A comprehensive perspective on local drivers in community-based health tourism industry development: a qualitative study of Mazandaran Province, Iran.

BACKGROUND: Health tourism is an important component that may influence the direction of development in a region. Mazandarn, Iran, is recognized as a highly sustainable market in the region because of its abundant natural resources, temperate temperature, and strategic geographical location. Therefore, considering the importance of health tourism and its existing potential in Mazandaran, Iran, this study was conducted with the aim of exploring a comprehensive perspective on local drivers in community-based health tourism industry development and factors affecting the attraction of health tourism. METHODS: We conducted this study in Mazandarn, Iran, using a qualitative approach. Participants included a sample of Iranian people, aged 34-54 years, with previous history of health tourism or expert in it. Participants were selected from three different categories of the community: academic professionals in health tourism, managers in health tourism, and health tourists. Data were obtained via semi-structured in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Inductive qualitative content analysis was used to converge and compare themes through participant data. The interviews kept going until data saturation was achieved. RESULTS: Based on our findings, we distilled local drivers in community-based health tourism industry development into five main categories and 30 subcategories: (Sharifabadi AM, Ardakani FA. A model for health tourism development using fuzzy TOPSIS and interpretive structural modeling in Yazd province. J Health Adm (JHA). 2014;17:55.) infrastructure and resources; (Hemmati F, Dabbaghi F, Mahmoudi G. Investigating the impact of Information Technology on the status of Health Tourism in Mashhad, Iran. Revista Publicando. 2018;5(15):54-65.) tourist attractions; (Sarabi Asiabar A, Rezapour A, Raei B, Tahernezhad A, Alipour V, Behzadifar M. Economic, Cultural, and Political Requirements for Medical Tourism Development in Iran: Insights from a Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process Method. Med J Islamic Repub Iran. 2022;35:199.) socio-cultural contexts; (Mosadeghrad AM, Sadeghi M. Medical tourism: Reasons for choosing Iran. Payesh (Health Monitor). 2021;20(2):145-66.) economic-financial factors; and (Manna R, Cavallone M, Ciasullo MV, Palumbo R. Beyond the rhetoric of health tourism: shedding light on the reality of health tourism in Italy. Curr Issues Tourism. 2020;23(14):1805-19.) political-communicative factors. The findings of the study showed that, from the participants' point of view, although there are several strategies, such as the development of public service and tourism infrastructure, increasing tourist attractions, and formulating appropriate policies and procedures for the development of health tourism, they are also faced with many challenges, especially political, economic, and cultural challenges. CONCLUSION: This study showed that improving infrastructure and resources, promoting tourist attractions, informing socio-cultural contexts, improving economic and financial capacity, and developing political and communicative contexts might increase the attraction of health tourists. The suggested components are not contextually driven, although empirical outcomes may differ based on the level of service offerings in health tourism locations.

Cross-border healthcare-seeking and utilization behaviours among ethnic minorities: exploring the nexus of the perceived better option and public health concerns.

BACKGROUND: Many ethnic minorities in Hong Kong seek medical tourism after encountering inequalities in access to local healthcare because of language barriers and cultural-religious differences. The present study explored the ethnic minorities' lived experiences of medical tourism and issues arising from cross-border health-seeking relevant to this specific population. METHODS: Qualitative in-depth interviews with 25 ethnic minority informants from five South Asian countries in 2019. RESULTS: The 19 informants out of the 25 have sought assistance from their international networks for home remedies, medical advice and treatments of traditional/Western medicines, for they are more costly or unavailable in Hong Kong and for issues related to racial discrimination, language barriers, transnationalism engagement, cultural insensitivity, and dissatisfaction with healthcare services in Hong Kong. DISCUSSION: Medical tourism can relieve the host country's caring responsibilities from healthcare services, so the government might no longer be hard-pressed to fix the failing healthcare system. Consequently, it could cause public health concerns, such as having patients bear the risks of exposure to new pathogens, the extra cost from postoperative complications, gaps in medical documentation and continuum of care, etc. It also triggers global inequities in health care, exacerbating unequal distribution of resources among the affordable and non-affordable groups. CONCLUSION: Ethnic minorities in Hong Kong sought cross-border healthcare because of structural and cultural-religious issues. The surge of medical tourism from rich and developed countries to poor and developing countries may infringe upon the rights of residents in destination countries. To mitigate such negative impacts, policymakers of host countries should improve hospital infrastructure, as well as train and recruit more culturally sensitive healthcare workers to promote universal health coverage. Healthcare professionals should also strive to enhance their cultural competence to foster effective intercultural communication for ethnic minority groups.

Bariatric surgery tourism in the COVID-19 era.

Background: Since the start of the Covid-19 pandemic primary and secondary health care services in Northern Ireland have observed an increase in the number of patients who have had bariatric surgery outside of the UK. This study sought to estimate the frequency of bariatric surgery tourism and to audit indications, blood monitoring and medical complications. Methods: All primary care centres within the Western Health Social Care Trust (WHSCT) were invited to document the number of patients undergoing bariatric surgery between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2022. For one primary care centre, patients who underwent bariatric surgery were assessed against the National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guideline indications for bariatric surgery. In addition, the blood monitoring of these patients was audited against the British Obesity and Metabolic Surgery Society (BOMSS) guidelines for up to two years following surgery. Medical contacts for surgical complications of bariatric surgery were recorded. Results: Thirty-five of 47 (74.5%) GP surgeries replied to the survey, representing 239,961 patients among 325,126 registrations (73.8%). In the six year study period 463 patients had reported having bariatric surgery to their GP. Women were more likely to have had bariatric surgery than men (85.1% versus 14.9%). There was a marked increase in the number of patients undergoing bariatric surgery with each year of the study (p<0.0001 chi square for trend). Twenty-one of 47 patients (44.7%) evaluated in one primary care centre fulfilled NICE criteria for bariatric surgery. The level of three-month monitoring ranged from 23% (for vitamin D) to 89% (electrolytes), but decreased at two years to 9% (vitamin D) and 64% (electrolytes and liver function tests). Surgical complication prevalence from wound infections was 19% (9 of 44). Antidepressant medications were prescribed for 23 of 47 patients (48.9%). Conclusions: The WHSCT has experienced a growing population of patients availing of bariatric surgery outside of the National Health Service. In view of this and the projected increase in obesity prevalence, a specialist obesity management service is urgently required in Northern Ireland.

International travel to obtain medical treatment for primary retinoblastoma: A global cohort study.

Early diagnosis and treatment of retinoblastoma (Rb), the most common intraocular malignancy, can save both the child's life and vision. However, access to services and hence chances for survival and preserving the eye and its vision vary widely across the globe. Some families have to, or make a choice to, leave their home country to seek planned medical treatment abroad. We aimed to investigate how frequently this cross-border travel occurs and the factors associated with it. A total of 278 Rb centres in 153 countries were recruited to participate in a global cross-sectional analysis of newly diagnosed Rb patients in 2017. Number and proportions of children who travelled from their home country for treatment were analysed by country, continent, socioeconomic stratum and clinical and demographic features. The cohort included 4351 new patients of whom 223 [5.1%, 95% confidence interval 4.5-5.8] were taken across country borders for planned medical treatment. Independently significant predictors of travelling across borders included: being from a country with a smaller population, being from a country classified as low socioeconomic status, having bilateral Rb and having intraocular disease without extraocular spread. The factors that determine international travel for Rb treatment are complex and deserve further investigation. We may need to rethink the way services are delivered in the light of the threat of severe curtailment of international travel from pandemics like corona virus disease 2019.

Gestational age limits for abortion and cross-border reproductive care in Europe: a mixed-methods study.

OBJECTIVES: Little is known about the experiences of women who travel within Europe for abortion care from countries with relatively liberal laws. This paper aims to assess the primary reasons for travel among a sample of women who travelled from European countries with relatively liberal abortion laws to obtain abortion care mainly in the UK and the Netherlands. DESIGN: Multi-country, 5-year mixed methods study on barriers to legal abortion and travel for abortion. SETTING: UK, the Netherlands and Spain. POPULATION OR SAMPLE: We present quantitative data from 204 surveys, and qualitative data from 30 in-depth interviews with pregnant people who travelled to the UK, the Netherlands and Spain from countries where abortion is legal on broad grounds within specific gestational age (GA) limits. METHODS: Mixed-methods. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: GA when presenting at abortion clinic, primary reason for abortion-related travel. RESULTS: Study participants overwhelmingly reported travelling for abortion because they had exceeded GA limits in their country of residence. Participants also reported numerous delays and barriers to receiving care. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the need for policies that support access to abortion throughout pregnancy and illustrate that early access to it is necessary but not sufficient to meet people's reproductive health needs. FUNDING: This study is funded by the European Research Council (ERC). TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: This study shows that GA limits drive women from EU countries where abortion is legal to seek abortions abroad.

Cross-border reproductive care use by women with infertility in Hong Kong: cross-sectional survey.

OBJECTIVES: Cross-border reproductive care (CBRC) is an increasingly common global phenomenon, but there is a lack of information regarding its frequency among residents of Hong Kong. This study aimed to evaluate the use of CBRC and the factors affecting its use among residents of Hong Kong. METHODS: This cross-sectional questionnaire study collected data from 1204 women with infertility who attended Hong Kong Hospital Authority and Family Planning Association infertility clinics. RESULTS: In total, 178 women (14.8% of all respondents) had used CBRC. Among respondents who had not used CBRC, 36.3% planned to use or would consider it. The main factors influencing the likelihood of using CBRC among women with infertility in Hong Kong use were long waiting times in the public sector and high cost in the private sector. Taiwan was the most preferred destination for CBRC (69.6% of respondents). Most information concerning CBRC was accessed via the internet. More than two thirds of respondents believed that the government in Hong Kong should formulate some regulations or guidance regarding CBRC. CONCLUSION: Nearly one in six women with infertility in Hong Kong had used CBRC. Among women who had not used CBRC, more than one third planned to use or would consider it. The main factors influencing the likelihood of CBRC use were long waiting times in the public sector and high cost in the private sector. These results will help clinicians to more effectively counsel patients considering CBRC and facilitate infertility services planning by authorities in Hong Kong.

Reproductive Travel of Intended Parents for Delivery of Gestational Carrier Pregnancies.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of reproductive travel (travel to another state or country for reproductive services) for intended parents at the time of delivery of gestational carrier pregnancies and to analyze the sociodemographic characteristics of those who build families through gestational surrogacy. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of births involving gestational surrogacy in Utah from 2009 to 2018. Data were obtained from birth certificates. State and country of residence were collected for intended parents, and the legal climates of these locations were assessed by reviewing laws at the time. Sociodemographic characteristics were compared among intended parents, parents with pregnancies resulting from assisted reproductive technology (ART) without gestational surrogacy, and parents with spontaneous pregnancies. RESULTS: A total of 361 gestational carrier pregnancies resulted in the birth of at least one liveborn neonate during the study period, involving 715 intended parents. Additionally, 50,434 parents delivered children after nonsurrogacy ART, and 950,460 parents delivered children after spontaneous fertilization. Many intended parents (17.2%) lived in countries outside of the United States, the majority of which (69.9%) had laws against surrogacy. Of those who lived within the United States, 57.4% lived outside of Utah, but only 15.9% lived in states that banned compensated surrogacy. Statutes in Utah support compensated and uncompensated gestational surrogacy. Intended parents were significantly older than parents with both nonsurrogacy ART pregnancies and spontaneous pregnancies (median age 38, 31, and 29 years, respectively) and had higher levels of education; 70.2% of intended parents had a bachelor's degree or above, compared with 48.2% of parents with nonsurrogacy ART pregnancies and 33.1% of parents with spontaneous pregnancies. DISCUSSION: A majority of intended parents live outside of Utah, which may be an important consideration for health care professionals caring for women with gestational carrier pregnancies. However, most intended parents live in places that do not have laws banning surrogacy, suggesting that there may be other reasons that intended parents travel for delivery.

Where is the policy? A bibliometric analysis of the state of policy research on medical tourism.

Background: It is imperative that researchers studying medical tourism connect their work with policy, so that its real-world challenges can be better understood, and more effectively addressed. This article gauges the scope and evolution of policy thinking in medical tourism research through a bibliometric review of published academic literature, to establish the extent to which researchers apply public policy theories and frameworks in their investigation of medical tourism, or consider the policy imperatives of their work. Methods: A Boolean search of the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection was performed to identify policy-related publications on medical tourism. We analyzed the results using bibliometrics and a data visualization software called VOSviewer to identify patterns in knowledge production and underlying network linkages in policy research on the subject. Results: Our findings suggest that only a small proportion of medical tourism research explicitly addresses policy issues or applies policy paradigms in their study approach. Field-specialized journals serving practitioners publish less research as compared to interdisciplinary social and health policy journals. Moreover, there are significant geographical and disciplinary disparities in the policy-orientation of research, and a predilection towards select policy areas such as reproductive and transplant tourism to the neglect of more holistic governance and health system considerations. Conclusion: This article is a call to action for greater engagement by policy scholars on medical tourism, and for health researchers to more explicitly consider how their research might contribute to the understanding and resolution of contemporary policy challenges of medical tourism. Failure to clearly and consistently make the policy connection is a lost opportunity for researchers to frame the public debate, and influence policy thinking on medical tourism.

The north-south policy divide in transnational healthcare: a comparative review of policy research on medical tourism in source and destination countries.

Medical tourism occupies different spaces within national policy frameworks depending on which side of the transnational paradigm countries belong to, and how they seek to leverage it towards their developmental goals. This article draws attention to this policy divide in transnational healthcare through a comparative bibliometric review of policy research on medical tourism in select source (Canada, United States and United Kingdom) and destination countries (Mexico, India, Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore), using a systematic search of the Web of Science (WoS) database and review of grey literature. We assess cross-national differences in policy and policy research on medical tourism against contextual policy landscapes and challenges, and examine the convergence between research and policy. Our findings indicate major disparities in development agendas and national policy concerns, both between and among source and destination countries. Further, we find that research on medical tourism does not always address prevailing policy challenges, just as the policy discourse oftentimes neglects relevant policy research on the subject. Based on our review, we highlight the limited application of theoretical policy paradigms in current medical tourism research and make the case for a comparative policy research agenda for the field.

Some Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Dombi Heronian Mean Operators and their Application for Evaluating the Ecological Value of Forest Ecological Tourism Demonstration Areas.

With China's sustained economic development and constant increase in national income, Chinese nationals' tourism consumption rate increases. As a major Chinese economic development engine, the domestic tourism industry has entered a transition period operation pattern featured by diversified products. Among them, as a new hot spot of the tourism industry in China, ecological tourism has enjoyed rapid development, with great potential. Thus, the ecological value evaluation of forest ecological tourism demonstration areas is very important to the domestic tourism industry. In this paper, we propose some Dombi Heronian mean operators with interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (IVIFNs). Then, two MADM (multiple attribute decision making) methods are proposed based on IVIFWDHM (interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy weighted Dombi Heronian mean) and IVIFWDGHM (interval-valued intuitionistic weighted Dombi geometric Heronian mean) operators. Finally, we gave an experimental case for evaluating the ecological value of forest ecological tourism demonstration area to show the proposed decision methods.

Atypical Mycobacterial Infections After Plastic Surgery Procedures Abroad: A Multidisciplinary Algorithm for Diagnosis and Treatment.

BACKGROUND: The recent rise in medical tourism, especially for cosmetic procedures, has been mirrored by an increase in the incidence of infections with Mycobacterium abscessus, which is an atypical mycobacterium that is ubiquitous in aquatic environments. M. abscessus soft tissue infections arise from the use of improperly sterilized water and surgical equipment during surgical procedures, and these infections have devastating consequences if not promptly treated. M. abscessus infections are notoriously difficult to diagnose and properly treat, and therefore, we illustrate a typical case presentation and provide a comprehensive diagnostic and treatment algorithm. METHODS: Of the patients who have presented to our hospital for treatment of cutaneous M. abscessus infections, a representative patient's story was included to illustrate the typical presentation and treatment timeline. The current literature on M. abscessus infections was reviewed, and this literature and the clinical experience of our plastic surgery and infectious disease teams were used in the creation of a diagnostic and treatment algorithm for M. abscessus infections. RESULTS: M. abscessus infections can have an incubation period of months, and the classic presenting signs include purulent drainage, violaceous nodules, and subcutaneous abscesses at the site of a recent surgery. A key finding is persistence of the infection despite debridement and empiric antibiotic treatment. Cultures grown on mycobacterial-specific growth media are considered the diagnostic criterion standard, but high clinical suspicion is enough to warrant the initiation of treatment. Treatment itself consists of surgical drainage and debridement in combination with multidrug antibiotic regimens that typically include amikacin, a macrolide, and a carbapenem or cephalosporin antibiotic, with the option for macrolide and fluoroquinolone maintenance therapy. CONCLUSIONS: M. abscessus cutaneous infections present with unique history and physical examination findings and often require complex diagnostic workups and treatment plans. Increased provider awareness of the management and potential complications of M. abscessus is crucial to the improvement patient outcomes, as is a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates primary care providers, pathologists, plastic surgeons, and infectious disease specialists.

Cosmetic Tourism in Northern Ireland.

AIM: Over the new year period, we recognized a high number of admissions with postoperative complications following cosmetic surgery abroad. We aimed to determine the driving forces behind this and financial impact on the National Health Service (NHS). METHODS: Cases of all patients attending the regional plastic surgery unit with complications following surgery abroad were reviewed. Patients completed a survey on the perioperative period abroad and driving forces. In addition, the costing department was contacted to determine the financial burden associated with cosmetic tourism. RESULTS: Six patients were admitted to the regional unit after independently organizing surgery abroad. Countries visited included Turkey, Belgium, Poland, Estonia, and India. Reasons included cost and access to procedures not recommended by UK surgeon. Type of surgery included breast (5), abdominoplasty (2), liposuction (2), and labiaplasty (1), and 50% had multiple procedures. Complications included necrotic wounds (33%), infected breast implant (33%), venous thromboembolism investigated (33%), and wound infection (17%). Overall, 67% required surgery on the NHS. The total cost was £23,976.82, with an average of £4000/patient (range, £1294-£6291). DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS: This surge in cosmetic complications occurred in the New Year period. Complications were seen after a wide range of surgical procedures. All patients required an inpatient stay, and two-thirds required surgery with a significant cost burden to the NHS. Patients are unaware of the risks involved, highlighted by the lack of preoperative counseling and follow-up. In addition, this series has highlighted the risks associated with traveling in the perioperative period, with 2 patients investigated for pulmonary embolus.

Factors Related to International Travel for Transplantation Among U.S.-Listed Kidney Transplant Candidates.

Factors related to travel for transplantation were examined using data from the Scientific Registry for Transplant Recipients. Candidates who traveled abroad for a kidney transplant had higher odds of being male, Asian or Hispanic, college-educated, employed, privately insured, and a non-U.S. citizen/non-U.S. resident. Candidates with a body mass index greater than 30, a calculated panel reactive antibody (cPRA) greater than 80%, and a history of more than two years of hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis had lower odds of traveling abroad for a kidney transplant. Geographically, candidates listed in the northeastern region of the United States (New York and Western Vermont) had the highest odds of traveling abroad for a kidney transplant. Findings of this study can be used to guide practice and education with transplant candidates, and to direct further investigation in this understudied but growing area of transplantation.

Current Practice of Global Bariatric Tourism-Survey-Based Study.

PURPOSE: Our goal was to present the experience of bariatric surgeons with medical tourism on a global scale. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An online-based survey was sent to bariatric surgeons worldwide regarding surgeon's country of practice, number and types of bariatric procedures performed, number of tourists treated, their countries of origin, reasons for travel, follow-up, and complications. RESULTS: Ninety-three responders performed 18,001 procedures in 2017. Sixty-four of those 93 responders operated on foreign patients performing a total of 3740 operations for them. The majority of the responders practice in India (n = 11, 17%), Mexico (n = 10, 16%), and Turkey (n = 6, 9%). Mexico dominated the number of bariatric surgeries for tourists with 2557 procedures performed in 2017. The most frequent procedures provided were laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) provided by 89.1% of the respondents, laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (40.6% of respondents), and one anastomosis gastric bypass (37.5% of respondents). CONCLUSION: At least 2% of worldwide bariatric procedures are provided for medical tourists. Countries such as Mexico, Lebanon, and Romania dominate as providers for patients mainly from the USA, UK, and Germany. The lack of affordable bariatric healthcare and long waiting lists are some of the reasons for patients choosing bariatric tourism.

The impact of cross-border IVF on maternal and neonatal outcomes in multiple pregnancies: Experience from a UK fetal medicine service.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether women seeking NHS care for IVF multiple pregnancies were more likely to have sought IVF treatment overseas and whether this was associated with different maternal and neonatal outcomes. STUDY DESIGN: A single large tertiary centre, for perinatal care in northwest London. Sixty-five women were referred to our fetal medicine centre, between 2012-2016, with IVF conceived multiple pregnancies. INCLUSION CRITERIA: In Vitro fertilisation and conception of twins/ triplets/quadruplets. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Intra-uterine insemination, ovulation induction, Clomid-conception and singleton pregnancies. The primary outcome measure was the Country where IVF treatment was performed. The secondary outcomes measures included the specifics of IVF treatment (e.g. number of embryos transferred), subsequent pregnancy outcomes (e.g. live-births and prematurity) and neonatal outcomes (e.g. length and cost of care). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Thirty-eight women had IVF overseas; they were older and had more pre-existing medical conditions. Eleven pregnancies used donor embryos, of which ten were from overseas treatment. 75% of women treated overseas conceived a triplet or higher order pregnancy compared to fewer than 10% of women who conceived in the UK. Almost half of all women treated overseas had more than two embryos transferred. Overseas IVF pregnancies had poorer obstetric and neonatal outcomes: 24% of live born babies died in the neonatal period compared to 0% in the UK group. The average neonatal costs per baby born from overseas IVF were £20, 600: two-and-a-half times higher than for those whose mothers conceived in the UK. Higher order multiple pregnancies are greatly over-represented by those undergoing IVF in overseas clinics. These are associated with poorer obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Perhaps paradoxically, improving NHS provision of fertility services might improve outcomes for the mother and babies while reducing the long-term burden to both fertility patients and the NHS.

Factors influencing inbound medical travel to India.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to explore the demand-side factors that influence the inbound medical tourists' (MTs) decision to travel abroad for medical treatment/surgery. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The researchers conducted thematic analysis of in-depth interviews in India with 24 foreign MTs' to generate the themes, identify factors and propose a model with hypothesis for future quantitative survey. FINDINGS: The findings conclude that patients ranked in ascending order less waiting time for surgery, healthcare quality and accreditation, staff/surgeons expertise, healthcare information, hospital facilities and services, patient safety, travel risk, surgical costs and holiday opportunity as important factors that influence the decision to travel abroad for medical treatment/surgery. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS: Foreign patients from six private hospitals were willing to be interviewed with the permission of the hospital. Due to confidentiality and privacy policy, many hospitals declined interviews with foreign patients. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The findings are generalised in case of foreign patients as MTs and all private hospitals treating foreign patients in India and other global healthcare destinations. Policy implications suggest that private hospitals in developing countries need to provide first-class quality of healthcare as foreign patients look for internationally accredited quality, no waiting time, patient safety, qualified and experienced surgeons, healthcare workers education and experience hospital facilities and post-surgery care with positive healthcare outcomes. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: There is little empirical research on the views of inbound MTs, about factors influencing their decision to travel abroad for surgery to India.