Situação epidemiológica e operacional da tuberculose no Estado de Goiás / Epidemiological and operational situation of tuberculosis in the State of Goiás

A tuberculose é uma doenças causada por uma bactéria denominada Mycobacterium tuberculoses ou Bacilo de Koch. Estima-se que a bactéria causadora tenha evoluído há 15.000 ou 20.000 anos, a partir de outras bactérias do gênero Mycobacterium.Esse relatório tem o objetivo de apresentar e descrever a situação epidemiológica e operacional da tuberculose no Estado de Goiás com os dados da base de dados referentes aos casos notificados atpe o ano de 2023. Foram utilizados as bases de ddos do Sistema de Informaçãoes de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN-NET), do Sistema de Informação de Tratamentos Especiais para Tuberculose (SITE-TB) e do Sistema de Notificação dos casos de Infecção Latente de Tuberculose (SILT)

Tuberculosis is a disease caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Koch's Bacillus. It is estimated that the causative bacteria evolved 15,000 or 20,000 years ago, from other bacteria of the Mycobacterium genus. This report aims to present and describe the epidemiological and operational situation of tuberculosis in the State of Goiás with data from the database data referring to cases reported up to the year 2023. The databases of the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN-NET), the Special Treatments Information System for Tuberculosis (SITE-TB) and the Notification System were used. of cases of Latent Tuberculosis Infection (SILT)

Lipoarabinomannan antigenic epitope differences in tuberculosis disease subtypes.

An accurate urine test for diverse populations with active tuberculosis could be transformative for preventing TB deaths. Urinary liporabinomannan (LAM) testing has been previously restricted to HIV co-infected TB patients. In this study we evaluate urinary LAM in HIV negative, pediatric and adult, pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients. We measured 430 microbiologically confirmed pretreatment tuberculosis patients and controls from Peru, Guinea Bissau, Venezuela, Uganda and the United States using three monoclonal antibodies, MoAb1, CS35, and A194, which recognize distinct LAM epitopes, a one-sided immunoassay, and blinded cohorts. We evaluated sources of assay variability and comorbidities (HIV and diabetes). All antibodies successfully discriminated TB positive from TB negative patients. ROAUC from the average of three antibodies' responses was 0.90; 95% CI 0.87-0.93, 90% sensitivity, 73.5% specificity (80 pg/mL). MoAb1, recognizing the 5-methylthio-D-xylofuranose(MTX)-mannose(Man) cap epitope, performed the best, was less influenced by glycosuria and identified culture positive pediatric (N = 19) and extrapulmonary (N = 24) patients with high accuracy (ROAUC 0.87, 95% CI 0.77-0.98, 0.90 sensitivity 0.80 specificity at 80 pg/mL; ROAUC = 0.96, 95% CI 0.92-0.99, 96% sensitivity, 80% specificity at 82 pg/mL, respectively). The MoAb1 antibody, recognizing the MTX-Man cap epitope, is a novel analyte for active TB detection in pediatric and extrapulmonary disease.

Caracterización de la tuberculosis en pacientes de la provincia Guantánamo, Cuba / Characterization of tuberculosis in patients from the Guantánamo province, Cuba

RESUMEN Introducción: La lucha contra la tuberculosis es una responsabilidad social y profesional que requiere de su caracterización, la que no se ha realizado en Guantánamo en la última década. Objetivo: Caracterizar la tuberculosis en pacientes de la provincia Guantánamo durante el periodo comprendido entre 2012 y 2019. Método: El universo se constituyó por el total de pacientes diagnosticados (n=136). Se estudiaron las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, localización de la enfermedad, resultados de la baciloscopía, categoría al egreso y grupos de riesgo de tuberculosis. La información se obtuvo mediante los registros de enfermedades de declaración obligatoria cada año, y las encuestas epidemiológicas de los controles de focos realizados, y se resumió en números absolutos y porcentajes. Resultados: En el 80,1 % de los casos la tuberculosis se localizó en los pulmones, y fue más común el diagnóstico de pacientes con baciloscopía positiva (63,2 %). El 76,7 % de los pacientes con baciloscopía positiva fueron masculinos. Los grupos de riesgos para tuberculosis más usuales fueron: fumadores (26,4 %), inmunodeprimidos (21,6 %) y el alcoholismo (19,1 %). Conclusiones: En la provincia Guantánamo prevalece la tuberculosis de localización pulmonar y los pacientes con bacteriología positiva. Los afectados sobre todo son hombres, tienen edad entre 45 a 54 años y son de reciente diagnóstico. La enfermedad incide más en aquellos con antecedente de ser fumadores, inmunodeprimidos y los alcohólicos.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The fight against tuberculosis is a social and professional responsibility, which requires its characterization, which has not been carried out in Guantánamo in the last decade. Objective: To characterize tuberculosis in patients in the Guantánamo province during the period between 2012 and 2019. Method: The universe was made up of the total number of diagnosed patients (n = 136). The following variables were studied: age, sex, location of the disease, smear results, category at discharge, and tuberculosis risk groups. The information was obtained through the notifiable disease registries for each year and the epidemiological surveys of the outbreak controls carried out, and was summarized in absolute numbers and percentages. Results: In 80.1% of cases, tuberculosis is in the lungs, and the diagnosis of patients with positive smear microscopy (63.2%) is more common. 76.7% of smear-positive patients are male. The most common risk groups for tuberculosis are: smokers (26.4%), immunosuppressed (21.6%) and alcoholism (19.1%). Conclusions: In Guantánamo province, pulmonary localization tuberculosis and patients with positive bacteriology prevail. Those affected are mainly men, they are between 45 and 54 years old and have recently been diagnosed. The disease affects more in those with a history of being smokers, immunosuppressed and alcoholics.

Clinical and epidemiological features of tuberculosis in children and adolescents / Características clínicas e epidemiológicas da tuberculose em crianças e adolescentes / Características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la tuberculosis en niños y adolescentes

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the clinical and epidemiological features of tuberculosis in children and adolescents in an infectious diseases reference hospital. Method: A documental and retrospective study was carried out with 88 medical files in an infectious diseases reference hospital in the state of Ceará. Data were analyzed by univariate, bivariate and multivariate approaches. Results: It was found that, depending on the tuberculosis type, its manifestations may vary. The logistic regression model considered only pulmonary tuberculosis due to a number of observations and included female sex (95% CI: 1.4-16.3), weight loss (95% CI: 1.8-26.3), bacilloscopic screening (95% CI: 1.5-16.6) and sputum collected (95% CI: 1.4-19.4) as possible predictors. Conclusions: Children and adolescents present different manifestations of the disease depending on the tuberculosis type that affects them. Knowing the most common features of each condition could enhance early diagnosis and, consequently, result in adequate treatment and care.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as características clínicas e epidemiológicas da tuberculose em crianças e adolescentes de um hospital de referência em doenças infecciosas. Método: Foi realizado um estudo documental e retrospectivo com 88 prontuários médicos em um hospital de referência em doenças infecciosas no estado do Ceará. Os dados foram analisados através das abordagens univariada, bivariada e multivariada. Resultados: Verificou-se que, dependendo do tipo de tuberculose, suas manifestações podem variar. O modelo de regressão logística considerou apenas a tuberculose pulmonar devido a um número de observações e incluiu sexo feminino (IC 95%: 1,4-16,3), perda de peso (IC 95%: 1,8-26,3) e baciloscopia (IC 95%: 1,5-16,6) com coleta de escarro (IC95%: 1,4-19,4) como possíveis preditores. Conclusão: Crianças e adolescentes apresentam diferentes manifestações da doença dependendo do tipo de tuberculose que os afeta. Conhecer as características mais comuns de cada condição pode melhorar o diagnóstico precoce e, consequentemente, levar a tratamentos e cuidados adequados.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Analizar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la tuberculosis en niños y adolescentes en un hospital de referencia de enfermedades infecciosas. Método: Se realizó un estudio documental y retrospectivo con 88 archivos médicos en un hospital de referencia de enfermedades infecciosas en el estado de Ceará. Se analizaron los datos por enfoques univariados, bivariados y multivariados. Resultados: Se encontró que, dependiendo del tipo de tuberculosis, sus manifestaciones pueden variar. El modelo de regresión logística consideró solo la tuberculosis pulmonar, debido a varias, observaciones e incluyó el género femenino (IC 95%: 1,4-16,3), la pérdida de peso (IC 95%: 1,8-26,3), la revisión baciloscopia (95 % CI: 1,5-16,6) y el esputo recolectado (95% CI: 1,4-19,4) como posibles predictores. Conclusiones: Los niños y adolescentes presentan diferentes manifestaciones de la enfermedad en función del tipo de tuberculosis que los afecta. Conocer las características más comunes de cada afección podría mejorar el diagnóstico temprano y, en consecuencia, resultar en un tratamiento y atención adecuados.

Clinical and epidemiological features of tuberculosis in children and adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical and epidemiological features of tuberculosis in children and adolescents in an infectious diseases reference hospital. METHOD: A documental and retrospective study was carried out with 88 medical files in an infectious diseases reference hospital in the state of Ceará. Data were analyzed by univariate, bivariate and multivariate approaches. RESULTS: It was found that, depending on the tuberculosis type, its manifestations may vary. The logistic regression model considered only pulmonary tuberculosis due to a number of observations and included female sex (95% CI: 1.4-16.3), weight loss (95% CI: 1.8-26.3), bacilloscopic screening (95% CI: 1.5-16.6) and sputum collected (95% CI: 1.4-19.4) as possible predictors. CONCLUSIONS: Children and adolescents present different manifestations of the disease depending on the tuberculosis type that affects them. Knowing the most common features of each condition could enhance early diagnosis and, consequently, result in adequate treatment and care.

Análisis de situación de tuberculosis en el Área Programática del Hospital General de Agudos Parmenio Piñero: Año 2017 / Analysis of tuberculosis situation at Programmatic Area of the Acute General Hospital Parmenio Piñero: 2017

El área programática del Hospital Parmenio Piñero (AP-HGAPP) se localiza en el sur de la ciudad, e incluye parte de las comunas 7, 8, 9, 10, 6 y 4. Según datos provenientes del Censo 20105, se registraron 324.179 personas viviendo en este territorio, con un porcentaje de población con Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas de 10,4% (superior al valor promedio de CABA de 7%). Se presenta en este informe un análisis de situación de tuberculosis, tomando como eje el territorio y la población a cargo del hospital y sus centros de salud y acción comunitaria. (AU)

[Lethality analysis in patients with tuberculosis diagnosis in a high complexity hospital in Cali, Colombia]. / Análisis de letalidad en pacientes con diagnóstico de tuberculosis en un centro de alta complejidad en Cali, Colombia.

Background In 2016 tuberculosis (TB) was considered the ninth leading cause of death worldwide and the leading cause of a single infectious agent, with approximately 1.6 million deaths worldwide and a lethality of 15%. Over 95% of cases and deaths are in developing countries like Colombia. AIM: To describe the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients who died during TB treatment in a high complexity hospital in Cali, Colombia. METHODS: We conducted an analytic retrospective cohort during 2007-2016 in Fundación Valle del Lili. We included patients with TB diagnosis, who died during TB treatment. RESULTS: From 787 patients with TB, 69 died (8.8%). Fifty nine percent were male, the average of age was 51.9 years. There was diagnosis delay in 51% of the patients and 74% presented pulmonary TB. Sixty four percent 64 died in the first 30 days of the TB diagnosis and 61% of the deaths were attributable to TB. Twenty five percent of patients had TB/HIV coinfection. Elderly patients (> 65 years old) were associated with death in the first 30 days of TB diagnosis (p < 0,001). DISCUSSION: The lethality found in this study was higher than expected (8.8%), the majority of patients had serious comorbidities. Elderly patients were associated with early death. The main pathophysiological mechanism of death was septic shock caused by severe tuberculous pneumonia.

Análisis de letalidad en pacientes con diagnóstico de tuberculosis en un centro de alta complejidad en Cali, Colombia / Lethality analysis in patients with tuberculosis diagnosis in a high complexity hospital in Cali, Colombia

Resumen Introducción: En el 2016 la tuberculosis (TBC) fue considerada la novena causa de muerte en el mundo y la primera por un único agente infeccioso, con aproximadamente 1,6 millones de muertes y una letalidad de 15%. Más de 95% de los casos de mortalidad mundial se presentan en países en vía de desarrollo como Colombia. Objetivo: Describir las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los pacientes que fallecieron durante el tratamiento antituberculoso en un centro de alta complejidad en Cali, Colombia. Métodos: Estudio analítico de cohorte retrospectiva, realizado entre 2007-2016 en la Fundación Valle del Lili. Se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de TBC con seguimiento clínico, que fallecirron por cualquier causa. Resultados: De 787 pacientes diagnosticados con TBC, murieron 69 (8,8%). La mayoría de los fallecidos (59%) fueron hombres, edad promedio de 51,9 años. Hubo retraso diagnóstico en 51% de los pacientes y 75% presentaron TBC pulmonar. El 64% murió en los primeros 30 días posteriores al diagnóstico de TBC y 61% de las muertes fueron atribuibles a TBC. Co-infección TBC e infección por VIH se presentó en 23% de los casos. La edad avanzada (> 65 años) se asoció a muerte en menos de 30 días desde el diagnóstico de TBC (p < 0,001). Discusión: La letalidad encontrada es superior a lo esperado (8,8%); la mayoría de los pacientes fallecidos presentó co-morbilidades graves. La edad avanzada se asoció a muerte temprana. El principal mecanismo fisiopatológico de muerte por TBC en este estudio fue el choque séptico secundario a neumonía grave tuberculosa.

Background In 2016 tuberculosis (TB) was considered the ninth leading cause of death worldwide and the leading cause of a single infectious agent, with approximately 1.6 million deaths worldwide and a lethality of 15%. Over 95% of cases and deaths are in developing countries like Colombia. Aim: To describe the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients who died during TB treatment in a high complexity hospital in Cali, Colombia. Methods: We conducted an analytic retrospective cohort during 2007-2016 in Fundación Valle del Lili. We included patients with TB diagnosis, who died during TB treatment. Results: From 787 patients with TB, 69 died (8.8%). Fifty nine percent were male, the average of age was 51.9 years. There was diagnosis delay in 51% of the patients and 74% presented pulmonary TB. Sixty four percent 64 died in the first 30 days of the TB diagnosis and 61% of the deaths were attributable to TB. Twenty five percent of patients had TB/HIV coinfection. Elderly patients (> 65 years old) were associated with death in the first 30 days of TB diagnosis (p < 0,001). Discussion: The lethality found in this study was higher than expected (8.8%), the majority of patients had serious comorbidities. Elderly patients were associated with early death. The main pathophysiological mechanism of death was septic shock caused by severe tuberculous pneumonia.

Manifestaciones tomográficas extrapulmonares de TBCy algunas de sus complicaciones asociadas / Extrapulmonary TB Tomography and some Associated Complications

La Tuberculosis (TBC) es una patología infecto-contagiosa de alta morbimortalidad en Chile y en el mundo, siendo la segunda causa de muerte por cuestión infecciosa y es considerada una patología de alta relevancia a nivel de salud pública. Es causada por una bacteria de alta virulencia y contagio llamada mycobacterium tuberculosis. En la actualidad contamos con protocolos de detección y tratamiento muy eficaces, que la convierten en una enfermedad prevenible y curable. El diagnóstico se realiza con estudios bacteriológicos específicos frente a una sospecha clínica-epidemiológica sugerente. Sin embargo, el uso de imágenes forma parte casi obligatoria de su estudio y control. Debido a que el órgano diana de la TBC es el pulmón, es habitual utilizar como apoyo diagnóstico una radiografía de tórax, la cual es útil, en caso de TBC pulmonar, al presentar hallazgos característicos y orientadores para su diagnóstico. Es importante destacar que el mycobacterium tuberculosis tiene alto potencial de diseminación por contigüidad, vía linfática y/o hematógena, siendo esa última vía la causante de la mayoría de las TBC extrapulmonares, las cuales se presentan en un 20% de pacientes inmunocompetentes y hasta en un 60% de inmunocomprometidos. La principal localización de una TBC extrapulmonar es a nivel pleural, seguida del compromiso ganglionar, urogenital y osteoarticular, siendo el resto de las localizaciones muy infrecuentes. Para esos casos la tomografía computada (TC) es el estudio por imágenes de elección para el diagnóstico y control, además de ser una herramienta muy útil para la detección de complicaciones.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease of high morbility and mortality in Chile and in the world. It is the second cause of death due to infectious causes in the world, and is considered of high relevance to public health. TB is caused by a highly pathogenic and virulent bacterium denominated mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nowadays, there are effective protocols for detection and treatment of this disease, which make it preventable and curable. Diagnosis is reached by specific bacteriological studies in the presence of a clinical epidemiological suspicion. Nevertheless, imagining methods are almost an obligatory part of tuberculosis study and control. Since the lung is the target organ of TB, chest X-ray is commonly used as a support for diagnosis, which is very useful in case of pulmonary TB because it provides characteristic findings to guide diagnosis. It is important to highlight that the mycobacterium tuberculosis has a high potential for dissemination by contiguity, via lymphatic and/or haematogenous, the latter being the cause of the majority of extrapulmonary TB, which are presented in 20% of immunocompetent patients and by up to 60% of immunocompromised. The main site of extrapulmonary TB is into the pleural space, followed by the lymph node, urogenital and osteoarticular involvement, the remainder being infrequent localizations. In these cases, a computed tomography (CT) study based on the selection of images, is the tool used for diagnosis and control, which is also useful for the detection of complications.

Assessment of Validity of a Blood-Based 3-Gene Signature Score for Progression and Diagnosis of Tuberculosis, Disease Severity, and Treatment Response.

Importance: The World Health Organization identified the need for a non-sputum-based triage test to identify those in need of further tuberculosis (TB) testing. Objective: To determine whether the 3-gene TB score can be a diagnostic tool throughout the course of TB disease, from latency to diagnosis to treatment response, and posttreatment residual inflammation. Design, Setting, and Participants: This nested case-control study analyzed the 3-gene TB score in 3 cohorts, each focusing on a different stage of TB disease: (1) the Adolescent Cohort Study profiled whole-blood samples from adolescents with latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, some of which progressed to active TB (ATB), using RNA sequencing; (2) the Brazil Active Screen Study collected whole blood from an actively screened case-control cohort of adult inmates from 2 prisons in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, for ATB from January 2016 to February 2016; and (3) the Catalysis Treatment Response Cohort (CTRC) identified culture-positive adults in primary health care clinics in Cape Town, South Africa, from 2005 to 2007 and collected whole blood for RNA sequencing from patients with ATB at diagnosis and weeks 1, 4, and 24. The CTRC patients also had positron emission tomography-computed tomography scans at diagnosis, week 4, and week 24. Analyses were performed from September 2017 to June 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures: A 3-gene messenger RNA expression score, measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction or RNA sequencing, was evaluated for distinguishing the following: individuals who progressed to ATB from those who did not, individuals with ATB from those without, and individuals with slower treatment response during TB therapy. Results: Patients evaluated in this study included 144 adolescents from the Adolescent Cohort Study (aged 12-18 years; 96 female and 48 male), 81 adult prison inmates from the Brazil Active Screen Study (aged 20-72 years; 81 male), and 138 adult community members from the CTRC (aged 17-64 years; 81 female and 57 male). The 3-gene TB score identified progression from latent M tuberculosis infection to ATB 6 months prior to sputum conversion with 86% sensitivity and 84% specificity (area under the curve [AUC], 0.86; 95% CI, 0.77-0.96) and patients with ATB in the Brazil Active Screen Study cohort (AUC, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.78-0.95) and CTRC (AUC, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.88-0.99). It also identified CTRC patients with failed treatment at the end of treatment (AUC, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.83-1.00). Collectively, across all cohorts, the 3-gene TB score identified patients with ATB with 90% sensitivity, 70% specificity, and 99.3% negative predictive value at 4% prevalence. Conclusions and Relevance: Across 3 independent prospective cohorts, the 3-gene TB score approaches the World Health Organization target product profile benchmarks for non-sputum-based triage test with high negative predictive value. This gene expression diagnostic approach should be considered for further validation and future implementation.

Combination of commercially available molecular assays and culture based methods in diagnosis of tuberculosis and drug resistant tuberculosis

ABSTRACT Early diagnosis of tuberculosis is of major clinical importance. Among 4733 clinical specimens collected from 3363 patients and subjected to Ziehl-Neelsen microscopy, 4109 were inoculated onto Lõwenstein-Jensen slants and 3139 in Bactec/9000MB. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed in 3139 specimens, whereas, a genotypic assay was directly applied in 93 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex PCR-positive for isoniazid and rifampicin resistance detection specimens (GenoType MTBDRplus). Recovered M. tuberculosis isolates (64) as well as, 21 more sent from Regional Hospitals were tested for antimycobacterial resistance with a phenotypic (manual MGIT-SIRE) and a genotypic assay (GenoType MTBDRplus). PCR in the clinical specimens showed excellent specificity (97.4%) and accuracy (96.8%), good sensitivity (70.4%), but low positive predictive value (40.3%). MGIT-SIRE performed to M. tuberculosis did not confer a reliable result in 16 isolates. Of the remaining 69 isolates, 15 were resistant to streptomycin, seven to isoniazid, seven to ethambutol and five to rifampicin. GenoType MTBDRplus correctly detected isoniazid (seven) and rifampicin-resistant M. tuberculosis strains (five), showing an excellent performance overall (100%). Susceptibility results by the molecular assay applied directly to clinical specimens were identical to those obtained from recovered isolates of the corresponding patients. Combining molecular and conventional methods greatly contribute to early diagnosis and accurate susceptibility testing of tuberculosis.(AU)

Estimating the impact of tuberculosis anatomical classification on treatment outcomes: A patient and surveillance perspective analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis anatomical classification is inconsistent in the literature, which limits current tuberculosis knowledge and control. We aimed to evaluate whether tuberculosis classification impacts on treatment outcomes at patient and aggregate level. METHODS: We analyzed adults from São Paulo State, Brazil with newly diagnosed tuberculosis from 2010-2013. We used an extended clinical classification of tuberculosis, categorizing cases as pulmonary, pulmonary and extrapulmonary, extrapulmonary and miliary/disseminated. Our primary outcome was unsuccessful outcome of treatment. To investigate the reported treatment outcome at the aggregate level, we sampled 500 different "countries" from the dataset and compared the impact of pulmonary and extrapulmonary classifications on the reported treatment success. RESULTS: Of 62,178 patients, 49,999 (80.4%) were pulmonary, 9,026 (14.5%) extrapulmonary, 1,651 (2.7%) pulmonary-extrapulmonary and 1,502 (2.4%) miliary/disseminated. Pulmonary-extrapulmonary cases had similar unsuccessful outcome of treatment compared with pulmonary (adjusted-OR 1.00, 95%CI, 0.88-1.13, p = 0.941), while extrapulmonary were associated with better (adjusted-OR 0.65, 95%CI, 0.60-0.71, p<0.001) and miliary/disseminated with worse outcomes (adjusted-OR 1.51, 95%CI, 1.33-1.71, p<0.001). We found that 60 (12%) countries would report a difference ≥10% in treatment success depending on whether they reported all clinical forms together (current WHO recommendation) or pulmonary forms alone, overestimating the treatment success of pulmonary forms. CONCLUSIONS: The expanded anatomical classification of tuberculosis was strongly associated with treatment outcomes at the patient level. Remarkably, pulmonary with concomitant extrapulmonary forms had similar treatment outcomes compared with pulmonary forms after adjustment for potential confounders. At the aggregate level, reporting treatment success for all clinical forms together might hide differences in progress between pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis control.

Tuberculosis en Área Programática del Hospital General de Agudos Parmenio Piñero: 1° semestre 2017 / Tuberculosis in the Programmatic Area of the Acute General Hospital Parmenio Piñero: First half 2017

La tuberculosis (TBC) es una enfermedad infecciosa que compromete habitualmente el sistema respiratorio, y con menor frecuencia otros aparatos. A nivel mundial representa la segunda causa infecciosa de muerte después del HIV, y en Argentina se notificaron 429 muertes en 2015. La ciudad de Buenos Aires presenta la tercera tasa de notificación de TBC más alta del país, luego de Salta y Jujuy, y dentro de CABA las comunas con mayor incidencia de TBC son la 7 y la 8, aportando una porción significativa del territorio total del área programática del Hospital Piñero. El grupo colaborativo de tuberculosis del Hospital Piñero y su área programática es un colectivo multidisciplinario de profesionales que se desempeñan en el hospital o en centros de salud, compuesto por médicos, enfermeros, trabajadoras sociales, bioquímicos, farmacéuticos y psicólogos. El trabajo en red posibilita compartir objetivos comunes, intercambiar recursos, información y experiencias de trabajo, con la finalidad de articular el proceso de atención y cuidado de las personas con tuberculosis y sus contactos familiares e institucionales. Se analizaron casos de tuberculosis (todas las localizaciones, pulmonar, extrapulmonar o ambas), confirmada bacteriológicamente o no, que iniciaron tratamiento en el Hospital Piñero y/o CeSAC del AP, o aquellos con residencia en el AP del Hospital Piñero que fueron asistidos en otras instituciones. Las fuentes de información utilizadas fueron el SNVS (Módulo C2 para datos 2015-2016; Módulo TBC para datos 2017). Para la realización de los mapas se utilizó además datos suministrados por la Gerencia Operativa de Epidemiología, que corresponden a individuos residentes en el AP del Piñero que fueron asistidos en otras instituciones. (AU)

Elaboração e validação semântica de um instrumento de avaliação da transferência do tratamento diretamente observado como política de controle da tuberculose / Design and semantic validation of a new instrument to assess policy transfer of directly observed treatment for tuberculosis

OBJETIVO: Elaborar e validar semanticamente um instrumento de avaliação da transferência do tratamento diretamente observado (TDO) como política de controle da tuberculose segundo a experiência de profissionais de saúde de nível médio e superior. MÉTODO: Trata-se de uma investigação metodológica desenvolvida em duas etapas: revisão da literatura para elaboração do instrumento primário e validação semântica do instrumento primário mediante aplicação de questionários adaptados do método DISABKIDS®. As informações obtidas, a depender de suas características, foram analisadas quantitativa (estatística descritiva) ou qualitativamente (análise de conteúdo - modalidade temática). RESULTADOS: Participaram do estudo 24 profissionais de nível médio e superior que executam ações de controle da tuberculose. O instrumento foi considerado importante para a prática profissional dos sujeitos do estudo. As respostas geraram modificações na estrutura e no conteúdo do instrumento. O processo resultou em um instrumento elaborado e validado semanticamente. CONCLUSÕES: A validação semântica é importante para garantir a aplicabilidade dos instrumentos de avaliação, como mostrou a contribuição dos participantes. O instrumento cuja validação semântica foi descrita no presente estudo será posteriormente avaliado quanto a características psicométricas por meio de técnicas estatísticas e quanto a sua utilidade para mensurar a transferência do TDO como política de controle da tuberculose aos profissionais de saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To design and semantically validate an instrument to evaluate the transfer of directly observed therapy (DOT) as a policy for tuberculosis control taking into consideration the experience of mid- and higher level health care workers. METHODS: This methodological investigation was developed in two stages: literature review to design the first draft of the instrument; and semantic validation of the first draft using questionnaires adapted from the DISABKIDS® project. The information obtained was analyzed using quantitative (descriptive statistics) or qualitative (content theme analysis) methods. RESULTS: Twenty-four mid- and higher level health care workers engaged in tuberculosis control participated in the study. The instrument was considered important for the work of study participants. The answers provided by participants led to changes in both the structure and content of the instrument. The process resulted in a final, semantically validated questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: Semantic validation is important to ensure the applicability of assessment instruments, as shown by the contributions provided by participants. The instrument whose semantic validation was described in this study will now be assessed in terms of psychometric characteristics and usefulness to measure the transfer of DOT to health professionals as a tuberculosis control policy.

Rapid detection and differentiation of mycobacterial species using a multiplex PCR system.

INTRODUCTION: The early diagnosis of mycobacterial infections is a critical step for initiating treatment and curing the patient. Molecular analytical methods have led to considerable improvements in the speed and accuracy of mycobacteria detection. METHODS: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a multiplex polymerase chain reaction system using mycobacterial strains as an auxiliary tool in the differential diagnosis of tuberculosis and diseases caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) RESULTS: Forty mycobacterial strains isolated from pulmonary and extrapulmonary origin specimens from 37 patients diagnosed with tuberculosis were processed. Using phenotypic and biochemical characteristics of the 40 mycobacteria isolated in LJ medium, 57.5% (n=23) were characterized as the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and 20% (n=8) as nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), with 22.5% (n=9) of the results being inconclusive. When the results of the phenotypic and biochemical tests in 30 strains of mycobacteria were compared with the results of the multiplex PCR, there was 100% concordance in the identification of the MTBC and NTM species, respectively. A total of 32.5% (n=13) of the samples in multiplex PCR exhibited a molecular pattern consistent with NTM, thus disagreeing with the final diagnosis from the attending physician. CONCLUSIONS: Multiplex PCR can be used as a differential method for determining TB infections caused by NTM a valuable tool in reducing the time necessary to make clinical diagnoses and begin treatment. It is also useful for identifying species that were previously not identifiable using conventional biochemical and phenotypic techniques.

Rapid detection and differentiation of mycobacterial species using a multiplex PCR system

Introduction The early diagnosis of mycobacterial infections is a critical step for initiating treatment and curing the patient. Molecular analytical methods have led to considerable improvements in the speed and accuracy of mycobacteria detection. Methods The purpose of this study was to evaluate a multiplex polymerase chain reaction system using mycobacterial strains as an auxiliary tool in the differential diagnosis of tuberculosis and diseases caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) Results Forty mycobacterial strains isolated from pulmonary and extrapulmonary origin specimens from 37 patients diagnosed with tuberculosis were processed. Using phenotypic and biochemical characteristics of the 40 mycobacteria isolated in LJ medium, 57.5% (n=23) were characterized as the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and 20% (n=8) as nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), with 22.5% (n=9) of the results being inconclusive. When the results of the phenotypic and biochemical tests in 30 strains of mycobacteria were compared with the results of the multiplex PCR, there was 100% concordance in the identification of the MTBC and NTM species, respectively. A total of 32.5% (n=13) of the samples in multiplex PCR exhibited a molecular pattern consistent with NTM, thus disagreeing with the final diagnosis from the attending physician. Conclusions Multiplex PCR can be used as a differential method for determining TB infections caused by NTM a valuable tool in reducing the time necessary to make clinical diagnoses and begin treatment. It is also useful for identifying species that were previously not identifiable using conventional biochemical and phenotypic techniques. .

Use of the Ogawa-Kudoh method to isolate mycobacteria in a tuberculosis reference laboratory in northwestern Paraná, Brazil

Culturing is the gold standard method for confirming a diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). The Brazilian Ministry of Health recently proposed the use of the Ogawa-Kudoh method for sputa cultures to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate 8 years of using the Ogawa-Kudoh method in a TB reference laboratory in northwestern Paraná, Brazil. The present study consisted of a retrospective analysis of sputa cultures records for the detection of mycobacteria using the Ogawa-Kudoh method in the Laboratory of Medical Bacteriology, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Clinical Analysis (LEPAC), State University of Maringá, from July 2003 to September 2011. The following variables were analyzed: Ziehl Neelsen (Z-N) smears and cultures results and the age and gender of the patients. Sputa samples from 3,231 patients with suspected TB were analyzed. Of these, 67.17% were male with an average age of 45.58 years. Of the total number of Z-N-negative samples (n=2,949), 42 (1.42%) were positive for M. tuberculosis (p >0.05). The Ogawa-Kudoh method is an excellent tool for diagnosing pulmonary TB. It is easy to perform, requires less biosafety equipment than the Petroff method, has a low cost, and has good sensitivity for detecting of M. tuberculosis.

A cultura é o método padrão ouro para confirmação da tuberculose (TB). O Ministério da Saúde Brasileiro propôs, recentemente, a utilização do método de Ogawa-Kudoh para cultura de escarro na detecção de Mycobacterium tuberculosis. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar oito anos de utilização do método de Ogawa-Kudoh na rotina de um laboratório de referência na região noroeste do Paraná, Brasil. Realizou-se estudo retrospectivo dos registros das culturas de escarro para a detecção de micobactérias, usando o método Ogawa-Kudoh conduzido no Laboratório de Bacteriologia Médica, Laboratório de ensino e pesquisa em Análises Clínicas (LEPAC) da Universidade Estadual de Maringá (UEM), de Julho de 2003 a Setembro de 2011. As seguintes variáveis foram analisadas: esfregaço Ziehl Neelsen (Z-N), cultura, idade e sexo do paciente. Analisaram-se 3.231 amostras de escarro de pacientes com suspeita de tuberculose. Destes, 67,17% eram do sexo masculino com idade média de 45,58 anos. Do total de amostras Z-N negativas (n=2.949), 42 amostras (42/2949, 1,42%) apresentaram cultura positiva para M. tuberculosis (p>0,05). A utilização do método Ogawa-Kudoh representa excelente ferramenta para o diagnóstico precoce da TB pulmonar. É de fácil execução, requer menos equipamentos de biossegurança do que o método de Petroff, apresenta baixo custo e boa sensibilidade para detecção de M. tuberculosis.

Pantoea agglomerans in immunodeficient patients with different respiratory symptoms.

The aim of this paper was to determine in 32 patients from 4 different Mexican hospitals the frequency of opportunistic bacteria in the 2010 to 2011 time period. The patients were divided in 4 groups. Group 1 included 21 HIV positive patients with acute respiratory syndrome. Four HIV positive patients with tuberculosis symptoms were included in Group 2; two patients with tuberculosis symptoms and one asymptomatic person formed Group 3. Reference Group 4 included 4 patients from whom 4 strains of Mycobacterium spp. had been reported. The strains were isolated and identified by 16S rRNA gene amplification, API 20E and 50CH, biochemical test, and antibiotic sensitivity. The strains found were 10 Pantoea agglomerans, 6 Mycobacterium spp., 6 Pseudomonas spp. and 10 strains of normal floral species: Thermoactinomycetes bacterium (1), Enterococcus faecium (2), Bacillus licheniformis (1), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (2), Streptococcus oralis (2), Streptococcus anginosus (1), and Enterobacter hormaechei (1).

Estratificación epidemiológica en el control de los factores de riesgo de la tuberculosis / Epidemiological stratification to control the risk factors of tuberculosis

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal, con el objetivo de implementar la estratificación epidemiológica en el control de los factores de riesgo de la tuberculosis, provincia Pinar del Río, 2008-2010. El universo de estudio lo constituyó, los habitantes de la provincia en cada uno de los años estudiados. Se revisó el registro de dispensarización y las encuestas epidemiológicas; de ellos se obtuvieron los factores de riesgo: alcoholismo, hábito de fumar, diabetes mellitus, ancianos solos, desnutrición, inmunodeprimidos y casos viviendo con VIH/Sida. Para el procesamiento de la información se trabajó con Microsoft Excel y MapInfo Professional. Se utilizó la metodología estratificación epidemiológica de riesgo hasta nivel municipal; los estratos para los factores de riesgo como para la enfermedad, se clasificaron en: muy alto, alto, mediano y bajo riesgo. Para determinar la significación de cambios se utilizó la prueba Mc Nemar. Los resultados mostraron que en el 2009, el 50 por ciento de los municipios que en la estratificación del 2008 estaban en el estrato de muy alto y alto riesgo, el 85,7 por ciento cambiaran de estratos, lo que indica un mejor control de los factores de riesgo. El proceso de estratificación en el 2010, no logró cambios favorables en los municipios con mayor riesgo en el 2008, estando el 65 por ciento clasificado en estratos de muy alto y alto riesgo, pues el plan de acción previsto, no fue ejecutado con efectividad y seriedad por los jefes de programa, debido a inestabilidad y ausencia de los mismos en los municipios de mayor riesgo...(AU)

A descriptive, longitudinal study aimed at implementing epidemiological stratification to control the risk factors of tuberculosis in Pinar del Rio province was carried out form 2008 to 2010. The target group was comprised of the inhabitants of the province for each of the years under study. Records and epidemiological survey were revised; taking into account the risk factors of alcoholism, smoking, diabetes mellitus, old people living alone, malnutrition, and immunosupression plus HIV/AIDS cases. To process the information Microsoft Excel and Professional MapInfo were used; making use of the epidemiological methodology to stratify the risks up to the municipal level; the strata to the risk factors of the disease were classified as: very high, high, middle and low risk. McNemar test was applied to determine the significance of changes. Results showed that in 2009, 50 per cent of the municipalities having strata of very high, and high risk in 2009 changed their levels (85,7 per cent), which pointed out a better control of the risk factors. The process of stratification in 2010 did not achieve favorable changes in municipalities that presented higher risk factors, since the foreseeable action plan was not serious and efficiently fulfilled by the leaders of the program, due to the instability and non-attendance of them in the municipalities with higher risk factors...(AU)