RESUMEN
The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is a process that has long fascinated an army of researchers. In this brief review some early break-through observations are noted and a few later unexpected results described.
Asunto(s)
Coagulación Sanguínea/fisiología , Factor XIII/metabolismo , Fibrina/metabolismo , Fibrinógeno/metabolismo , Trombina/metabolismo , Animales , Ciona intestinalis/química , Ciona intestinalis/fisiología , Factor XIII/química , Factor XIII/historia , Fibrina/química , Fibrina/historia , Fibrinógeno/química , Fibrinógeno/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Transición de Fase , Proteolisis , Electricidad Estática , Trombina/química , Trombina/historiaRESUMEN
The proverb that probably best exemplifies my career in research is attributable to Yogi Berra (http://www.yogiberra.com/), ie, "when you come to a fork in the road ... take it." My career is a consequence of chance interactions with great mentors and talented students and the opportunities provided by a succession of ground-breaking improvements in technology.
Asunto(s)
Investigación Biomédica/historia , Factores de Coagulación Sanguínea/historia , Coagulación Sanguínea , Hematología/historia , Trombina/historia , Animales , Factores de Coagulación Sanguínea/química , Factores de Coagulación Sanguínea/metabolismo , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Mentores , Conformación Proteica , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Trombina/química , Trombina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Thrombin is a common hemostatic drug used in surgical practice for over 100 years because of its simplicity and efficacy. Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, activates platelets, and induces vascular contraction. It is available in multiple forms, including human thrombin, bovine thrombin, and, most recently, human recombinant thrombin. Over 100 case reports of adverse reactions to bovine thrombin include hemorrhage, thrombosis, and substantial immune reaction when used on cardiovascular surgery patients. Approximately 30% of patients exposed to bovine thrombin develop cross-reacting antibodies. Thirty percent of patients with anticlotting factor antibodies develop abnormal coagulation that can be detected by prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, or thrombin time, which makes anticoagulation monitoring difficult. Patients with multiple elevated antibodies prior to surgery are also more likely to sustain adverse events. Animal studies confirm these immunological responses seen in humans. With the available clinical and laboratory data, a less immunogenic yet biologically effective thrombin should be available for use in our surgical patients.
Asunto(s)
Coagulación Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Pérdida de Sangre Quirúrgica/prevención & control , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Cardiovasculares/efectos adversos , Hemostasis Quirúrgica/métodos , Hemostáticos/uso terapéutico , Hemorragia Posoperatoria/prevención & control , Trombina/uso terapéutico , Animales , Anticuerpos/sangre , Bovinos , Hemostasis Quirúrgica/efectos adversos , Hemostasis Quirúrgica/historia , Hemostáticos/efectos adversos , Hemostáticos/historia , Hemostáticos/inmunología , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , Modelos Animales , Hemorragia Posoperatoria/sangre , Proteínas Recombinantes/uso terapéutico , Medición de Riesgo , Trombina/efectos adversos , Trombina/historia , Trombina/inmunología , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Against an autobiographic background, a historical sketch is given of the development of the technique of thrombin generation, from subsampling to duly calibrated continuous measurement with fluorogenic substrates. Its application to various problems in the pathophysiology of hemostasis and thrombosis is discussed.
Asunto(s)
Hematología/historia , Trombina/historia , Anticoagulantes/historia , Anticoagulantes/farmacología , Plaquetas/fisiología , Hemostasis/fisiología , Heparina de Bajo-Peso-Molecular/historia , Heparina de Bajo-Peso-Molecular/farmacología , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Países Bajos , Protrombina/metabolismo , Trombina/biosíntesisRESUMEN
Progress in molecular biology has stimulated interest in the structure and function of thrombin. It has improved our understanding of its central role in thrombogenesis and has clarified the molecular events of inhibitor binding. This development has resulted in the production of recombinant hirudins and hirudin analogues. It has also allowed the molecular design of synthetic antithrombins, and encouraged the development of these products for clinical use. All pharmacological aspects speak in favor of the use of direct thrombin inhibitors as antithrombotic agents, especially in the potential indications where thrombin plays a crucial pathogenetic role. If their apparent advantages compared with heparin can be definitely demonstrated, the direct thrombin inhibitors may become the drug of choice for certain indications.