Outcomes of urethral meatal preservation ventral urethroplasty for female urethral stricture: a series of cases.

Objective: To present a series of cases with our initial experience and short-term outcomes of a modified vaginal mucosal flap urethroplasty. Methods: Patients diagnosed with urethral stricture and operated by the same operative technique between January 2012 and January 2018 were followed for at least 6 months. Uroflowmetry and clinical outcomes were evaluated. Results: Nineteen patients were included with an average age of 56.4 years, mean preoperative Qmax of 5.3 ml/s, and PVR of 101.4 mL. After 6 months of the procedure, the mean Qmax improved to 14.7 mL/s (p<0.05), PVR decreased to 47.3 mL (p<0.05), and 84.2% of all patients reported improvement in clinical self-reported symptoms. There was an improvement in symptoms such as voiding effort in 84.2% of patients, weak stream (89.5%), and recurrent urinary tract infection (85.7%). The success rate (absence of symptoms and normal Qmax with no significant PVR) of the procedure was 84.2%. Conclusion: The described technique was considered effective for the treatment of female urethra stricture, with a high clinical success rate and an objective improvement of Qmax and decrease in PVR after 6 months of the procedure.

Staged urethroplasty with groin full-thickness skin graft for managing complex anterior urethral strictures: surgical outcomes and predictive factors.

PURPOSE: To describe outcomes of staged-urethroplasty in complex anterior urethral strictures using full-thickness-skin-graft (FTSG) harvested from the hairless groin area, and to identify factors influencing successful outcomes. METHODS: Through retrospective chart review, we identified a total of 67 men who underwent the first-stage operation (grafting) using groin-FTSG for staged-urethroplasty to treat complex anterior urethral strictures unsuitable for one-stage urethroplasty. Among these, 59 underwent the second-stage operation (tubularization) at a median duration of 5.1-months after grafting. Patients were assessed for outcomes as scheduled after tubularization outcomes were analyzed only for 48 patients for whom ≥ 1-year follow-up data after tubularization were available. Their mean follow-up duration was 27.1 months. Success was defined as achieving physiologic voiding without requiring further procedures. RESULTS: Median stricture-length was 5.5 cm in all 67 patients. After grafting, neourethral-opening-narrowing occurred in 18. Partial graft-loss occurred in 8, of whom only 3 underwent re-grafting. The percentage of patients who achieved successful outcomes was 81.3%. Improvements in maximum-urine-flow-rate and post-void-residual-urine-volume were maintained until the last follow-up visit. A urethrocutaneous-fistula occurred in one patient, while meatal-stenosis occurred in two. On multivariate-regression-analysis, the presence of neourethral-opening-narrowing was the only predictor of non-success after tubularization. Furthermore, the presence of hypertension, longer stricture-length, and a history of prior direct-vision-internal-urethrotomy were predictors of the occurrence of neourethral-opening-narrowing. CONCLUSION: Staged-urethroplasty using groin-FTSG is well worth considering as a useful therapeutic option for complex anterior urethral strictures, with an acceptable success rate and low morbidity. The absence of neourethral-opening-narrowing after the first-stage operation leads to success.

Long term follow-up on young adults that underwent hypospadias repair through urethral advancement in childhood.

Assess the long-term outcome on cosmetic appearance, voiding, sexual function, and psychological impact of young adults operated by urethral advance (UA) technique in childhood. Patients over 14 years old, who underwent UA hypospadias repair in our centre (2000-2010) were evaluated. All patients presented mid-distal hypospadias with subcoronal or penile meatus and curvature lower than 20°. The cosmetic appearance, urinary and sexual function, body perception and overall satisfaction were assessed through 5 questionnaires. From 2000 to 2010, 143 children underwent UA hypospadias repair. 36 patients between 14 and 27 years were evaluated. The Hypospadias Objective Penile Evaluation (HOPE) showed an average of 8.75 (+/- 0.97), which indicates a good aesthetic result. Voiding dysfunction symptoms were assessed through the American Urological Association Symptom Index (AUASI) where 80.6% had none or mild symptoms and 19.4% had moderate symptoms. Only 11/36 patients were sexually active, according to the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-15) scale, none had erectile dysfunction, and their relationships were satisfactory. Assessment of the body perception through the Genital Perception Scale (GPS) was positive or very positive in 88.9% of the patients. However, the perception of their genitals was positive or very positive in 77.8%, there is a negative correlation between the perception of their body and genitals in 13.9% of the patients. Our results indicate that UA technique for hypospadias repair might be a valid option for the correction of mid-distal hypospadias when indicated.

Preoperative topical estrogen application in the management of hypospadias: a systematic review.

Local estrogen therapy has been explored as an alternative to conventional testosterone therapy in children requiring urethroplasty for hypospadias. Our objective is to evaluate if preoperative estrogen stimulation reduces post-urethroplasty complications and enhances penile dimensions. A systematic search was conducted on various databases, selecting only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that tested estrogen on hypospadias patients under 18 years. Articles underwent sorting following PRISMA guidelines and bias risk was assessed using the JBI clinical appraisal tool for RCTs. Out of 607 screened records, 10 underwent full-text review, and 4 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were selected for analysis. The total patient cohort across studies was 387 with 174 in the estrogen group. All studies utilized topical estrogen, but in different formulations and timings. Prudence is necessary for interpreting results due to variations in formulation, timing, and hypospadias type across studies. Limited by a small number of studies and outcome presentation non-uniformity, the review suggests no change in penile dimensions or postoperative complications with topical estrogen. Further research is needed to explore wound-healing properties of estrogen in hypospadias through animal and human studies.Registration and protocol: Registered in Prospero CRD42024502183.

Comparison of laser versus cold knife visual internal urethrotomy in the treatment of urethral stricture (stricture length <2 cm): A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: There is still controversy regarding the safety and efficacy of cold knife visual internal urethrotomy and laser incisions for the treatment of urethral stricture. This study aims to compare the results of postoperative long-term and short-term maximum urinary flow rates (Qmax), surgical time, postoperative complications, and 1-year recurrence rates between the cold knife and laser surgery. METHODS: We searched databases including Embase, PubMed, Cochrane, and Clinical Trials.gov to identify relevant literature published in English up to September 2023. We used Stata to compare various parameters. This study is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023471634). Nine comparative experiments were conducted, involving a total of 659 participants. RESULTS: The laser group showed significantly better results compared to the cold knife group in terms of postoperative 12-month maximum urinary flow rate (mean differences [MD] 2.131; 95% [1.015, 3.249], P < .0001), postoperative bleeding (RR 0.277, 95% [0.079, 0.977], P = .046), and 1-year recurrence rate (RR 0.667, 95% [0.456, 0.976], P = .037). However, there were no significant differences in postoperative 6-month and 3-month Qmax, surgical time, urethral leakage complications, overall complications, and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores. CONCLUSION: The current study results suggest that laser urethral incision has greater advantages in the long-term (12 months), 1-year recurrence rate, and bleeding complications compared to cold knife urethral incision in the treatment of urethral stricture (<2 cm). Therefore, laser urethral incision may be a better choice for patients with urethral stricture.

Inflammation indexes and machine-learning algorithm in predicting urethroplasty success.

PURPOSE: To assess the predictive capability of hematological inflammatory markers for urethral stricture recurrence after primary urethroplasty and to compare traditional statistical methods with a machine-learning-based artificial intelligence algorithm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred eighty-seven patients who underwent primary urethroplasty were scanned. Ages, smoking status, comorbidities, hematological inflammatory parameters (neutrophil-lymphocyte ratios, platelet-lymphocyte ratios [PLR], systemic immune-inflammation indexes [SII], and pan-immune-inflammation values [PIV]), stricture characteristics, history of previous direct-visual internal urethrotomy, urethroplasty techniques, and grafts/flaps placements were collected. Patients were followed up for one year for recurrence and grouped accordingly. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to create a predictive model. Additionally, a machine-learning-based logistic regression analysis was implemented to compare predictive performances. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Comparative analysis between the groups revealed statistically significant differences in stricture length (p=0.003), localization (p=0.027), lymphocyte counts (p=0.008), PLR (p=0.003), SII (p=0.003), and PIV (p=0.001). In multivariate analysis, stricture length (odds ratio [OR] 1.230, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.142-1.539, p<0.0001) and PIV (OR 1.002, 95% CI 1.000-1.003, p=0.039) were identified as significant predictors of recurrence. Classical logistic regression model exhibited a sensitivity of 0.76, specificity of 0.43 with an area under curve (AUC) of 0.65. However, the machine-learning algorithm outperformed traditional methods achieving a sensitivity of 0.80, specificity of 0.76 with a higher AUC of 0.82. CONCLUSIONS: PIV and machine-learning algorithms shows promise on predicting urethroplasty outcomes, potentially leading to develop possible nomograms. Evolving machine-learning algorithms will contribute to more personalized and accurate approaches in managing urethral stricture.

Retrospective analysis of urethral anastomosis with ancillary maneuvers and intraoperative biaxial defect measurements to achieve a tension free guidance system for redo PFUDD treatment.

OBJECTIVES: Redo surgery for pelvic fracture urethral distraction defects (PFUDDs) is still a challenge. the long urethral defect makes it difficult while the high tension increase the recurrence rate. Although certain ancillary maneuvers can relieve tension, there is no consensus or guidelines for the prediction/planning of the selection. In this study, we present our experience with developing an intraoperative guidance system to achieve tension-free urethral anastomosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 91 recurrent PFUDD patients managed at our center between 2020 and 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients underwent scar removing and urethral anastomosis. For the long defect and high-tension cases, 6 kinds of tension-relieving maneuvers were used respectively during the process of urethral anastomosis. Preoperative assessment of the urethrogram was done before surgery, while biaxial (vertical and horizontal) defect measurements were performed intraoperatively. The patients were followed-up for 12 months (8.9 ± 4.2), furthermore, recurrence and complications were analyzed. RESULTS: The overall success rate was 86.81%. The mean defect in urethrogram was 2.9 ± 1.1 cm. 27 simple anastomosis was performed when the vertical plus horizontal defect was less than 2 cm with 11.11% recurrence. 24 cavernous septum splittings were performed when the horizontal defect was greater than 2 cm with 8.33% recurrence. 21 inferior pubectomies were performed when the horizontal defect was greater than 3 cm with 19.05% recurrence. 15 ancillary distal urethra manipulations (fully distal urethral mobilization, urethral suspension and corpus cavernosa folding) were performed when the vertical defect was 3 to 4 cm with 13.33 recurrence. 4 reroutings were performed when the vertical defect was greater than 4 cm with 25.00% recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Ancillary maneuvers are effective for reducing tension in redo urethral anastomosis. Measurement of divergent vertical and horizontal urethral defects could guide the selection of ancillary maneuvers. Combined tension-relieving maneuvers is recommended according to the defect direction and length to achieve a tension-free anastomosis.

Eighteen years of experience in laparoscopic implantation of artificial urinary sphincter in women with intrinsic sphincter deficiency.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) is a treatment option for women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) after failure of previous surgery or as a primary procedure in severe intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD). The aim of the study was to assess the long-term efficacy and risk factors for surgical revision and definitive explantation of AUS laparoscopic implantation in female patients. METHODS: A retrospective review of all women submitted to AUS implantation between April 2005 and March 2023 was conducted. The AUS was implanted via transperitoneal laparoscopic approach, by two experienced surgeons. The primary endpoint was postoperative continence. Continence was defined as no leakage and no pad usage or leakage and/or pad usage with no impact on social life and failure as leakage and/or pad usage impacting social life. As secondary outcomes, clinical predictive factors for AUS revision and definitive explantation were evaluated. RESULTS: In the last 18 years, females with a mean age of 68±12 years-old were submitted to laparoscopic implantation of AUS. Early overall complication rate was 16%, but only one case was Clavien-Dindo ≥3. After a median follow-up of 67 months, 22.2% of the patients needed a device revision, the majority due to mechanical device dysfunction. AUS definitive explantation was performed in 16%, mainly due to urethral/vaginal erosion (9.9%) and infection (6.2%). Patients with age ≥70 years and follow-up ≥10 years significantly predisposed for device revision. At the time of the last follow-up, 72% of the patients were keeping the urinary continency. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic AUS implantation in females is an effective treatment for SUI due to ISD. Meanwhile, adequate patient selection, multidisciplinary evaluation and careful expectation management are essential to achieving good results, concerning their significant complication rate.

Development of a Nomogram Model to Predict the Risk of Stricture Recurrence after Urethroplasty: A Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVE: A retrospective study was performed to analyse the influencing factors of stricture recurrence after urethroplasty and to establish a predictive nomogram model. METHODS: The clinical data of patients who underwent urethroplasty in our hospital from January 2021 to June 2023 were retrospectively analysed. Depending on whether stenosis occurs six months after surgery, the patients were divided into recurrence and nonrecurrence groups. Logistic regression analysis was performed on the indicators with statistically significant differences between the two groups in single factor analysis to analyse the influencing factors of postoperative recurrence risk of stricture. X64.4.1.3 version R language and external source packages were used to build the nomogram model. The nomogram was internally validated through 10-fold cross-validation, and C-index was calculated. The area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve was employed to evaluate the results of the internal validation. RESULTS: Amongst 105 patients who underwent urethroplasty in our hospital, 15 patients with recurrence were included in the recurrence group, and 90 patients without recurrence were included in the nonrecurrence group. The length of stricture segment, history of urethroplasty and smoking history within 3 months before surgery were risk factors for stricture recurrence, with odds ratio (OR) values of 1.874 (95% CI: 1.103-5.725), 1.670 (95% CI: 1.105-2.904) and 1.740 (95% CI: 1.456-5.785), respectively. The constructed nomogram obtained an average AUC of 0.842 and an average C-index of 0.794, calculated after 200 times of 10-fold cross-validation. CONCLUSIONS: From the data of this study, it can be deduced that the influencing factors of stricture recurrence after urethroplasty include the length of stricture segment, history of urethroplasty and smoking history of 3 months before surgery. Using the above factors as a basis to construct a predictive nomogram model is helpful to screen high-risk patients with recurrence of stricture after urethroplasty.

Urethral carcinoma after skin substitution urethral reconstruction.

Urethral cancer after urethral reconstruction is an under-recognized, uncommon disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The survival rates of patients with carcinoma of the bulbar urethra are as low as 20%-30%. Stricture recurrence and unrecognized malignant changes present prior to reconstruction are major risk factors for urethral cancer. Skin substitution urethroplasty is subjected to higher rates of recurrence, which lends to the potential for carcinogenesis. We present a case of a 59-year-old male who underwent multi-stage skin substitution urethroplasty who developed urethral carcinoma 20 years later.

Postoperative care in hypospadias. Common practices and evidence available. / Cuidados postoperatorios en el hipospadias. Prácticas habituales y evidencia disponible.

INTRODUCTION: There are many alternatives available regarding postoperative care in hypospadias surgery. The objective of this study was to assess the current care situation in our environment and to review the evidence available for pediatric surgeons who conduct this procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey regarding the main aspects of hypospadias postoperative care was created and distributed to pediatric surgeons. In addition, the evidence currently published in this field was reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 46 replies were achieved. 100% of the surgeons leave in place a probe or stent, and more than 80% remove it after 5 or 7 days. 87.8% of the respondents use a double diaper, but only 65.2% discharge patients early in the postoperative period. 60.9% prescribe antibiotic prophylaxis for as long as the probe remains in place, and 34.8% use full-dose antibiotic therapy. DISCUSSION: There was a general consensus regarding urethroplasty guiding and the use of compression dressings among the pediatric surgeons surveyed. However, more discrepancies were found in the use of antibiotic therapy and early discharge. The currently available evidence and international practice suggest using a probe with double diaper and early discharge, with postoperative antibiotics being limited. In the absence of clear evidence for a specific care type, the patient's experience could be used to choose the best postoperative protocol on an individual basis.

INTRODUCCION: Existen numerosas alternativas en lo que respecta a los cuidados postoperatorios en la cirugía de hipospadias. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la situación actual de estos cuidados en nuestro medio y revisar la evidencia existente al respecto para cirujanos pediátricos que realizan este tipo de intervenciones. MATERIAL Y METODOS: Hemos elaborado y distribuido una encuesta que recoge los principales puntos en el cuidado postoperatorio del hipospadias dirigida a cirujanos pediátricos. Se ha realizado revisión de la evidencia actual publicada al respecto en la especialidad. RESULTADOS: Hemos obtenido un total de 46 respuestas. El 100% de los cirujanos dejan algún tipo de sonda o stent y más del 80% están de acuerdo en retirarlo tras 5 o 7 días. El 87,8% de los encuestados utiliza el doble pañal, pero solo el 65,2% da alta precoz en el postoperatorio. Un 60,9% pauta profilaxis antibiótica mientras dure el sondaje y un 34,8% antibioterapia a dosis plenas. DISCUSION: Existe consenso general respecto a la tutorización de la uretroplastia y el uso de apósito compresivo entre los cirujanos pediátricos encuestados. Se detectan más discrepancias en el uso de antibioterapia y el alta precoz. La evidencia actual y la práctica a nivel internacional apunta hacia el uso de la sonda a doble pañal con alta precoz y la limitación del uso de antibióticos postoperatorios. En ausencia de clara evidencia que favorezca un tipo de cuidado u otro, la experiencia del paciente podría ser utilizada para elegir el mejor protocolo postoperatorio individualizado.

Safety and efficacy of fluoroscopy-guided urethral catheterization in case of failed blind or cystoscopy-assisted urethral catheterization.

This retrospective study evaluated the safety and efficacy of fluoroscopy-guided urethral catheterization in patients who failed blind or cystoscopy-assisted urethral catheterization. We utilized our institutional database between January 2011 and March 2023, and patients with failed blind or cystoscopy-assisted urethral catheterization and subsequent fluoroscopy-guided urethral catheterization were included. A 5-Fr catheter was inserted into the urethral orifice, and the retrograde urethrography (RGU) was acquired. Subsequently, the operator attempted to pass a hydrophilic guidewire to the urethra. If the guidewire and guiding catheter could be successfully passed into the bladder, but the urethral catheter failed pass due to urethral stricture, the operator determined either attempted again with a reduced catheter diameter or performed balloon dilation according to their preference. Finally, an appropriately sized urethral catheter was selected, and an endhole was created using an 18-gauge needle. The catheter was then inserted over the wire to position the tip in the bladder lumen and ballooned to secure it. We reviewed patients' medical histories, the presence of hematuria, and RGU to determine urethral abnormalities. Procedure-related data were assessed. Study enrolled a total of 179 fluoroscopy-guided urethral catheterizations from 149 patients (all males; mean age, 73.3 ± 13.3 years). A total of 225 urethral strictures were confirmed in 141 patients, while eight patients had no strictures. Urethral rupture was confirmed in 62 patients, and hematuria occurred in 34 patients after blind or cystoscopy-assisted urethral catheterization failed. Technical and clinical success rates were 100%, and procedure-related complications were observed in four patients (2.2%). The mean time from request to urethral catheter insertion was 129.7 ± 127.8 min. The mean total fluoroscopy time was 3.5 ± 2.5 min and the mean total DAP was 25.4 ± 25.1 Gy cm2. Balloon dilation was performed in 77 patients. Total procedure time was 9.2 ± 7.6 min, and the mean procedure time without balloon dilation was 7.1 ± 5.7 min. Fluoroscopy-guided urethral catheterization is a safe and efficient alternative in patients where blind or cystoscopy-assisted urethral catheterization has failed or when cystoscopy-urethral catheterization cannot be performed.

[Non-transecting anastomotic urethroplasty for strictures of the bulbar urethra. Systematic review].

The results of using non-transecting anastomotic urethroplasty in men with bulbous urethral strictures are presented in the review. A total of 25 original publications were found, including 20 foreign and 5 Russian articles. The studies included from 1 to 358 patients who underwent anastomotic urethroplasty without transection of the corpus spongiosum (average number of patients in a study was 54). Etiological factors were indicated in 17 articles. Most studies (10 out of 17) indicated idiopathic etiology as the predominant one. There was no correlation between the results of the procedure and the etiology of urethral stricture. The mean length of urethral stricture in the vast majority of studies was less than 2 cm, and only in a few studies it was larger, with a maximum mean value of 3.9 cm. Postoperative complication rates were reported in 20 studies and ranged from 0% to 23.9% within one study (median 8.4%). In general, mild complications occurred, corresponding to category I-II according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. The incidence of erectile dysfunction was evaluated in 18 studies and ranged from 0% to 23% (average value of 6.5%). The success of non-transecting anastomotic urethroplasty averaged 94.7% (82-100%) with a median postoperative follow-up of 24.5 months (3-150 months). In 9 out of 25 studies, an additional comparison with transecting technique was done. In 6 studies, the superiority of the non-transecting technique in terms of treatment success and preservation of sexual function was found. The obtained results showed the high efficiency and safety of non-transecting anastomotic urethroplasty in case of short strictures of the bulbous urethra.

Urethral-sparing laparoscopic simple prostatectomy for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia with asymptomatic urethral stricture after urethral stricture surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of urethral-sparing laparoscopic simple prostatectomy (US-LSP) for the treatment of large-volume (>80 ml) benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with asymptomatic urethral stricture (urethral lumen > 16 Fr) after urethral stricture surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed clinical data of 39 large-volume BPH patients with asymptomatic urethral stricture after urethral stricture surgery who underwent US-LSP from January 2016 to October 2021. Postoperative follow-ups were scheduled at 1, 3, and 6 months. RESULTS: All patients affected by significant BPH-related lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) including 22 cases with asymptomatic anterior urethral stricture and 17 cases with asymptomatic posterior urethral stricture. Median operative time was 118 min (interquartile range [IQR]100-145). Median estimated blood loss was 224 ml (IQR: 190-255). 33 patients(84.6%) avoided continuous bladder irrigation. Postoperative complications occurred in 5 patients (12.8%), including 4 cases with Clavien-Dindo grade 1 and grade 2 and 1 case with grade 3a. During follow-up, US-LSP presented statistically significant improvements in LUTS compared to baseline (P < 0.05). A total of 25 patients had normal ejaculation preoperatively and 3 patients (12%) complained retrograde ejaculation postoperatively. Two patients (5.1%) reported stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and no patient reported aggravated urethral stricture during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: US-LSP was safe and effective in treating large-volume BPH with asymptomatic urethral stricture after urethral stricture surgery. Meanwhile, US-LSP could reduce the risk of SUI in patients with asymptomatic posterior urethral stricture and maintain ejaculatory function in a high percentage of patients.

Comparison of postoperative urinary complications in laparoscopic-assisted anorectoplasty versus posterior sagittal anorectoplasty for anorectal malformation with rectourethral fistula.

BACKGROUND: Long-term urinary outcomes after anorectal malformation (ARM) repair are affected by surgical approach and sacral anomalies. This study aimed to compare laparoscopic-assisted anorectoplasty (LAARP) and posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP) in terms of urinary complications. METHODS: Between 2001 and 2022, 45 patients were treated with LAARP or PSARP. The rectourethral fistula and inflow angle between the fistula and rectum was confirmed by preoperative colonography. The incidence of urinary complications and treatment were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Four patients (14%) had remnant fistula and five patients (17%) had neurogenic bladder dysfunction in LAARP group, while three patients (18%) had urethral injury in PSARP group. All patients with remnant fistula were asymptomatic and followed without treatment. The incidence of remnant fistula improved between earlier decade and later decade. In all cases with urethral injury, suture repair was performed and no postoperative leakage was noted. All five patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction had spine abnormalities that required clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) and two were free from CIC finally. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to check inflow angle preoperatively to prevent remnant fistula. For PSARP, meticulous dissection is required when separating fistula from urethra because they create common wall. The most contributing factor to neurogenic bladder is sacral anomalies. Preoperative evaluation and postoperative urinary drainage are important.

Small intestinal submucosa graft bulbar urethroplasty is a viable technique: results compared to buccal mucosa graft urethroplasty after propensity score matching.

PURPOSE: Small intestinal submucosa (SIS) graft urethroplasty has been employed to decrease buccal mucosa morbidity and facilitate the procedure. The first published series had a short follow-up, inhomogeneous patient selection, and a lack of a control group. Our purpose is to report treatment outcomes at 13 years in a propensity score-matched cohort comparing bulbar urethroplasty with SIS (SISU) or buccal mucosa (BMU). METHODS: From our institutional database of 1132 bulbar urethroplasties, we used propensity score matching with the nearest-neighbor method without replacement to generate a study sample of 25 BMU and 25 SISU. Failure was defined as any treatment after urethroplasty. Survival analyses were used to analyze treatment failure occurrence with data censored at 156mo. RESULTS: Matching resulted in a complete correction of bias between the two samples except for the follow-up duration, which was slightly longer in the SIS group. The cumulative treatment success probability of BMU and SISU at 156mo was 83.4% and 68%, respectively. At multivariable Cox regression, SIS graft, previous urethrotomy, stricture length, and lower postoperative Qmax (within 2mo after catheter removal) were predictors of failure. Stricture length had a more remarkable effect in SISU, with estimated survival probabilities from the Cox model lower than 80% in strictures > = 3 cm. CONCLUSION: SIS has poorer outcomes compared to BM but may still be useful when BM grafting is not possible. The best candidates for SISU, with similar success to BMU, are patients with strictures shorter than 3 cm, preferably without a history of DVIU.

Primary hypospadias repair outcomes: results from a retrospective cohort of 292 children.

PURPOSE: Hypospadias surgery is challenging. Numerous techniques have been described with variable complication rates. The main objectives of our study were to evaluate the urethroplasty complication rate of primary hypospadias repair and to identify risk factors for complications. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the outcomes of all patients who underwent primary hypospadias repair in our department between January 2012 and December 2020. Demographic, anatomical, operative, and postoperative data were reported. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify variables associated with complications. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Of 292 patients, 203 (69.5%) had distal hypospadias, 63 (21.6%) had mid-penile hypospadias, and 26 (8.9%) had proximal hypospadias. The mean age at the time of surgery was 22.8 months. Seventy-eight patients (26.7%) had urethroplasty complications. The rate of complications was higher for proximal hypospadias (57.7%), onlay island flap (44.4%), and Koyanagi (75%) procedures. The mean follow-up duration was 29 months. Two predictors of complications were identified by multivariate analysis: catheterization duration and urethroplasty technique. The reoperation rate was 30.5%. CONCLUSION: Urethroplasty complications frequently occur after primary hypospadias repair. The complication rate was higher in proximal hypospadias. Catheterization duration and surgical technique were significant predictors of complications. A longer and more standardized follow-up is needed for a better assessment of hypospadias repair outcomes.