Escrofuloderma, una manifestación extrapulmonar de tuberculosis: a propósito de un caso y actualización de esquema de tratamiento en Chile / Scrofuloderma, a manifestation extrapulmonary tuberculosis: about a case and treatment scheme update in Chile

La tuberculosis (TBC) es una enfermedad infecciosa causada por organismos del complejo Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Las presentaciones extrapulmonares constituyen hasta el 25% de los casos de TBC reportados en nuestro país. La TBC cutánea es una manifestación extrapulmonar rara que representa el 1-2% de los casos, siendo el escrofuloderma y el lupus vulgar las formas clínicas más comunes. El escrofuloderma es una manifestación endógena de la infección, como resultado de la extensión contigua a la piel suprayacente desde estructuras adyacentes. La biopsia de piel asociada a técnicas moleculares y cultivo de micobacterias constituyen el gold standard diagnóstico de la TBC cutánea. El tratamiento de la TBC cutánea sigue las mismas recomendaciones que para otras formas de TBC. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con escrofuloderma.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by organisms of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Extrapulmonary presentations may constitutes up to 25% of TB cases. Reported in our country Cutaneous tuberculosis is a rare extrapulmonary manifestation that represents 1-2% of cases, with scrofuloderma and lupus vulgaris being the most common clinical forms. Scrofuloderma is an endogenous manifestation of the infection, because of contiguous extension to the overlying skin from adjacent structures. Skin biopsy associated with molecular techniques and mycobacterial culture constitute the gold standard for diagnosis of cutaneous TB. The treatment of cutaneous TB follows the same recommendations as for other forms of TB. We present the case of a patient with scrofuloderma.

Tuberculous verrucosa cutis with a sporotrichoid distribution.

Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis (TBVC) is a common paucibacillary form of cutaneous tuberculosis caused by exogenous reinfection in previously sensitized individuals. The typical morphology is usually observed as a single verrucous plaque with inflammatory borders mostly on the hands, knees, ankle, and buttocks; however, several atypical morphologies of the lesions have also been described. TBVC occurring in sporotrichoid pattern is relatively rare. We report a case of a rare sporotrichoid presentation of TBVC in a 38-year-old male patient in the absence of any primary tuberculous focus.

Cutaneous tuberculosis in China - A multicentre retrospective study of cases diagnosed between 1957 and 2013.

BACKGROUND: China has one of the largest populations with tuberculosis worldwide. Cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB) is a rare manifestation of mycobacterial infection. Although CTB is well described, it is important to periodically revisit the prevailing clinical and epidemiological features in most populated countries such as China, India, and Indonesia, where tuberculosis is still a major health problem. OBJECTIVE: This retrospective study aimed to re-evaluate the CTB cases in China in the past 50 years to obtain a comprehensive insight into this multiplex entity. METHODS: Cases of diagnosed CTB with confirmed histology from four large medical centres in central China between 1957 and 2013 were collected and analysed, including demographic data, clinical manifestations and pathological findings. RESULTS: Of the 1194 cases enrolled, there were 666 (55.78%) and 528 cases (44.22%) of true CTB and tuberculids, respectively. Erythema induratum of Bazin (EIB) was the most common CTB (35.8%), followed by lupus vulgaris (LV, 32.7%), tuberculosis verrucosa cutis (18.9%), papulonecrotic tuberculid (8.0%), scrofuloderma (2.8%), tuberculosis cutis ulcerosa (1.3%), penile tuberculids (0.4%), and lichen scrofulosorum (0.1%). EIB was the predominant tuberculid (80.87%), while LV the predominant true CTB (58.7%). The number of diagnosed CTB showed a decreasing trend in the 1960s and 1970s, then increased again, and peaked in the 1990s. CONCLUSIONS: Cutaneous tuberculosis is still a common problem in China. Chronologic changes in CTB cases reported in China over the past 50 years may reflect the prevalence transition of overall tuberculosis. CTB has diverse clinical presentations, and each subtype is characterized by specific gender predilection, duration, age, clinic and pathological findings.

Cutaneous tuberculosis overview and current treatment regimens.

Tuberculosis is one of the oldest diseases known to humankind and it is currently a worldwide threat with 8-9 million new active disease being reported every year. Among patients with co-infection of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis is ultimately responsible for the most deaths. Cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB) is uncommon, comprising 1-1.5% of all extra-pulmonary tuberculosis manifestations, which manifests only in 8.4-13.7% of all tuberculosis cases. A more accurate classification of CTB includes inoculation tuberculosis, tuberculosis from an endogenous source and haematogenous tuberculosis. There is furthermore a definite distinction between true CTB caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and CTB caused by atypical mycobacterium species. The lesions caused by mycobacterium species vary from small papules (e.g. primary inoculation tuberculosis) and warty lesions (e.g. tuberculosis verrucosa cutis) to massive ulcers (e.g. Buruli ulcer) and plaques (e.g. lupus vulgaris) that can be highly deformative. Treatment options for CTB are currently limited to conventional oral therapy and occasional surgical intervention in cases that require it. True CTB is treated with a combination of rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, isoniazid and streptomycin that is tailored to individual needs. Atypical mycobacterium infections are mostly resistant to anti-tuberculous drugs and only respond to certain antibiotics. As in the case of pulmonary TB, various and relatively wide-ranging treatment regimens are available, although patient compliance is poor. The development of multi-drug and extremely drug-resistant strains has also threatened treatment outcomes. To date, no topical therapy for CTB has been identified and although conventional therapy has mostly shown positive results, there is a lack of other treatment regimens.

Tuberculosis cutánea: revisión del tema a propósito de dos casos / Cutaneous tuberculosis: two cases and literature review

La Tuberculosis Cutánea es una enfermedad infecciosa crónica causada por el Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pese a ser una forma poco frecuente de presentación de la Tuberculosis, representa un gran desafío para los clínicos que se enfrentan a estos casos, debido principalmente a la gran diversidad de formas clínicas existentes. A continuación presentamos 2 casos clínicos de Tuberculosis Cutánea diagnosticados en el Hospital Regional de Talca y una revisión del tema basada en la clasificación, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la enfermedad.

Cutaneous Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Despite being a rare presentation of the disease, Cutaneous Tuberculosis is a major challenge for clinicians who face these cases, mainly due to the great diversity of clinical forms. We present 2 cases of Cutaneous Tuberculosis diagnosed in Hospital Regional de Talca and a review of the topic based in classification, diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

Tuberculosis cutánea: presentación de cuatro formas clínicas / Cutaneous tuberculosis: presentation of four clinical forms

La tuberculosis cutánea es una enfermedad infecciosa crónica causada por el Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Se presenta en una variedad de formas clínicas que dependen de la vía de llegada del bacilo a la piel y del estado inmunológico del paciente. La reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (RCP) ha permitido enrolar en el grupo de la tuberculosis cutánea a entidades antes reconocidas como tuberculides. Sin embargo, en muchos casos, la RCP no está disponible en países en desarrollo, en los cuales la incidencia considerable presenta a la tuberculosis como un problema de salud pública. Se presenta cuatro pacientes con formas clínicas distintas de tuberculosis cutánea (tuberculide papulonecrótica, escrofuloderma, tuberculosis verrucosa cutis y eritema indurado de Bazin), que reciben tratamiento antituberculoso de acuerdo al esquema nacional de tratamiento con evolución favorable.

Cutaneous tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. lt comes in a variety of clinical forms depending on the route of arrival of the bacillus to the skin and the immune status of the patient. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has allowed enrolling in group TB skin entities before recognized as tuberculids; however often not available in developing countries in which the considerable incidence that tuberculosis has, it becomes a problem public health. We report 4 patients with different clinical forms of cutaneous tuberculosis (tuberculid papulonecrotic, scrofuloderma, tuberculosis verrucosa cutis and indurated erythema Bazin) receiving tuberculosis treatment according to national treatment regimen with a favorable evolution.

Cutaneous tuberculosis: a diagnostic dilemma.

Cutaneous tuberculosis continues to be one of the most difficult conditions to diagnose. It is a challenge particularly in developing countries due to the lack of resources. The authors define the classification and clinical manifestations considered predictive of its diagnosis.

Orofacial tuberculosis--a 16-year experience with 46 cases.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical signs and symptoms of orofacial tuberculosis, with an emphasis on the importance of histologic diagnosis. Based on an evaluation of 46 patients, Andrade's classification is presented with a novel 10-point protocol for the management of orofacial tuberculosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-six patients were evaluated for orofacial tuberculosis over 16 years (1996 through 2011). All 46 patients were managed with a 10-point protocol for the care of orofacial tuberculosis. RESULTS: Forty-six cases with a positive diagnosis of orofacial tuberculosis were confirmed by histopathologic and other investigations specified in the 10-point protocol for the management of orofacial tuberculosis. The male:female ratio was 0.917, with no gender predilection. Most cases were seen in the second and third decades of life. A large number of patients (n = 22) presented with a lesion in relation to the angle of the mandible. CONCLUSIONS: In a tuberculosis-prevalent country such as India, it is very important to be aware of tubercular lesions involving the orofacial region. Andrade's classification of orofacial tuberculosis helped classify different forms of tubercular lesions that may involve the orofacial region. The 10-point protocol formulated and applied to all 46 cases proved successful in the management of these cases.

[Cutaneous tuberculosis: two case reports and review]. / Tuberculosis cutánea: reporte de dos casos y revisión de la literatura.

Cutaneous tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is uncommon (1% of all cases of tuberculosis), but has increased due to the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic and to pharmacologic immunosuppression. It presents a wide variety of clinical forms depending on how bacteria reach the skin and on the immune status of the patient. We present two cases of cutaneous tuberculosis diagnosed in the Hospital Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. We emphasize the difficulty in diagnosis and classification of this disease and briefly discuss on the different diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Tuberculosis cutánea: reporte de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Cutaneous tuberculosis: two case reports and review

Cutaneous tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is uncommon (1 percent of all cases of tuberculosis), but has increased due to the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic and to pharmacologic immunosuppression. It presents a wide variety of clinical forms depending on how bacteria reach the skin and on the immune status of the patient. We present two cases of cutaneous tuberculosis diagnosed in the Hospital Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. We emphasize the difficulty in diagnosis and classification of this disease and briefly discuss on the different diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

La tuberculosis (TBC) cutánea es una enfermedad infecciosa crónica causada por Mycobacterium tubercu losis. Es una patología poco frecuente (1 por ciento de todos los casos de TBC); no obstante, ha aumentado debido a la epidemia del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana y la presencia creciente de la inmunosupresión farmacológica. Presenta una gran variedad de formas clínicas que dependen de cómo llega el bacilo a la piel y del estado inmunológico del individuo. A continuación, presentamos dos casos clínicos de TBC cutánea vistos en el Hospital Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile y una revisión del tema.

Erythema induratum--a type of cutaneous tuberculosis.

We report a case of erythema induratum recently encountered in our centre. A 14-year-old male presented with history of fever, weight loss and multiple, painful, hyperpigmented patches over both legs and dorsum of foot, since six months. FNAC showed evidence of granulomatous inflammation. Biopsy of the lesion showed skin with inflammatory infiltrate in the deep dermis composed predominantly of epithelioid granulomas, Langhan's giant cells and mature lymphocytes. A strongly positive Mantoux test and elevated TB IgG and IgM antibody levels suggested tuberculosis. The patient responded well to a course of anti-tuberculous therapy with marked resolution of the lesions.

Características clínicas, epidemiológicas e histopatológicas de la tuberculosis cutánea en el Hospital Nacional Daniel A. Carrión. Julio 2008 - Julio 2010 / Epidemiological, clinical and histopathologic features of cutaneous tuberculosis in the Daniel A. Carrion National Hospital. July 2008-July 2010

OBJETIVO: Determinar las características clínicas, epidemiológicas e histopatológicas de la tuberculosis cutánea en el Hospital Nacional Daniel A. Carrión durante el periodo de Julio 2008 a Julio 2010. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo de tipo serie de casos. Se revisó las historias y las imágenes de las lesiones y laminas histopatológicas de las biopsias cutáneas de los pacientes con diagnóstico de tuberculosis cutánea basado en los criterios clínicos, epidemiológicos, microbiológicos e histopatológicos. RESULTADOS: Durante el período de estudio se presentaron 12 casos de tuberculosis cutánea de los cuales el 66.7% fueron mujeres y 33.3 % hombres. Las formas clínicas halladas fueron: escrofulodermia en 41.6%, eritema indurado de Bazin en 25%, lupus vulgar en 16.6%, tuberculosis periorificial en 8.3% y tuberculosis verrugosa cutis en 8.3%. En cuanto a la histopatología, se encontró la presencia del granuloma tuberculoide en el 100% de los casos siendo su localización más frecuente la dermis y la coloración Ziehl Neelsen demostró lapresencia de BAAR en 66.6% de los casos. CONCLUSIÓN: La tuberculosis cutánea fue más frecuente en el sexo femenino, la escrofulodermia, la forma clínica más frecuente, y el granuloma tuberculoide el hallazgo histopatológico en el total de casos.

To determine epidemiological and histopathological characteristics of cutaneous tuberculosis in the Daniel Alcides Carrion National Hospital during the period July 2008 to July 2010. Patients and methods: descriptive case series. Clinical records, images of the lesions and histopathological of the cutaneous biopsies the top patients with cutaneous tuberculosis diagnosis based in the clinical epidemiological microbiological and histopahatological criteria were assessed. RESULTS; During the study period therewere 12 cases of cutaneous tuberculosis of which 66.7% were female and 33.3% male. The clinical forms were: 41.6% scrofuloderma, BazinÆs indurated erythemain 25%, 16,6% in lupus vulgaris, periorificial tuberculosis at 8,3% and 8,3% verrucous tuberculosis. Regarding the histopathology, the presence of tuberculoid granuloma in 100% of cases, being dermis the most common site and Ziehl Neelsen staining showed the presence of BAAR in 66,6% of cases. CONCLUSION: Cutaneous tuberculosis was more common in females, scrofuloderma was the most frequent clinical finding and tuberculoid granuloma was the histopathological finding in all cases.

Tuberculosis colicuativa / Colliquative cutaneous tuberculosis

La Tuberculosis cutánea es una enfermedad infecciosa crónica causada por Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Se presenta en una variedad de formas clínicas que dependen de la vía de llegada del bacilo a la piel y del estado inmunológico del huésped; la mayoría procede de fuente endógena. LaTuberculosis es una enfermedad de alta prevalencia en países en vías de desarrollo como el nuestro, siendo las formas cutáneas cerca del 1 % -2 % del total de las tuberculosis. En los últimos tiempos se ha visto un resurgimiento de la tuberculosis cutánea que se corresponde con el aumento en la incidencia de la tuberculosis en todo el mundo. Se reporta el caso de un paciente varón de 22 años con una tumoración fluctuante en la axila derecha que correspondió a una tuberculosis colicuativa o escrofuloderma y evolucionó favorablemente al tratamiento antituberculoso; una primera fase con rifampicina 600 mg/día, isoniacida 300 mg/día, pirazinamida 1.5 g/día y tambutol 1.2g/día, diario excepto domingos y feriados por 2 meses; seguidos de una segunda fase con isoniacida 800mg/d y rifampicina 600mg/d, dos veces por semana por 4 meses, observándose una resolución completa del proceso. Presentamos este caso por ser una entidad de difícil diagnóstico, por su variada presentación clínica y la dificultad de su confirmación diagnóstica.

The colliquative cutaneous tuberculosis is achronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It appears ina broad clinical spectrum that depends onthe orute of arrival of the bacillus to the skin and on the immunological condition of the guest; the majority come from endogenous. Tuberculosis is a disease og high prevalence in developing countries as ours, being the cutaneous forms near 1 û 2% of the total. Now a days it has seen a revival of the cutaneous tuberculosis corresponding to the increase in the incident of tuberculosis in the world. This is the case of a 22 year-old male patient with a fluctuating tumor in the right axilla that correrponded to a collicuative cutaneous tuberculosis or scrofuloderma and favorably outcome with the antituberculosis treatment. The initial phase with rifampin 600 mg/day and etambutol 1,2 g/ day, except on Sundays and hoilidays during 2 months, followed by the second phase with isoniazid 800 mg/d and rifampicin 600 mg(day twice a week for 4 months. A full clinical recovery was observed. This case is brought due to its difficult diagnose, its clinical spectrum and the difficulty of the diagnose confirmation.

Espectro clínico de tuberculosis cutánea / Clinic spectrum of cutaneous tuberculosis

La Tuberculosis (TBC) es producida por el Mycobacterium tuberculosis o bacilo de Koch, y se ha observado en las últimas décadas, una reemergencia de casos pulmonares y extrapulmonares. La TBC cutánea es infrecuente, y presenta un amplio espectro clínico dependiendo del interjuego existente entre el agente, el huésped y el ambiente. TBC cutánea, ilustrándola con casos clínicos de pacientes que concurrieron a nuestro servicio.

Tuberculosis (TBC) is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Koch's bacillus, and there was a re-emergence of pulmonary and extrapulmonary cases in the last decades. Cutaneous TBC is uncommon, there is a broad clinical spectrum and an interrelationship between the agent, the guest and the environment. A description of each form of cutaneous TBC was made, illustrating it with clinical cases of patients who were attended in our service.

Cutaneous tuberculosis.

Cutaneous tuberculosis continues to be one of the most elusive and more difficult diagnoses to make for dermatologists practicing in developing countries. Not only because they have to consider a wider differential diagnosis (leishmaniasis, leprosy, actinomycosis, deep fungal infections, etc) but also because of the difficulty in obtaining a microbiological confirmation. Despite all the advances in microbiology, including sophisticated techniques such as polymerase chain reaction, the sensitivity of new methods are no better than the gold standard, that is, the isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosum in culture. Even now, in the 21st century, we rely on methods as old as the intradermal reaction purified protein derivative (PPD) standard test and therapeutic trials, as diagnostic tools. In this situation, it is important to recognize the many clinical faces of cutaneous tuberculosis to prevent missed or delayed diagnoses.

Cutaneous tuberculosis in children and adolescents: a clinicohistological study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resurgence of tuberculosis (TB) in the era of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has rejuvenated the interest in this global health problem. Cutaneous TB, an important extra-pulmonary form in children, is commonly seen in our dermatological practice. As detection of acid-fast bacillus (AFB) on smear or culture is not always positive, histopathology is necessary to help in diagnosing and classifying the variants of skin TB. The current study was conducted to analyse the clinicopathological characteristics of cutaneous TB in children and adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study included 103 patients (age<19 years). A detailed history and clinical examination was followed by complete investigative work up including fine needle aspiration cytology and culture. Histopathological evaluation was performed specifically noting the epidermal and dermal features. The patients were followed up regularly for one year after the start of treatment. RESULTS: The different patterns of cutaneous TB seen were, scrofuloderma 38 (36.9%), lichen scrofulosorum 34 (33%), lupus vulgaris 22 (21.3%), TB verrucosa cutis 4 (3.9%), papulonecrotic tuberculid 4 (3.9%) and erythema nodosum 3 (2.9%). Systemic associations were seen in 55 (53.4%) patients, namely TB lymphadenitis in 30 (29.2%), pulmonary TB in 13 (12.6%), abdominal TB in 6 (5.8%) and TB arthritis in 6 (5.8%). The histopathological corroboration of clinical diagnosis was seen in 65.7% of cases of scrofulodermas, 72.7% of cases of lupus vulgaris and 67.6% of cases of lichen scrofulosorum. CONCLUSIONS: A large spectrum of clinical patterns and histological characteristics of cutaneous TB exists in children. Lichen scrofulosorum is more commonly seen in comparison to adults. Systemic involvement was a feature in a major proportion of our patients.

Tuberculosis cutánea: formas combinadas / Cutaneous tuberculosis: mixed forms

La miofibromatosis infantil es una enfermedad del período neonatal o de la infancia temprana; consiste en la aparición de uno o múltiples tumores fibrosos que afectan piel, tejido celular subcutáneo, músculos, huesos y/o vísceras. Son tumores con tendencia a la involución espontánea, y su pronóstico está condicionado por la presencia o no de compromido visceral. Se presenta el caso de un recién nacido de 48 hs de vida, con una tumoración en miembro superior derecho, sin compromiso visceral, que presentó involución espontánea en un plazo de 8 meses.

We report 12 cases of cutaneous tuberculosis studied at our service. There are among them different clinical outcomes a variety of clinical forms in the same cases. That shows a combination of high and low resistance.We highlight the importance of the dermatologist in making the correct diagnosis because many times the cutaneous disease drives to the diagnosis of visceral compromise.

Cutaneous tuberculosis--a study of 400 cases.

A prospective study was conducted on 400 cases having clinical manifestation of cutaneous tuberculosis from 1992 to 2001 in the department of Dermatology and Venereology, Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) and Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), formerly Institute of Postgraduate Medicine and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination. Among 400 cases, 260 (65%) were males and 140 (35%) were females with a male to female ratio 1.86:1. Age ranged from 10 to 70 years. Majority of the cases 200 (50%) were diagnosed as Tuberculosis verucosa cuties, 160 cases (40%) and 40 cases (10%) were diagnosed as Lupus vulgaris and Scrofuloderma respectively. All patients received combined antitubercular therapy.