The efficiency and safety of low-dose apatinib combined with oral vinorelbine in pretreated HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Apatinib is an oral small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor that blocks vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2. Oral vinorelbine is a semisynthetic chemotherapeutic agent of vinorelbine alkaloids. Apatinib and oral vinorelbine have been proved to be effective in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer (mBC). At present, several small sample clinical trials have explored the efficacy of apatinib combined with oral vinorelbine in the treatment of mBC. METHODS: This retrospective study included 100 human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-negative mBC patients who received low-dose apatinib (250 mg orally per day) plus oral vinorelbine until disease progression or intolerance during February 2017 and March 2023. The progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), clinical benefit rate (CBR), disease control rate (DCR), and safety were analyzed by SPSS 26.0 software and GraphPad Prism 8 software. Cox proportional hazards regression model for univariate and multivariate was used to identify factors significantly related to PFS and OS. RESULTS: The median follow-up time for this study was 38.1 months. Among 100 patients with HER2-negative mBC, 66 were hormone receptor (HR)-positive/HER2-negative and 34 were triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The median PFS and OS were 6.0 months (95% CI, 5.2-6.8 months) and 23.0 months (95% CI, 19.9-26.1 months). There were no statistical differences in PFS (p = 0.239) and OS (p = 0.762) between the HR-positive /HER2-negative and TNBC subgroups. The ORR, CBR, and DCR were 21.0%, 58.0%, and 78.0%, respectively. Ninety-five patients (95.0%) experienced varying grades of adverse events (AEs) and 38.0% of patients for Grades 3-4. The most common Grades 3-4 AEs that we observed were neutropenia (30.0%) and leukopenia (25.0%). CONCLUSION: Low-dose apatinib combined with oral vinorelbine demonstrates potential efficacy and well tolerated for pretreated HER2-negative mBC.

Pyrotinib Combined with Vinorelbine in Patients with Previously Treated HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Multicenter, Single-Arm, Prospective Study.

PURPOSE: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a new combination treatment of vinorelbine and pyrotinib in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and provide higher level evidence for clinical practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective, single-arm, phase 2 trial conducted at three institutions in China. Patients with HER2-positive MBC, who had previously been treated with trastuzumab plus a taxane or trastuzumab plus pertuzumab combined with a chemotherapeutic agent, were enrolled between March 2020 and December 2021. All patients received pyrotinib 400 mg orally once daily plus vinorelbine 25 mg/m2 intravenously or 60-80 mg/m2 orally on day 1 and day 8 of 21-day cycle. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS), and the secondary endpoints included the objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), overall survival, and safety. RESULTS: A total of 39 patients were enrolled. All patients had been pretreated with trastuzumab and 23.1% (n=9) of them had accepted trastuzumab plus pertuzumab. The median follow-up time was 16.3 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.3 to 27.2), and the median PFS was 6.4 months (95% CI, 4.0 to 8.8). The ORR was 43.6% (95% CI, 27.8% to 60.4%) and the DCR was 84.6% (95% CI, 69.5% to 94.1%). The median PFS of patients with versus without prior pertuzumab treatment was 4.6 and 8.3 months (p=0.017). The most common grade 3/4 adverse events were diarrhea (28.2%), neutrophil count decreased (15.4%), white blood cell count decreased (7.7%), vomiting (5.1%), and anemia (2.6%). CONCLUSION: Pyrotinib plus vinorelbine showed promising efficacy and tolerable toxicity as second-line treatment in patients with HER2-positive MBC.

NOTCH1 and CREBBP co-mutations negatively affect the benefit of adjuvant therapy in completely resected EGFR-mutated NSCLC: translational research of phase III IMPACT study.

The phase III IMPACT study (UMIN000044738) compared adjuvant gefitinib with cisplatin plus vinorelbine (cis/vin) in completely resected epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although the primary endpoint of disease-free survival (DFS) was not met, we searched for molecular predictors of adjuvant gefitinib efficacy. Of 234 patients enrolled in the IMPACT study, 202 patients were analyzed for 409 cancer-related gene mutations and tumor mutation burden using resected lung cancer specimens. Frequent somatic mutations included tumor protein p53 (TP53; 58.4%), CUB and Sushi multiple domains 3 (CSMD3; 11.8%), and NOTCH1 (9.9%). Multivariate analysis showed that NOTCH1 co-mutation was a significant poor prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) in the gefitinib group and cAMP response element binding protein (CREBBP) co-mutation for DFS and OS in the cis/vin group. In patients with NOTCH1 co-mutations, gefitinib group had a shorter OS than cis/vin group (Hazard ratio 5.49, 95% CI 1.07-28.00), with a significant interaction (P for interaction = 0.039). In patients with CREBBP co-mutations, the gefitinib group had a longer DFS than the cis/vin group, with a significant interaction (P for interaction = 0.058). In completely resected EGFR-mutated NSCLC, NOTCH1 and CREBBP mutations might predict poor outcome in patients treated with gefitinib and cis/vin, respectively.

Pemetrexed plus vinorelbine versus vinorelbine monotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer (KCSG-BR15-17): A randomized, open-label, multicenter, phase II trial.

INTRODUCTION: Metastatic breast cancer refractory to anthracycline and taxanes often shows rapid progression. The development of effective and tolerable combination regimens for these patients is needed. This phase II trial investigated the efficacy of pemetrexed plus vinorelbine in patients with metastatic breast cancer. METHODS: This randomized, open-label, phase II trial was conducted in 17 centers in Korea. Patients with advanced breast cancer who had previously been treated with anthracyclines and taxanes were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either vinorelbine or pemetrexed plus vinorelbine. Randomization was stratified by prior capecitabine treatment and hormone receptor status. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints included the objective response rate, overall survival, safety, and quality of life. RESULTS: Between March 2017 and August 2019, a total of 125 patients were enrolled. After a median follow-up duration of 14.1 months, 118 progression events and 88 death events had occurred. Sixty-two patients were assigned to the pemetrexed plus vinorelbine arm, and 63 were assigned to the vinorelbine arm. Pemetrexed plus vinorelbine significantly prolonged PFS compared to vinorelbine (5.7 vs. 1.5 months, p < 0.001). The combination arm had higher disease control rate (76.8% vs. 45.9%, p = 0.001) and a tendency toward longer overall survival (16.8 vs. 10.5 months, p = 0.102). Anemia was more frequent in the pemetrexed plus vinorelbine arm per cycle compared with vinorelbine (7.9% vs. 1.9%, p < 0.001), but there was no difference in the incidence of grade 3-4 neutropenia per cycle between the pemetrexed plus vinorelbine arm and the vinorelbine single arm (14.7% vs. 19.5%, p = 0.066). CONCLUSIONS: This phase II study showed that pemetrexed plus vinorelbine led to a longer PFS than vinorelbine. Adverse events of pemetrexed plus vinorelbine were generally manageable.

Aspirin boosts the synergistic effect of EGFR/p53 inhibitors on lung cancer cells by regulating AKT/mTOR and p53 pathways.

The regimen of afatinib and vinorelbine has been used to treat breast or lung cancer cells with some limitations. Aspirin alone or in combination with other agents has shown unique efficacy in the treatment of cancer. We designed a preclinical study to investigate whether the triple therapy of aspirin, afatinib, and vinorelbine could synergistically inhibit the growth of p53 wild-type nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Three NSCLC cells A549, H460, and H1975 were selected to study the effect of triple therapy on cell proliferation and apoptosis. Compared to single agents, triple therapy synergistically inhibited the proliferation of lung cancer cells with combination index <1. Meanwhile, the therapeutic index of triple therapy was superior to that of single agents, indicating a balance between efficacy and safety in the combination of three agents. Mechanistic studies showed that triple therapy significantly induced apoptosis by decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential, increasing reactive oxygen species, and regulating mitochondria-related proteins. Moreover, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) downstream signaling proteins including JNK, AKT, and mTOR were dramatically suppressed and p53 was substantially increased after NSCLC cells were exposed to the triple therapy. We provided evidence that the triple therapy of aspirin, afatinib and vinorelbine synergistically inhibited lung cancer cell growth through inactivation of the EGFR/AKT/mTOR pathway and accumulation of p53, providing a new treatment strategy for patients with p53 wild-type NSCLC.

Effect of Chemotherapeutics on In Vitro Immune Checkpoint Expression in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Objectives: Immune checkpoint (ICP) expression in tumor cells could directly or indirectly affect the results of immunotherapy. ICP ligands on tumor cells usually bind their immune cell receptors to inhibit the activity, resulting in tumor immune escape. Thus, the purpose of this study was to ascertain the impact of various chemotherapeutic drugs on ICP expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines with different pathological subtypes to provide a basis for the development of a superior regimen of chemotherapy combined with ICP blockade. Methods: Several first-line chemotherapy agents (cisplatin, carboplatin, paclitaxel, gemcitabine, vinorelbine, and pemetrexed) were selected to treat different NSCLC cell lines (squamous carcinoma H1703, adenocarcinoma A549, and large cell cancer H460) for 72 hours, and then the changes in ICP expression in the tumor cells were observed through flow cytometry. Results: Cisplatin, carboplatin, and paclitaxel upregulated the expressions of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed cell death ligand 2 (PD-L2) in A549 and H460 cell lines. Meanwhile, vinorelbine and pemetrexed upregulated PD-L1 and PD-L2 in H1703, A549, and H460 cell lines. Paclitaxel, gemcitabine, vinorelbine, and pemetrexed significantly upregulated the expressions of both galectin-9 and high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) in the A549 cell line. Cisplatin and paclitaxel significantly upregulated the expressions of major histocompatibility complex-II (MHC-II), galectin-3, α-synuclein, and fibrinogen-like protein 1 (FGL1) in A549 and H460 cell lines. In addition, cisplatin and vinorelbine significantly upregulated the expressions of both CD155 and CD112 in the H460 cell line. Vinorelbine upregulated MHC-I in all three cell lines. Conclusion: Chemotherapy agents have different effects on the expression of ICP ligands in tumor cells with different pathological types, and this may affect the efficacy of combined immunotherapy. These results provide a theoretical basis for further selection and optimization of the combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy.

Five-Year Overall Survival Analysis of the JIPANG Study: Pemetrexed or Vinorelbine Plus Cisplatin for Resected Stage II-IIIA Nonsquamous Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer.

Clinical trials frequently include multiple end points that mature at different times. The initial report, typically based on the primary end point, may be published when key planned co-primary or secondary analyses are not yet available. Clinical Trial Updates provide an opportunity to disseminate additional results from studies, published in JCO or elsewhere, for which the primary end point has already been reported.The JIPANG study is an open-label phase III trial evaluating the efficacy of pemetrexed plus cisplatin (PemP) versus vinorelbine plus cisplatin (NP) as adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage II-IIIA nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we report the long follow-up overall survival (OS) data. Eligible patients were randomly assigned to receive either PemP or NP. The primary end point was recurrence-free survival (RFS), and the secondary end point included OS. This analysis was performed using data collected 5 years after the last patient enrollment. Among 804 patients enrolled, 783 patients were eligible (384 for NP and 389 for PemP). The updated median RFS was 37.5 months in the NP arm and 43.4 months in the PemP arm with a hazard ratio of 0.95 (95% CI, 0.79 to 1.14). At a median follow-up of 77.3 months, the OS rates at 3 and 5 years were 84.1% and 75.6% versus 87.0% and 75.0% with a hazard ratio of 1.04 (95% CI, 0.81 to 1.34). This long-term follow-up analysis showed that PemP had similar efficacy to NP in both RFS and OS for this population, with one of the longest OS data compared with the historical data.

Functional Analysis of Viable Circulating Tumor Cells from Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Patients Using TetherChip Technology.

Metastasis, rather than the growth of the primary tumor, accounts for approximately 90% of breast cancer patient deaths. Microtentacles (McTNs) formation represents an important mechanism of metastasis. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype with limited targeted therapies. The present study aimed to isolate viable circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and functionally analyze them in response to drug treatment. CTCs from 20 TNBC patients were isolated and maintained in culture for 5 days. Biomarker expression was identified by immunofluorescence staining and VyCap analysis. Vinorelbine-induced apoptosis was evaluated based on the detection of M30-positive cells. Our findings revealed that the CTC absolute number significantly increased using TetherChips analysis compared to the number of CTCs in patients' cytospins (p = 0.006) providing enough tumor cells for drug evaluation. Vinorelbine treatment (1 h) on live CTCs led to a significant induction of apoptosis (p = 0.010). It also caused a significant reduction in Detyrosinated α-tubulin (GLU), programmed death ligand (PD-L1)-expressing CTCs (p < 0.001), and disruption of McTNs. In conclusion, this pilot study offers a useful protocol using TetherChip technology for functional analysis and evaluation of drug efficacy in live CTCs, providing important information for targeting metastatic dissemination at a patient-individualized level.

A phase II study of a doublet metronomic chemotherapy regimen consisting of oral vinorelbine and capecitabine in Chinese women with HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: This single-arm prospective phase II trial was performed to assess the efficacy and safety of the dual oral metronomic vinorelbine and capecitabine (mNC) regimen in women with HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC) in China. METHODS: The mNC regimen was administered to the enrolled cases, including oral vinorelbine (VNR) 40 mg three times weekly (on days 1, 3 and 5 every week) and capecitabine (CAP) 500 mg three times a day, until disease progression or intolerable toxicity. The primary endpoint was the 1-year progression-free survival (PFS) rate. Secondary endpoints included objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), clinical benefit rate (CBR) and treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs). Stratified factors included treatment lines and hormone receptor (HR) status. RESULTS: Between June 2018 and March 2023, 29 patients were enrolled into the study. The median follow-up time was 25.4 months (range, 2.0-53.8). In the entire group, the 1-year PFS rate was 54.1%. ORR, DCR and CBR were 31.0%, 96.6% and 62.1%, respectively. The mPFS was 12.5 months (range, 1.1-28.1). Subgroup analysis revealed that ORRs were 29.4% and 33.3% in first- and ≥second-line chemotherapy, respectively. ORRs were 29.2% (7/24) and 40.0% (2/5) for HR-positive MBC and metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC), respectively. Grade 3/4 TRAEs were neutropenia (10.3%) and nausea/vomiting (6.9%). CONCLUSIONS: The dual oral mNC regimen showed very good safety features and improved compliance without loss of efficacy in both first- and second-line treatments. The regimen also reached an excellent ORR in the mTNBC subgroup.

Combined chemo-endocrine therapy as a potential new option for HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer: a prospective study of fulvestrant plus oral vinorelbine.

OBJECTIVE: Endocrine therapy with fulvestrant has shown synergistic antitumor effects with some chemotherapy drugs in vitro. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of fulvestrant with vinorelbine in patients with hormone receptor positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-negative (HER2-) recurrent or metastatic breast cancer. METHODS: Patients were intramuscularly administered fulvestrant 500 mg (day 1 per cycle for 28 days) and oral vinorelbine (60 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, and 15 of each cycle). The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints included overall survival, objective response rate, disease control rate, duration of response, and safety. RESULTS: A total of 38 patients with HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer included in the study were followed up for a median time of 25.1 months. The overall median PFS was 9.86 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 7.2-23.13], and the median PFS of the first-line and the second-line treatment population was 20.73 months (95% CI 9.82 to NR) and 4.27 months (95% CI 3.68 to NR), respectively. Most adverse events reported were of grade 1/2, and none were of grade 4/5. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first exploratory study of a fulvestrant and oral vinorelbine regimen in the treatment of HR+/HER2- recurrent and metastatic breast cancer. The combination chemo-endocrine therapy was efficacious, safe, and promising for patients with HR+/HER2- advanced breast cancer.

Efficacy of a Dual-Epitope Dendritic Cell Vaccine as Part of Combined Immunotherapy for HER2-Expressing Breast Tumors.

Previous work from our group and others has shown that patients with breast cancer can generate a T cell response against specific human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) epitopes. In addition, preclinical work has shown that this T cell response can be augmented by Ag-directed mAb therapy. This study evaluated the activity and safety of a combination of dendritic cell (DC) vaccination given with mAb and cytotoxic therapy. We performed a phase I/II study using autologous DCs pulsed with two different HER2 peptides given with trastuzumab and vinorelbine to a study cohort of patients with HER2-overexpressing and a second with HER2 nonoverexpressing metastatic breast cancer. Seventeen patients with HER2-overexpressing and seven with nonoverexpressing disease were treated. Treatment was well tolerated, with one patient removed from therapy because of toxicity and no deaths. Forty-six percent of patients had stable disease after therapy, with 4% achieving a partial response and no complete responses. Immune responses were generated in the majority of patients but did not correlate with clinical response. However, in one patient, who has survived >14 y since treatment in the trial, a robust immune response was demonstrated, with 25% of her T cells specific to one of the peptides in the vaccine at the peak of her response. These data suggest that autologous DC vaccination when given with anti-HER2-directed mAb therapy and vinorelbine is safe and can induce immune responses, including significant T cell clonal expansion, in a subset of patients.

Safety and efficacy of second-line metronomic oral vinorelbine-atezolizumab combination in stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer: An open-label phase II trial (VinMetAtezo).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of second-line metronomic oral vinorelbine-atezolizumab combination for stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer. METHODS: This was a multicenter, open-label, single-arm Phase II study performed in patients with advanced NSCLC without activating EGFR mutation or ALK rearrangement who progressed after first-line platinum-doublet chemotherapy. Combination treatment was atezolizumab (1200 mg IV day 1, every 3 weeks) and oral vinorelbine (40 mg, 3 times by week). The primary outcome was progression-free survival (PFS) during the 4-month follow-up from the first dose of treatment. Statistical analysis was based on the exact single-stage Phase II design defined by A'Hern. Based on literature data, the Phase III trial threshold was set at 36 successes in 71 patients. RESULTS: 71 patients were analyzed (median age, 64 years; male, 66.2%; ex-smokers/active smokers, 85.9%; ECOG performance status 0-1, 90.2%; non-squamous NSCLC, 83.1%; PD-L1 ≥ 50%, 4.4%). After a median follow-up of 8.1 months from treatment initiation, 4-month PFS rate was 32% (95% CI, 22-44), i.e. 23 successes out 71 patients. OS rate was 73.2% at 4 months and 24.3% at 24 months. Median PFS and OS were 2.2 (95% CI, 1.5-3.0) months and 7.9 (95% CI, 4.8-11.4) months, respectively. Overall response rate and disease control rate at 4 months were 11% (95% CI, 5-21) and 32% (95% CI, 22-44), respectively. No safety signal was evidenced. CONCLUSION: Metronomic oral vinorelbine-atezolizumab in the second-line setting did not achieve the predefined PFS threshold. No new safety signal was reported for vinorelbine-atezolizumab combination.

Drug-repurposing screen on patient-derived organoids identifies therapy-induced vulnerability in KRAS-mutant colon cancer.

Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) are widely heralded as a drug-screening platform to develop new anti-cancer therapies. Here, we use a drug-repurposing library to screen PDOs of colorectal cancer (CRC) to identify hidden vulnerabilities within therapy-induced phenotypes. Using a microscopy-based screen that accurately scores drug-induced cell killing, we have tested 414 putative anti-cancer drugs for their ability to switch the EGFRi/MEKi-induced cytostatic phenotype toward cytotoxicity. A majority of validated hits (9/37) are microtubule-targeting agents that are commonly used in clinical oncology, such as taxanes and vinca-alkaloids. One of these drugs, vinorelbine, is consistently effective across a panel of >25 different CRC PDOs, independent of RAS mutational status. Unlike vinorelbine alone, its combination with EGFR/MEK inhibition induces apoptosis at all stages of the cell cycle and shows tolerability and effective anti-tumor activity in vivo, setting the basis for a clinical trial to treat patients with metastatic RAS-mutant CRC.

Efficacy of cisplatin combined with vinorelbine as second- or higher-line palliative chemotherapy in patients with advanced ovarian cancer.

The aim of this study was to assess the therapeutic efficacy of a cisplatin and vinorelbine combination as second- or higher-line palliative chemotherapy in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with advanced ovarian cancer who were treated with cisplatin (60 mg/m2 on day 1) and vinorelbine (25 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8) every 3 weeks between January 2004 and March 2021. Treatment responses, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were assessed; laboratory data were reviewed to determine toxicity. Thirty-two patients with advanced ovarian cancer were treated with a combination of vinorelbine and cisplatin. The objective response rate (ORR) was 18.8% and the disease control rate was 75.1%. The median PFS was 4.13 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.4-5.8 months). The median OS was 56.9 months (95% CI, 50.5-63.7 months). The ORR (42.9% vs 9.1%; P = .035) was higher in the platinum-sensitive group than in the platinum-resistant group. The median PFS tended to be longer in the platinum-sensitive group (5.3 vs 3.8 months; P = .339) and the median OS was significantly longer in the platinum-sensitive group than in the platinum-resistant group (69.6 vs 24 months; P < .001). All patients developed hematological toxicities, with 56% experiencing grade 3 to 4 neutropenia. Two (6.2%) patients developed febrile neutropenia, but no treatment-related death occurred. This combination therapy may be effective in patients with heavily treated advanced ovarian cancer, particularly in platinum-sensitive patients.

CHEOPS trial: a GINECO group randomized phase II assessing addition of a non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor to oral vinorelbine in pre-treated metastatic breast cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: The objective of the CHEOPS trial was to assess the benefit of adding aromatase inhibitor (AI) to metronomic chemotherapy, oral vinorelbine, 50 mg, three times a week for pre-treated, HR + /HER2- metastatic breast cancer patients. METHODS: In this multicentric phase II study, patients had to have progressed on AI and one or two lines of chemotherapy. They were randomized between oral vinorelbine (Arm A) and oral vinorelbine with non-steroidal AI (Arm B). RESULTS: 121 patients were included, 61 patients in Arm A and 60 patients in Arm B. The median age was 68 years. 109 patients had visceral metastases. They all had previously received an AI. The study had been prematurely stopped following the third death due to febrile neutropenia. Median PFS trend was found to be different with 2.3 months and 3.7 months in Arm A and Arm B, respectively (HR 0.73, 95%CI 0.50-1.06, p value = 0.0929). No statistical difference was shown in OS and better tumor response. 56 serious adverse events corresponding to 25 patients (21%) were reported (respectively, 12 (20%) versus 13 (22%) for arms A and B) (NS). CONCLUSION: The addition of AI to oral vinorelbine over oral vinorelbine alone in aromatase inhibitor-resistant metastatic breast cancer was associated with a non-significant improvement of PFS. Several unexpected serious adverse events were reported. Metronomic oral vinorelbine schedule, at 50 mg three times a week, requires close biological monitoring. The question of hormonal treatment and chemotherapy combination remains open.

Clinical outcomes of medical treatments for progressive desmoid tumors following active surveillance: a systematic review.

Approximately 80% of desmoid tumors (DTs) show spontaneous regression or disease stabilization during first-line active surveillance. Medical treatment can be considered in cases of disease progression. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and toxicity of each medical treatment by reviewing only the studies that included progressive disease as the inclusion criterion. We searched the EMBASE, PubMed, and CENTRAL databases to identify published studies for progressive DTs. The disease control rates of the medical treatments, such as low-dose chemotherapy with methotrexate plus vinblastine or vinorelbine, imatinib, sorafenib, pazopanib, nilotinib, anlotinib, doxorubicin-based agents, liposomal doxorubicin, hydroxyurea, and oral vinorelbine for progressive DTs were 71-100%, 78-92%, 67-96%, 84%, 88%, 86%, 89-100%, 90-100%, 75%, and 64%, respectively. Low-dose chemotherapy, sorafenib, pazopanib, nilotinib, anlotinib, and liposomal doxorubicin had similar toxicities. Sorafenib and pazopanib were less toxic than imatinib. Doxorubicin-based chemotherapy was associated with the highest toxicity. Hydroxyurea and oral vinorelbine exhibited the lowest toxicity. Stepwise therapy escalation from an initial, less toxic treatment to more toxic agents is recommended for progressive DTs. Sorafenib and pazopanib had limited on-treatment side effects but had the possibility to induce long-term treatment-related side effects. In contrast, low-dose chemotherapy has some on-treatment side effects and is known to have very low long-term toxicity. Thus, for progressive DTs following active surveillance, low-dose chemotherapy is recommended in young patients as long-term side effects are minor, whereas therapies such as sorafenib and pazopanib is recommended for older patients as early side effects are minor.

Methods for Estimating Long-Term Outcomes for Trastuzumab Deruxtecan in HER2-Positive Unresectable or Metastatic Breast Cancer After Two or More Anti-HER2 Therapies.

BACKGROUND: DESTINY-Breast01 (NCT03248492) is a phase II single-arm trial evaluating trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) in adults with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) unresectable or metastatic breast cancer (u/mBC) who have received two or more prior anti-HER2 therapies. OBJECTIVES: Objectives were to explore approaches for estimating long-term overall survival (OS) with T-DXd from immature data (June 2020 data-cut; median follow-up 20.5 months), and compare predicted long-term outcomes with UK-recommended non-targeted therapies eribulin, capecitabine, and vinorelbine. METHODS: Two methods were used to model T-DXd long-term OS: (1) applying a hazard ratio (HR) to the OS curve for another HER2 targeted therapy (third-line trastuzumab emtansine [T-DM1]) with longer trial follow-up; and (2) extrapolating T-DXd OS data directly. Comparator OS was based on direct extrapolation of published data (comparison with vinorelbine OS was not possible). Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were calculated using a previously published model of utility. RESULTS: Both extrapolation methods demonstrated longer mean/median OS with T-DXd versus eribulin, and capecitabine (44.7/32.9 months [applying an HR to the T-DM1 OS curve]; 47.7/29.9 months [using direct extrapolation]; vs 11.3/9.2, and 17.8/13.6 months, respectively), translating to 2.3, 2.3, 0.6, and 0.9 discounted QALYs. CONCLUSION: Alternative methods produced consistent results, showing T-DXd is associated with substantial gains in OS and QALYs versus eribulin, and capecitabine. Modelled median OS results were similar to a later data-cut (median of 29.1 months, March 2021 data-cut). The modelling approach in which an HR was applied to the T-DM1 OS curve informed a submission to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.

Pyrotinib-based treatments in HER2-positive breast cancer patients with brain metastases.

OBJECTIVES: Extensive application of anti-HER2 targeted therapy improves significantly the HER2-positive advanced breast cancer (BC) prognosis, however, it is still difficult to treat brain metastasis. In current study, we explored effective approaches via combining pyrotinib to treat brain metastasis in patients with HER2-positive advanced BC based upon clinical data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Current study included 61 HER2-positive BC patients with brain metastases (BM) who were treated by pyrotinib-based regimens. The systemic regimens included pyrotinib combined with capecitabine, pyrotinib combined with nab-paclitaxel, and pyrotinib combined with vinorelbine. Patients' progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), clinical benefit rate (CBR) and objective response rate (ORR), as well as drug-related adverse events (AEs) in regard of each combination regimen were analyzed. RESULTS: Pyrotinib-based systemic therapy resulted in 8.6 months median PFS (mPFS) and 18.0 months median OS (mOS) among the BM patients. Regarding different regimens, the combination of pyrotinib with nab-paclitaxel was superior to the combination with capecitabine and vinorelbine with respect to PFS and OS. The central nervous system (CNS) ORR did not showcase significant difference among 3 regimens, however, nab-paclitaxel combined regimen obtained the best peripheral ORR (84.6%) (p ≤ .05). CONCLUSIONS: Pyrotinib-based combination therapy is safe for HER2-positive brain metastasis treatment. Compared with vinorelbine or capecitabine, pyrotinib combined with nab-paclitaxel is more effective with less toxicity, which is the preferable regimen for HER2-positive brain metastasis.KEY MESSAGESPresent investigation investigated effective methods through combining pyrotinib to treat brain metastasis with HER2-positive advanced brain cancer. The outcomes verified that pyrotinib-based combination therapy was safe and efficient to treat HER2-positive brain metastasis. Therefore, it is effective to treat brain metastasis applying anti-HER2 targeted therapies although pyrotinib showcases efficiency regarding its treatments for the metastasis.

Study on Effects of Cyclophosphamide Combined with Vinorelbine in Advanced Small Cell Lung Cancer and Anteroposterior Changes in MRI.

Objective: To explore the effects of cyclophosphamide combined with vinorelbine in advanced small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and anteroposterior changes in MRI. Methods: The clinical data of 90 patients with advanced SCLC admitted to our hospital from April 2020 to April 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into the control group and the study group according to the order of admission, with 45 cases in each group. The control group received the routine treatment, while the study group was treated with cyclophosphamide and vinorelbine to compare the indexes of imaging data and clinical indicators between the two groups before and after treatment. Results: There was no significant difference in the indexes of imaging data between the two groups before treatment (P > 0.05), and the indexes of imaging data in the study group were visibly lower than those in the control group after treatment (P < 0.001). The DCR in the study group was significantly higher than that in the control group after treatment (P < 0.05), while the QLQ-C30 scores and serum indices of the study group after treatment were significantly lower than those of the control group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Patients with advanced SCLC were treated with cyclophosphamide and vinorelbine, which can effectively improve the quality of life and reduce the expression of inflammatory factors. This treatment model has a higher application value, and the treatment value is also reflected compared with the routine treatment. At the same time, the permeability parameters obtained by MRI can predict the therapeutic effects of cyclophosphamide and vinorelbine, and further studies are helpful to establish a better solution for patients.