present study, adolescents (N = 62; ages 13-18) completed a Facial Recognition Task, including happy, angry, and sad stimuli, while EEG data were acquired. Participants also provided ecological momentary assessment (EMA) data probing their current level of happiness, anger, and sadness for 1-week, resulting in indices of emotion (mean-level, inertia, instability). Analyses focused on relations between (1) accuracy for and (2) prolonged engagement with (LPP) emotional faces and EMA-reported emotions. Greater prolonged engagement with happy faces was related to less resistance to changes in happiness (i.e., less happiness inertia), whereas greater prolonged engagement with angry faces associated with more resistance to changes in anger (i.e., greater anger inertia). Results suggest that socioemotional processes captured by laboratory measures have real-world implications for adolescent affective states and highlight potentially actionable targets for novel treatment approaches (e.g., just-in-time interventions). Future studies should continue to assess relations among socioemotional informational processes and dynamic fluctuations in adolescent affective states.