Immunity against measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella among homeless individuals in Germany - A nationwide multi-center cross-sectional study.

Introduction: Homeless individuals suffer a high burden of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases. Moreover, they are particularly susceptible to adverse infection outcomes with limited access to the health care system. Data on the seroprevalence of measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella within this cohort are missing. Methods: The seroprevalence of measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella was determined within the homeless population in Germany. Predictors of lacking immune protection were determined using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: Homeless individuals in Germany (n = 611) showed a seroprevalence of 88.5% (95% CI: 85.8-91.0) for measles, 83.8% (95% CI: 80.6-86.6) for mumps, 86.1% (95% CI: 83.1-88.7) for rubella, and 95.7% (95% CI 93.8-97.2) for varicella. Measles seroprevalences declined from individuals born in 1965 to individuals born in 1993, with seroprevalences not compatible with a 95% threshold in individuals born after 1980. For mumps, seroprevalences declined from individuals born in 1950 to individuals born in 1984. Here, seroprevalences were not compatible with a 92% threshold for individuals born after 1975. Seronegativity for measles, mumps and rubella was associated with age but not with gender or country of origin. Discussion: Herd immunity for measles and mumps is not achieved in this homeless cohort, while there was sufficient immune protection for rubella and varicella. Declining immune protection rates in younger individuals warrant immunization campaigns also targeting marginalized groups such as homeless individuals. Given that herd immunity thresholds are not reached for individuals born after 1980 for measles, and after 1975 for mumps, vaccination campaigns should prioritize individuals within these age groups.

Four-Parameter FluoroSpot Assay Reveals That the Varicella Zoster Virus Elicits a Robust Memory T Cell IL-10 Response throughout Childhood.

During childhood, the composition and function of the T cell compartment undergoes significant changes. In healthy individuals, primary infection with herpesviruses is followed by latency, and occasional subclinical reactivation ensures transmission and contributes to an emerging pool of memory T cells. In immunocompromised individuals, herpesviruses can be life threatening. However, knowledge about the spectrum of virus-specific cytokine responses is limited. Here, we investigated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from children with differential carrier statuses for cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and varicella zoster virus (VZV) (n = 32, age 1 to 17 years). We examined memory T cell subsets as well as IFN-γ-, IL-10-, IL-17A-, and IL-22-producing T cells after polyclonal activation or stimulation with viral peptides using flow cytometry and a 4-parameter FluoroSpot assay. Age and herpesvirus carriage influenced the size of the memory T cell subsets. A positive association between age and the number of IFN-γ-, IL-17A- and IL-22-producing T cells was found following polyclonal activation. For CMV, age was positively associated with IL-17A spot-forming cells (SFC), while for VZV, age was negatively associated with IL-22 and positively associated with IFN-γ SFC. Upon activation with CMV, VZV, and EBV peptides, IFN-γ SFCs dominated. Notably, VZV responses were characterized by a higher IL-10 SFC population compared to both CMV and EBV. Our findings suggest that cytokine responses vary across herpesvirus-type-specific memory T cells and may more adequately reflect their composition. An observed deviation between polyclonal and herpesvirus-specific T cell cytokine responses in children needs to be considered when interpreting the associations between herpesvirus carrier status and bulk T cell reactivity. In summary, these findings may have implications for the treatment of immunocompromised patients. IMPORTANCE Infection with herpesviruses accounts for 35 to 40 billion human cases worldwide. Despite this, little is known about how herpesviruses shape the immune system in the asymptomatic carrier. Particularly in children, primary infection is connected to no or mild symptoms ahead of latency for life. Most research on cellular responses against herpesviruses focuses on inflammatory cytokines associated with antiproliferative and antitumor mechanisms and not the spectrum of cytokine responses in healthy humans. This study investigated four divergent cytokine-producing T cell responses to herpesviruses, reflecting different immunological functions. Three common childhood herpesviruses were selected: Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and varicella-zoster virus. Curiously, not all viruses induced the same pattern of cytokines. Varicella-zoster responses were characterized by IL-10, which is considered regulatory. Besides broadening understanding of responses to herpesviruses, our results raise the possibility that reactivation of varicella-zoster may be counterproductive in cancer treatment through the action of IL-10-producing T-cells.

Development of a skin- and neuro-attenuated live vaccine for varicella.

Varicella caused by the primary infection of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) exerts a considerable disease burden globally. Current varicella vaccines consisting of the live-attenuated vOka strain of VZV are generally safe and effective. However, vOka retains full neurovirulence and can establish latency and reactivate to cause herpes zoster in vaccine recipients, raising safety concerns. Here, we rationally design a live-attenuated varicella vaccine candidate, v7D. This virus replicates like wild-type virus in MRC-5 fibroblasts and human PBMCs, the carrier for VZV dissemination, but is severely impaired for infection of human skin and neuronal cells. Meanwhile, v7D shows immunogenicity comparable to vOka both in vitro and in multiple small animal species. Finally, v7D is proven well-tolerated and immunogenic in nonhuman primates. Our preclinical data suggest that v7D is a promising candidate as a safer live varicella vaccine with reduced risk of vaccine-related complications, and could inform the design of other herpes virus vaccines.

Waning Effectiveness of One-dose Universal Varicella Vaccination in Korea, 2011-2018: a Propensity Score Matched National Population Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Despite high coverage (~98%) of universal varicella vaccination (UVV) in the Republic of Korea since 2005, reduction in the incidence rate of varicella is not obvious. The study aimed to evaluate the vaccine effectiveness (VE) of one-dose UVV by timeline and severity of the disease. METHODS: All children born in Korea in 2011 were included for this retrospective cohort study that analyzed insurance claims data from 2011-2018 and the varicella vaccination records in the immunization registry. Adjusted hazard ratios by Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the VE through propensity score matching by the month of birth, sex, healthcare utilization rate, and region. RESULTS: Of the total 421,070 newborns in the 2011 birth cohort, 13,360 were matched for age, sex, healthcare utilization rate, and region by the propensity score matching method. A total of 55,940 (13.29%) children were diagnosed with varicella, with the incidence rate 24.2 per 1000 person-year; 13.4% of vaccinated children and 10.4% of unvaccinated children. The VE of one-dose UVV against any varicella was 86.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 81.4-89.5) during the first year after vaccination and 49.9% (95% CI, 43.3-55.7) during the 6-year follow-up period since vaccination, resulting in a 7.2% annual decrease of VE. The overall VE for severe varicella was 66.3%. The VE of two-dose compared to one-dose was 73.4% (95% CI, 72.2-74.6). CONCLUSION: We found lower long-term VE in one-dose vaccination and waning of effectiveness over time. Longer follow ups of the vaccinated children as well as appropriately designed studies are needed to establish the optimal strategy in preventing varicella in Korea.

Inadequate Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella Immunity Among Employees.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this cohort study was to evaluate measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), and varicella immunity among a population of adult employees receiving primary care in an employer-sponsored health center. METHODS: Participants were eligible for MMR and varicella immunity screening if they were an employee receiving primary care in an employer-sponsored health center between January 1, 2019 and November 1, 2020 who could not provide proof of immunization and 1) had it recommended by their provider, 2) specifically requested immunity testing (often because they had heard of measles outbreaks in their country of origin), or 3) were seen for an immigration physical for their Green Card application. RESULTS: Overall, 3494 patients were screened for their MMR immunity. Of these, 3057 were also screened for varicella immunity. Among these patients, 13.9% lacked measles immunity, 0.83% lacked immunity to all 3 components of MMR, and 13.2% lacked varicella immunity. Among the 262 patients who presented specifically for immunity screening, the rates of lacking immunity were higher for all conditions: 22.7% lacked measles immunity and 9.2% lacked varicella immunity. CONCLUSION: Given declines in immunizations during the COVID-19 pandemic, there is reason to be concerned that measles and varicella-associated morbidity and mortality may rise. Employers, especially those with large foreign-born populations or who require international travel may want to educate their populations about common contagious illnesses and offer immunity validation or vaccinations at no or low cost.

Serum Concentration of Antibodies to Mumps, but Not Measles, Rubella, or Varicella, Is Associated with Intake of Dietary Fiber in the NHANES, 1999-2004.

Treatment with prebiotics, a type of dietary fiber, was recently shown to increase antibody concentrations following influenza vaccination in a meta-analysis of clinical trials. In observational epidemiologic studies it is not possible to estimate intake of prebiotics, but quantifying intake of dietary fiber is routine. Our objective was to investigate the potential effect of dietary fiber on immunogenicity. We examined serum antibody concentrations (Measles, Mumps, Rubella, and Varicella) in relation to dietary fiber in more than 12,000 subjects in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for the period 1999-2004. Data from one (1999-2002) or two (2003-2004) dietary recalls were used to calculate fiber intake. For Mumps the adjusted percentage difference in antibody concentration per interquartile range intake in energy-adjusted dietary fiber was 6.34% (95% confidence interval, 3.10, 9.68). Fiber from grain-based foods was more positively associated than fiber from other fiber-containing food groups. The association was slightly larger among subgroups with higher fiber intake, greater interquartile range in fiber intake, and less measurement error. Furthermore, based on the reliability of the diet recalls in 2003-2004, we calculated that the percentage difference per interquartile increment was substantially attenuated by measurement error. Dietary fiber may have a favorable influence on the immunogenicity of some vaccines or natural infections.

Incorporación de segunda dosis de la vacuna de la varicela al Calendario Nacional de Vacunación de Argentina / Incorporation of the second dose of the varicella vaccine to the national vaccination schedule of Argentina

A partir de 2022, a la dosis de vacuna contra la varicela contemplada a los 15 meses de edad en el Calendario Nacional de Vacunación de Argentina, se suma una segunda dosis al ingreso escolar. En este artículo se repasan los aspectos clave para la implementación de esta práctica de inmunización universal, gratuita y obligatoria. (AU)

Starting in 2022, a second dose of the varicella vaccine will be added to the 15-month-old dose included in Argentina's National Vaccination Schedule at school entry. This article reviews the key aspects for the implementation of this universal, free and mandatory immunization practice. (AU)

Determinación serológica en el seguimiento de la vacunación triple vírica, varicela y hepa-titis B, en estudiantes de enfermería que hacen prácticas en el Complejo Asistencial de Zamora / Serological determination in the follow-up of the triple virus vaccination, chickenpox and hepatitis b, in nursing students who practice at the Zamora healthcare complex

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: Garantizar la seguridad y salud de los estudiantes de enfermería que realizan prácticas en el hospital ofreciéndoles vacunación hasta alcanzar el nivel inmunológico de protección necesario. METODOLOGÍA: Revisión y recogida de datos de las historias clínico-laborales de 182 estudiantes de la Escuela de Enfermería de Sacyl en Zamora (2016-2019). RESULTADOS: Todos acreditan estar vacunados según calendario oficial. Tras primera serología, el 31,6% no presenta inmunidad frente a la triple vírica, el 2,15% frente a la varicela y el 86,9% frente a la vacuna de la hepatitis B. El 7,1% resultó no respondedor frente a la vacuna de la hepatitis B tras segunda pauta vacunal completa. CONCLUSIONES: La realización de la serología en el cribado prevacunación permite revacunar a aquellos que no presentan inmunización así como detectar aquellos casos no respondedores que tendrán un manejo adecuado si ocurre un accidente con exposición a una fuente de alto riesgo

INTRODUCTION AND OBJETIVES: Ensure the safety and health of nursing students who practice in the hospital by providing them with vaccinations up to the necessary immune protection level. METHODOLOGY: Review and data collection from the clinical- workplace histories of 182 students of the Sacyl School of Nursing in Zamora (2016-2019). RESULTS: All of them certify to be vaccinated according to official calendar. After the first serology, 31.6% did not have immunity against the triple virus, 2.15% against chickenpox and 86.9% against the hepatitis B vaccine. 7.1% were not responding to the hepatitis B vaccine after the second complete vaccination. CONCLUSION: The realization of serology in the screening allows to revaccinate those who don't present immunization, as well as detect those non-responders who will have adequate management if an accident with exposure to a high-risk source occurs

The link between varicella and immune system: which children will develop acute cerebellitis?

INTRODUCTION: Varicella may complicate with cerebellitis in previously healthy children, requiring hospitalization. Aim of our study was to define whether children who experienced varicella cerebellitis have a normal immune system. METHODS: Patients over 3 years of age admitted at Bambino Gesù Children from January 2006 till June 2016 for cerebellitis in varicella were asked to participate to the follow-up study. The immune status was evaluated clinically and by laboratory investigations. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients were included in the study. At follow up, at least one immunological alteration was detected in 80% of patients. To avoid bias due to possible effects of the recent disease, we separately analyzed patients who had the follow-up control at least 1 year (Group 1) or between 1 month and 1 year (Group 2) after the hospitalization for acute varicella cerebellitis. The results were similar in both groups with immunological alterations detected in 84,6 and 75% of the patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary results indicate that sub-clinical immunological defects may correlate to cerebellitis in varicella.

Reduction in the Number of Varicella-Zoster Virus-Specific T-Cells in Immunocompromised Children with Varicella.

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes a life-threatening infection in immunocompromised hosts. The immune response to VZV of healthy subjects has been rigorously assessed, but little is known about that of immunocompromised individuals. This study aimed to clarify the primary response to VZV infection in immunocompromised children. This prospective study enrolled six immunocompromised children (median age, 33 months; range, 20-62) receiving steroids or immunosuppressants, and 10 immunocompetent children (median age, 32 months; range, 15-81) with varicella. The immunocompromised children were three patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, two recipients with liver transplantation and one patient with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Interferon-γ-producing CD69+T-cells produced by VZV stimulation (VZV-specific T-cells) were studied during the acute or convalescent phase. To further address the direct effect of immunosuppressants, we analyzed the number of VZV-specific T-cells after stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from healthy adults with live-attenuated VZV with or without prednisolone, cyclosporine-A, or tacrolimus. The circulating numbers of lymphocytes in the convalescent stage but not acute stage were lower in immunocompromised children compared with immunocompetent children. In the acute stage, immunocompromised patients showed lower VZV-specific CD8+T-cell counts than immunocompetent subjects. In contrast, in the convalescent phase, immunocompromised patients had lower VZV-specific CD4+T-cell counts than immunocompetent hosts. The in vitro culture of activated lymphocytes with prednisolone or immunosuppressants significantly decreased the proportion of VZV-specific CD4+T-cells. In conclusion, the decreased numbers of VZV-specific CD8+T-cells during the acute phase and VZV-specific CD4+T-cells during the convalescent phase of disease may account for severe varicella in immunocompromised children.

Manipulation of the Innate Immune Response by Varicella Zoster Virus.

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is the causative agent of chickenpox (varicella) and shingles (herpes zoster). VZV and other members of the herpesvirus family are distinguished by their ability to establish a latent infection, with the potential to reactivate and spread virus to other susceptible individuals. This lifelong relationship continually subjects VZV to the host immune system and as such VZV has evolved a plethora of strategies to evade and manipulate the immune response. This review will focus on our current understanding of the innate anti-viral control mechanisms faced by VZV. We will also discuss the diverse array of strategies employed by VZV to regulate these innate immune responses and highlight new knowledge on the interactions between VZV and human innate immune cells.

Women who received varicella vaccine versus natural infection have different long-term T cell immunity but similar antibody levels.

BACKGROUND: Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection during pregnancy is associated with serious fetal anomalies. The live-attenuated VZV vaccine was approved in 1995, so many vaccinated women are now of childbearing age. The question of long-term immunity to varicella is critical because breakthrough chickenpox can occur after vaccination. OBJECTIVE: To compare humoral and T cell immunity between women of childbearing age who were immunized by vaccination or chickenpox disease. STUDY DESIGN: Non-pregnant females between 18 and 36 years old with a history of VZV immunization (n = 20) or prior chickenpox disease (n = 20) were recruited. IgG antibody titers and T cell responses were measured by flow cytometry-based methods in serum and peripheral blood, respectively. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in median antibody titers between vaccinated and chickenpox groups (p = 0.34). The chickenpox group had significantly higher levels of VZV antigen-specific CD4 T cells (p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: Natural infection induced higher VZV-specific T cell immune responses than vaccination.

Risk of herpes zoster after exposure to varicella to explore the exogenous boosting hypothesis: self controlled case series study using UK electronic healthcare data.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the magnitude and duration of any hypothesised protective effect of household exposure to a child with varicella on the relative incidence of herpes zoster in adults. DESIGN: Self controlled case series. SETTING: UK general practices contributing to Clinical Practice Research Datalink. PARTICIPANTS: 9604 adults (≥18 years) with a diagnosis of herpes zoster (in primary care or hospital records) between 1997 and 2018, who during their observation period lived with a child (<18 years) with a diagnosis of varicella. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relative incidence of herpes zoster in the 20 years after exposure to a child with varicella in the household compared with baseline time (all other time, excluding the 60 days before exposure). RESULTS: 6584 of the 9604 adults with herpes zoster (68.6%) were women. Median age of exposure to a child with varicella was 38.3 years (interquartile range 32.3-48.8 years) and median observation period was 14.7 (11.1-17.7) years. 4116 adults developed zoster in the baseline period, 433 in the 60 days before exposure and 5055 in the risk period. After adjustment for age, calendar time, and season, strong evidence suggested that in the two years after household exposure to a child with varicella, adults were 33% less likely to develop zoster (incidence ratio 0.67, 95% confidence interval 0.62 to 0.73) compared with baseline time. In the 10-20 years after exposure, adults were 27% less likely to develop herpes zoster (0.73, 0.62 to 0.87) compared with baseline time. A stronger boosting effect was observed among men than among women after exposure to varicella. CONCLUSIONS: The relative incidence of zoster was lower in the periods after exposure to a household contact with varicella, with modest but long lasting protective effects observed. This study suggests that exogenous boosting provides some protection from the risk of herpes zoster, but not complete immunity, as assumed by previous cost effectiveness estimates of varicella immunisation.

Efficacy of plasma exchange with a high dose of acyclovir for disseminated varicella infection.

In individuals treated with immunosuppressive therapies, the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection can become disseminated and lead to a life-threatening condition. There is currently no established treatment strategy for this life-threatening condition. Here, we describe a case where plasma exchange (PE) with a high dose of acyclovir (ACV) ameliorated the severe effects, including VZV-hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (VZV-HLH) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), in a 9-year-old girl with steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome. This 9-year-old girl experienced frequent relapse steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome. She had been treated with steroids, tacrolimus, mizoribine, and rituximab. She had not previously received a varicella vaccine. She was admitted with only one vesicular rash. At admission, a serum test revealed 1.6 × 106 copies/mL of VZV DNA. The patient rapidly developed VZV-HLH and DIC. A combination of a high dose of ACV, immunoglobulin, and steroid pulse therapy could not improve these severe complications. Therefore, PE was applied. PE with a high dose of ACV successfully reduced serum VZV DNA from 7.5 × 106 to 2.8 × 104 copies/mL. This reduction in the VZV DNA copy number suggested that the combination of PE and a high dose of ACV was effective in treating a disseminated VZV infection. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing that PE with a high dose of ACV ameliorated the severe complications of disseminated VZV by reducing the VZV DNA copy number.

Serologic screening and infectious disease consultation (IDC): Indicated in heart, lung, liver (HLL) solid organ transplants (SOT) for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella.

BACKGROUND: Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are a special group of patients who require comprehensive evaluation for preventable infectious diseases before transplantation. The main aim of our study was to investigate the number of heart, lung, and liver (HLL) transplant recipients who were evaluated for their immune status against measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), and varicella (VZV). As a secondary aim, we investigated whether pre-transplant infectious disease consultation (IDC) improves vaccination rates. METHODS: This study was an institution-based retrospective analysis of HLL transplant recipients born in or after 1957 and evaluated at Mayo Clinic, FL Transplant Center between January 1st, 2016 and December 31st, 2017. Data collection was obtained from electronic medical records. The vaccination rates were compared by univariate analysis based on IDC and no ID consultation (NIDC). RESULTS: One hundred and eighty-seven (77%) of a total 242 patients received an IDC pre-transplantation. Varicella IgG levels were screened in all 187 IDC candidates. Among the 187 IDC patients, mumps, measles, and rubella IgG serologies were performed in 9 (5%), 21 (11%), and 51 (27%), respectively. Among all 242 patients, vaccines given included 2 (0.8%) MMR, 10 (4.1%) varicella and 85 (35.12%) Zostavax. Univariate analysis revealed that Zostavax was given to 76 (40.6%) pre-transplant IDC patients and only in 9 (16.7%) NIDC patients (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the relatively high IDC rate, patients' screened numbers for MMR IgG levels were low. Results pointed out the need for MMR protocol-driven serologic screening as well as for VZV and IDC prior to transplantation to increase vaccination rates.

The level of natural autoantibodies to IFN-gamma in varicella infection treated with antiviral drug Anaferon for children: A pilot study.

Natural circulating antibodies (NAbs) to endogenous regulators have shown to be potential biomarkers in medicine. Due to the lack of reliable assays, only few of them have been well studied. To employ NAbs as biomarkers, an evaluation of changes over the course of a treatment is required. This paper describes our work to analyze the dynamics of NAbs titer to interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) among healthy children of different age and in patients with varicella infection receiving an antiviral drug Anaferon for children (AC, the API are highly diluted antibodies to IFN-γ) in comparison with placebo, and to correlate the findings with the treatment results. IFN-γ plays an essential role during varicella infection, and this fact causes the consequent increase of NAbs to IFN-γ level. The mean anti-IFN-γ NAbs level in the healthy volunteer group was 101 × 103 U/ml (age: 0-15 years), which was significantly lower than the mean pre-treatment value in patients with varicella infection 167 × 103 U/ml (age: 3-17 years). In the AC group, the NAbs level observed on days 5 and 10 decreased significantly to a level of 154 × 103 U/ml, whereas in the placebo group it continued to rise in a time-dependent manner reaching 229 × 103 U/ml on day 10. Our findings suggest that treatment with AC is characterized by "normalization" of the anti-IFN-γ NAbs levels in patients with varicella infection.

Frecuencia de anticuerpos IgG a seis agentes infecciosos en los estudiantes de la carrera de Química Biológica / Frequency of IgG antibodies to six infectious agents in students of the Biological Chemistry degree

Se determinó la frecuencia de anticuerpos IgG para Toxoplasma gondii y los virus de paperas, sarampión, rubéola, varicela y hepatitis B en 90 estudiantes de la carrera de Química Biológica de la Facultad de CCQQ y Farmacia. La mayor frecuencia se encontró para rubéola y sarampión, 98.9% para cada prueba y la menor frecuencia fue para T. gondii con 23.3%. No se encontró asociación significativa entre la positividad y el género, entre la positividad a paperas, sarampión, varicela y el haber sufrido la infección o haber estado en contacto con personas infectadas y entre la positividad a T. gondii y el consumir carne roja y/o comida callejera (p > .05). Únicamente en el caso de la hepatitis B se encontró una asociación significativa entre la positividad y la edad (p = < .001), el hecho de estar vacunado (p < .001) y el ser sexualmente activo (p = .004). Los porcentajes de vacunación en la población en estudio fue alta únicamente para hepatitis B (80%), mientras que para las otras infecciones fue 35.6% para rubéola y sarampión, 22.2% para varicela y 10% para paperas. Más de 82% de los estudiantes presentaron protección a los seis agentes estudiados y se recomienda realizar encuestas sero-epidemiológicas constantes, evaluar los programas de inmunización, identificar los grupos a riesgo y que las personas que no presenten anticuerpos se vacunen.

The frequency of IgG antibodies for Toxoplasma gondii and the mumps, measles, rubella, varicella and hepa-titis B viruses was determined in 90 students of the Biological Chemistry career of the Faculty of CCQQ and Pharmacy. The highest frequency was found for Rubella and Measles, 98.9% each, and the lowest frequency was for T. gondii with 23.3%. No significant difference was found between positivity and gender, between positivity to mumps, measles, chicken pox and having suffered infection or having been in contact with infected persons and between positivity to T. gondii and consuming red meat and / or street food (p > .05). Only in the case of Hepatitis B a significant difference between positivity and age (p = .001), the fact of being vaccinated (p = .001) and being sexually active (p = .004 was found. The percentage of vaccination in the study population was high only for He-patitis B (80%), while for the other infections it was 35.6% for rubella and measles, 22.2% for varicella and 10% for mumps. More than 82% of the students presented protection to the six agents studied and it is recommended to carry out constant sero-epidemiological surveys, to evaluate the immunization programs, to identify the risk groups and that people who do not present antibodies get vaccinated.

Immunity to varicella zoster virus among pregnant women in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study.

INTRODUCTION: Infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV) in pregnancy may lead to serious outcomes both for the mother and the newborn. Targeted screening and vaccination of non-immune women during reproductive age could prevent varicella infection in pregnancy. Currently, no universal varicella screening of pregnant women is implemented in Norway, but serological testing in pregnancy is recommended in particular situations. We examined seroprevalence of VZV in a national pregnancy cohort in order to help assess a need for VZV screening of women during reproductive age. METHODS: We determined the susceptibility to VZV and the reliability of self-reported history of VZV infection in the Norwegian obstetric population by using a random sample of 1,184 pregnant women from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort study (MoBa). The MoBa study included approximately 95,200 pregnant women in Norway between 1998 and 2009. Blood samples taken at gestational week 17-18 were analysed using a commercial enzyme immunoassay for specific IgG antibodies to Varicella-Zoster virus. Second sample taken at birth was tested if the first sample result was negative or equivocal. RESULTS: Of the 1,184 pregnant women, 98.6% (n = 1,167) were seropositive, 0.83% (n = 10) remained seronegative, and four women (0.34%) seroconverted during their pregnancy. No significant associations were found between serological status and women's age at birth, gestational age, women's country of birth and year of child's birth. One woman reported prior history of varicella, whereas 143 (12.1%) women reported a household exposure to childhood diseases with fever and rash, of which 25 reported exposure to varicella, of which all were seropositive. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support antenatal screening recommendations in Norway advising testing for VZV in pregnant women with unknown immunity to VZV. Further studies are however needed to better identify target groups for screening and vaccination.

Institutional outbreak of varicella in a child welfare institute in Chandigarh, North India.

Introduction: Varicella outbreaks are known to occur in developing nations as vaccine coverage is still low. Material and Methods: In the present study, an institutional outbreak from Chandigarh, India, is reported wherein the utility of non-invasive samples such as saliva and urine was studied for the molecular diagnosis of varicella by conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time PCR and real-time loop-mediated isothermal amplification (real-time LAMP). Results: The results of the present study showed that saliva and urine samples can be used for outbreak investigation of varicella compared to varicella-zoster virus DNA in vesicular swab samples with reasonable sensitivity. Conclusion: Thus, molecular techniques may be useful in the early identification of the outbreak and timely isolation, and the treatment of cases can further prevent its spread.