Equine endometrial bacteria inhibition by metabolite and extracellular vesicles of Lactobacillus acidophilus and lactiplantibacillus plantarum.

Endometritis is one of the main reproductive disorders in mares and due to the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance, the use of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of endometritis in mares has gained interest, given their potential to restore and maintain a healthy uterine microbiota. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of total metabolites of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP) against common equine endometrial pathogenic bacteria in vitro (Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli (1), Escherichia coli (2), Escherichia coli (3), Escherichia coli (4), Enterobacter cloacae, Streptococcus equi, Staphylococcus warneri, Actinobacillus equi and Klebesiella pneumoniae), as well as to assess their low molecular weight metabolites (loM) and extracellular vesicle (EVs) inhibition capacity over a multidrug-resistant E. coli isolated from mares with clinical endometritis. The total metabolites of LA showed better inhibition on A. baumannii, E. coli (1) and E. cloacae, while those of LP inhibited E. coli (4), S. equi and A. equi. Besides total metabolites, loM of LA and LP can inhibit E. coli. LA EVs were more effective in preventing E. coli (2) compared to LA loM, while LP EVs presented inhibition but below 90%. The use of LA and LP in the mare's uterus may be an interesting approach to controlling endometritis. In addition to metabolites, EVs can contribute to the inhibition of multidrug-resistant E. coli.

Neuroprotective Effect of Curcumin-Metavanadate in the Hippocampus of Aged Rats.

Brain aging is a multifactorial process that includes a reduction in the biological and metabolic activity of individuals. Oxidative stress and inflammatory processes are characteristic of brain aging. Given the current problems, the need arises to implement new therapeutic approaches. Polyoxidovanadates (POV), as well as curcumin, have stood out for their participation in a variety of biological activities. This work aimed to evaluate the coupling of metavanadate and curcumin (Cuma-MV) on learning, memory, redox balance, neuroinflammation, and cell death in the hippocampal region (CA1 and CA3) and dentate gyrus (DG) of aged rats. Rats 18 months old were administered a daily dose of curcumin (Cuma), sodium metavanadate (MV), or Cuma-MV for two months. The results demonstrated that administration of Cuma-MV for 60 days in aged rats improved short- and long-term recognition memory, decreased reactive oxygen species, and substantially improved lipoperoxidation in the hippocampus. Furthermore, the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase increased in animals treated with Cuma-MV. It is important to highlight that the treatment with Cuma-MV exhibited a significantly greater effect than the treatments with MV or Cuma in all the parameters evaluated. Finally, we conclude that Cuma-MV represents a potential therapeutic option in the prevention and treatment of cognitive decline associated with aging.

Stone Tool Use by Black-Horned Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus nigritus cucullatus) in an Urban Park in Londrina, Brazil.

Tool use to crack open palm nuts has been observed extensively in some capuchin monkey species. However, for southern black-horned capuchin monkeys (Sapajus nigritus cucullatus), there is only one published record of stone tool use from the 1990s, from an urban park in Londrina, Brazil. In the present study, we returned to this urban park to systematically investigate the hammer-and-anvil sites used to crack nuts by this capuchin monkey population. We analyzed the fruit and shell remnants resulting from hammering to test the following hypotheses: (1) hammers at tool-use sites are actively chosen for size and/or weight, (2) tool use sites that are closer to a tree of the processed plant species are more frequently used, and (3) there is no seasonal effect modulating hammer-and-anvil use for processing nuts. We located and identified 205 tool-use sites through active search within the park, and we measured and weighed the tools involved in hammering activity. We compared hammer weight and size to that of the comparable material available in the environment and found that hammer size and weight differed significantly from that of the raw materials found in the environment, suggesting active choice of the hammers. We identified three plant species for which nuts were processed through tool use: Syagrus romanzoffiana, Acrocomia aculeata and Terminalia catappa. Through measuring the distance between each tool-use site and the nearest tree of the plant species processed there, we found that closer proximity between the tool-use site and the nearest target tree (Syagrus and Acrocomia) increased cracking frequency. We returned to each site three times during the study year to determine if new tool use activity had occurred, and our data indicate habitual use of tools to crack open nuts throughout the year, with no large differences between seasons.

Chronic stress triggers impairments of the redox status of salivary glands associated with different histological responses in rats.

Stress occurs as a reaction to mental and emotional pressure, anxiety, or scarring. Chronic stress is defined as constant submission to these moments. It can affect several body systems, increase blood pressure, and weaken immunity, thereby interfering with physiological health processes. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the effects of chronic stress on the redox status and histomorphological parameters of salivary glands. Thirty-two albino Wistar male rats were randomly divided into two groups: chronic stress and control. Chronically stressed animals were subjected to a restraint protocol by introducing them into a polyvinyl tube for 4 hours daily for 28 days, allowing immobilization of their movements. Subsequently, the animals were euthanized for further collection of the parotid and submandibular salivary glands. The redox state of the glands was evaluated using the antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assays. Histological analysis was performed through morphometry of the tissues stained with hematoxylin and eosin and histochemical through picrosirius red staining. Both the parotid and submandibular glands of stressed rats exhibited oxidative stress due to a decrease in ACAP and an increase in TBARS levels. However, the parotid glands are more susceptible to harmful changes in the tissue, such as an increase in the stromal area and in the collagen area fraction, decrease in the acinar area, and smaller size of the acinus and ducts. Our results suggest that chronic stress may cause harmful modulation of the redox state of the salivary glands, with different histological repercussions.

Exploring Hox Genes and Their Temporal Expression in an Embryonic Model of Freshwater Crustaceans.

Hox genes have been investigated in various Arthropod species, resulting in the identification of ten Hox genes, organized in a colinear arrangement within the genome. Among arthropods, crustaceans exhibit a remarkable diversity of body shapes, which are associated with a variety of egg types, embryonic development patterns, and importantly, with the modulation of Hox genes to specify the identity of body segments along the antero-posterior axis of the embryo. Although there are more than 52,000 species of crustaceans described, their genomic resources are relatively limited, making it challenging to employ several molecular tools for studying embryonic development. In this regard, we present a protocol for identifying Hox genes in a freshwater prawn using degenerate primers and transcriptome analysis. This method enables the study of specific functions of Hox genes, thereby contributing to the evolutionary understanding of the diversity of body shapes in crustaceans.

Effect of coenzyme Q10 on tibial fracture resistance in nicotine-exposed rats.

The study aimed to evaluate the potential protection against fractures of oral Q10 supplementation in the tibias of rats exposed to nicotine. Nicotine is known to negatively impact bone density and increase the risk of fractures, in addition to affecting other systems such as the gastrointestinal system, impairing its absorption capacity, negatively affecting bone health. To investigate this, eighty male rats were divided into four groups (n = 20) receiving either nicotine hemisulfate or saline solution (SS) for 28 days. Two daily subcutaneous applications were administered accordingly. Concurrently, vegetable glycerin and Q10 gavage began on day "0". SS: the animals in this group received two daily subcutaneous applications of sodium chloride solution during the entire trial period. 30 days after starting the SS applications subcutaneously, the animals received vegetable glycerin daily until the end of the experiment. SS-Q10: the animals received the SS protocol and daily supplementation with Q10 until the end of the experiment. NIC: The animals received the protocol for NIC and vegetable glycerin daily until the end of the experiment. NIC-Q10: The animals received the protocol for NIC and daily supplementation and Q10 until the end of the experiment. Euthanasia occurred at 7 and 28 days after the beginning the gavage. The tibiae collected were processed for morphometric, densitometric, mechanical, and microtomographic (micro-Ct) analysis. A complementary analysis of intestinal changes was performed. The groups that received Q10 showed slightly better results regarding the mechanical resistance and micro-Ct parameters and to intestinal histomorphometry, as compared with groups not supplemented with Q10. Thus, in rats, it can be concluded that coenzyme Q10 exhibited a protective property to the skeletal system and the gastrointestinal tract, even in the presence of nicotine.

Trophic ecology in an anchialine cave: A stable isotope study.

The analysis of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) has been widely used in ecology since it allows to identify the circulation of energy in a trophic network. The anchialine ecosystem is one of the less explored aquatic ecosystems in the world and stable isotope analysis represents a useful tool to identify the routes through which energy flows and to define the trophic niches of species. Sampling and data recording was conducted in one anchialine cave, Cenote Vaca Ha, near the town of Tulum, Quintana Roo, Mexico, where seven stygobitic species endemic to the anchialine caves of the Yucatan Peninsula, plus sediment, water and vegetation samples were analyzed to determine what the main nutrient sources are. We compared our results with two previous studies, one conducted in the same cave and another one from a cave in the same area, both based on the same seven species which are widely distributed in the area. Our study revealed: a) that despite a certain amount of variation in the δ13C and δ15N values of the species through time, both seasonally and interannually, the anchialine isotopic niche is much conserved; b) through contribution models we propose what are the most probable food sources for the studied species and the results confirm previous trophic classifications; and c) that the shrimp Typhlatya pearsei presents very negative δ13C values, suggesting their consumption of bacterial sources consistent with a chemosynthetic origin of organic matter. The implications of the new findings show a very stable ecosystem with the shrimp Typhlatya pearsei, as the key species to link chemosynthetic microbial production of organic matter to the anchialine trophic web.

Cell recruitment and the origins of Anterior-Posterior asymmetries in the Drosophila wing.

The mechanisms underlying the establishment of asymmetric structures during development remain elusive. The wing of Drosophila is asymmetric along the Anterior-Posterior (AP) axis, but the developmental origins of this asymmetry is unknown. Here, we investigate the contribution of cell recruitment, a process that drives cell fate differentiation in the Drosophila wing disc, to the asymmetric shape and pattern of the adult wing. Genetic impairment of cell recruitment in the wing disc results in a significant gain of AP symmetry, which results from a reduction of the region between longitudinal vein 5 and the wing margin (L5-M) in the adult wing. Morphometric analysis confirms that blocking of cell recruitment results in a more symmetric wing with respect to controls, suggesting a contribution of cell recruitment to the establishment of asymmetry in the adult wing. In order to verify if this phenotype is originated during the time in which cell recruitment occurs during larval development, we examined the expression of a reporter for the selector gene vestigial (vg) in the corresponding pro-vein regions of the wing disc, but our findings could not explain our findings in adult wings. However, the circularity of the Vg pattern significantly increases in recruitment-impaired wing discs, suggesting that cell recruitment may contribute to AP asymmetries in the adult wing shape by altering the roundness of the Vg pattern. We conclude that cell recruitment, a widespread mechanism that participates in growth and patterning of several developing systems, may contribute, at least partially, to the asymmetric shape of the Drosophila wing.

Antiviral activity of an ACE2-Fc fusion protein against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.

SARS-CoV-2 has continued spreading around the world in recent years since the initial outbreak in 2019, frequently developing into new variants with greater human infectious capacity. SARS-CoV-2 and its mutants use the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a cellular entry receptor, which has triggered several therapeutic strategies against COVID-19 relying on the use of ACE2 recombinant proteins as decoy receptors. In this work, we propose an ACE2 silent Fc fusion protein (ACE2-hFcLALA) as a candidate therapy against COVID-19. This fusion protein was able to block the binding of SARS-CoV-2 RBD to ACE2 receptor as measured by ELISA and flow cytometry inhibition assays. Moreover, we used classical neutralization assays and a progeny neutralization assay to show that the ACE2-hFcLALA fusion protein is capable of neutralizing the authentic virus. Additionally, we found that this fusion protein was more effective in preventing in vitro infection with different variants of interest (alpha, beta, delta, and omicron) compared to the D614G strain. Our results suggest the potential of this molecule to be used in both therapeutic and preventive settings against current and emerging mutants that use ACE2 as a gateway to human cells.

Early neutrophil activation and NETs release in the pristane-induced lupus mice model.

BACKGROUND: NETosis is recognized as an important source of autoantigens. Therefore, we hypothesized whether the pristane-induced lupus mice model shows early activation of neutrophils, the presence of low-density granulocytes (LDGs), and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) release, which could contribute to the development of a lupus phenotype. METHODS: Twelve female wild-type Balb/c mice were intraperitoneally injected with pristane (n = 6; pristane group) or saline (n = 6; control group). Five days after the injection, blood, peritoneal lavage, bone marrow, and spleen samples were collected for flow cytometry analyses of activated neutrophils (Ly6G+CD11b+), LDGs (CD15+CD14low), and NETs release (Sytox Green+). RESULTS: The pristane-induced mice group had a significantly increased number of blood activated neutrophils and LDGs as well as NETs released by these cells compared to the saline-injected control group and the basal values determined 12 days before the injection. The pristane group also had a significantly increased number of activated neutrophils, LDGs, and NETs released compared to the control group for the peritoneal lavage and bone marrow, except total cell count in spleen. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated early changes in the innate immune response such as an increased number of activated neutrophils and LDGs and mainly increased NETosis in the pristane-induced mice model which may be considered as the primary event triggering lupus development.

Effects of the non-native Arapaima gigas on native fish species in Amazonian oxbow lakes (Bolivia).

The introduction of non-native fish species into new environments has raised global concerns due to potential ecological impacts on recipient ecosystems. A previous study focusing on the introduced fish species Arapaima gigas in Bolivian Amazon waters showed that its isotopic niche significantly overlapped with most co-occurring native fish species, suggesting potential competition. To evaluate this hypothesis, we extended here the investigation by comparing the trophic position and isotopic niche width of eleven abundant native fish species inhabiting both colonized and non-colonized floodplain lakes. We found lower trophic positions in colonized versus non-colonized lakes only for native piscivores, mostly driven by a shift towards increased dietary proportion of detritivorous fishes. Conversely, results showed that the isotopic niche width of most fish species analyzed (i.e. 10 over 11 species) did not significantly decrease in colonized compared to non-colonized lakes. Our overall results suggest potentially low competitive interactions between A. gigas and native fishes, with the notable exception of piscivorous species. We attribute our findings to the high abundance of available resources in Amazon oxbow lakes.

Reduced adult stem cell fate specification led to eye reduction in cave planarians.

Eye loss occurs convergently in numerous animal phyla as an adaptation to dark environments. We investigate the cave planarian Girardia multidiverticulata (Gm), a representative species of the Spiralian clade, to study mechanisms of eye loss. We found that Gm, which was previously described as an eyeless species, retains rudimentary and functional eyes. Eyes are maintained in homeostasis and regenerated in adult planarians by stem cells, called neoblasts, through their fate specification to eye progenitors. The reduced number of eye cells in cave planarians is associated with a decreased rate of stem cell fate specification to eye progenitors during homeostasis and regeneration. Conversely, the homeostatic formation of new cells from stem cell-derived progenitors for other tissues, including for neurons, pharynx, and epidermis, is comparable between cave and surface species. These findings reveal a mode of evolutionary trait loss, with change in rate of fate specification in adult stem cells leading to tissue size reduction.

Evidence of eared doves consumption and the potential toxic exposure during the Regional Development period in Quito-Ecuador.

Throughout history, food has played a fundamental role in the development of societies. An understanding of the diets of different cultures and their impact on health can provide valuable insights into their lifestyle. The identification of the animal remains found within two vessels is reported and, in addition, an assessment of whether the diet and soil composition of the period may be associated with toxic elements was carried out. The animal bones retrieved from the settlement, which dated from 25 to 203 cal AD, were identified as belonging to Zenaida cf. auriculata, commonly known as eared dove. Ancient starch was discovered in the sediments inside the vessels. These sediments, along with the pre-Hispanic soil collected in the study zone, showed moderate pollution, suggesting potential environmental contamination. For the first time, evidence that eared doves were part of the diet of the ancient inhabitants of Quito is presented, as shown by the occurrence of their bones within food processing utensils. Furthermore, the study highlights the possibility of environmental contamination due to volcanic eruptions that occurred during the Regional Development period from 500 BC to AD 500. These results can contribute to a better understanding of the living conditions of the early inhabitants of Quito and similar regions.

In vitro assays identified thiohydantoins with anti-trypanosomatid activity and molecular modelling studies indicated possible selective CYP51 inhibition.

This work investigates the anti-trypanosomal activities of ten thiohydantoin derivatives against the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. Compounds with aliphatic chains (THD1, THD3, and THD5) exhibited the most promising IC50 against the epimastigote form of T. cruzi. Also, it showed lower cytotoxicity to mammalian cells. THD3 and THD5 (IC50 = 72.4 µg/mL and 115 µg/mL) presented great activity against trypomastigote and amastigote forms (IC50 = 47.7 µg/mL and 34.1 µg/mL). THD5 had high selectivity index (SI = 15.1) against the amastigote form. The molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to understand the interaction between the THD and the important target CYP51 enzyme essential to T. cruzi. THD3 and THD5 were found to have strong interactions within the hydrophobic channel of CYP51 due to their aliphatic side chains, leading to favorable binding free energies. Despite the possibility of cross-reactivity between THD5 and human CYP2C9, the results indicate low identity and similarity between the homolog enzymes and possible selectivity of THD5 for the protozoan one, suggesting that these compounds could inhibit sterol biosynthesis, crucial for the parasite's survival​. These findings indicate that THD3 and THD5 are promising hits for the development of Chagas disease treatments. To fully validate this potential, carrying out enzymatic and other in vitro and in vivo assays is essential in the future.

Climate drives the long-term ant male production in a tropical community.

Forecasting insect responses to environmental variables at local and global spatial scales remains a crucial task in Ecology. However, predicting future responses requires long-term datasets, which are rarely available for insects, especially in the tropics. From 2002 to 2017, we recorded male ant incidence of 155 ant species at ten malaise traps on the 50-ha ForestGEO plot in Barro Colorado Island. In this Panamanian tropical rainforest, traps were deployed for two weeks during the wet and dry seasons. Short-term changes in the timing of male flying activity were pronounced, and compositionally distinct assemblages flew during the wet and dry seasons. Notably, the composition of these distinct flying assemblages oscillated in consistent 4-year cycles but did not change during the 16-year study period. Across time, a Seasonal Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average model explained 75% of long-term variability in male ant production (i.e., the summed incidence of male species across traps), which responded negatively to monthly maximum temperature, and positively to sea surface temperature, a surrogate for El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Establishing these relationships allowed us to forecast ant production until 2022 when year-long local climate variables were available. Consistent with the data, the forecast indicated no significant changes in long-term temporal trends of male ant production. However, simulations of different scenarios of climate variables found that strong ENSO events and maximum temperature impacted male ant production positively and negatively, respectively. Our results highlight the dependence of ant male production on both short- and long-term temperature changes, which is critical under current global warming.

In Vitro Evaluation of the Biosurfactant Produced by Serratia ureilytica UTS with Antifungal and Nematicidal Activity Against Nacobbus aberrans.

In the present study, the nematicidal and fungicidal activity of the biosurfactant (BS) produced by the strain Serratia ureilytica UTS was evaluated. The highest mortality of J2 juveniles of the nematode Nacobbus aberrans was 92.3% at a concentration of 30 mg/mL. Among the phytopathogenic fungi, the concentration of 1.0% of the crude extract of the biosurfactant was the one that obtained the highest percentage inhibition against the phytopathogens Fusarium oxysporum 72.2%, Fusarium sp., 80.2% and Alternaria solani 100% at 168 h of incubation. Analysis of the BS by GC-MS revealed the presence of the three amino acids alanine, homocystine and valine in its composition. As well as the presence of fatty acids: stearic acid, lauric acid and palmitic acid. With nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrophotometry (MS) analysis, the crude extract was found to have the structure of a quaternary ammonium salt derived from stearic fatty acid, which is a component of the biosurfactant. Based on this evidence, it is suggested that the BS produced by S. ureilytica has a lipopeptide-like chemical structure and possesses nematicidal and fungicidal activity, and is therefore proposed for potential use and application as a biopesticide for the benefit of regenerative and sustainable agriculture.

First documentation of a jaguar (Panthera onca) with otitis caused by Otobius megnini (Dugés 1883).

Otobius megnini (spinose ear tick) is a cosmopolitan soft tick that parasitizes domestic and wild mammals, as well as humans. The larval and nymphal stages are common parasites that feed on blood inside the canal ears of hosts, while adults are nonfeeding and live off the host. Different nymphal stages of O. megnini were collected from a jaguar (Panthera onca) suffering from otitis in captive conditions from Guerrero, Mexico. This is the first documentation worldwide of O. megnini in a jaguar with otitis. The presence of this tick species represents a risk of transmission to animals and humans exposed to the nymphal stages of the tick.

Pretreatment with kuanxiong aerosol protects against coronary microvascular dysfunction / El pretratamiento con aerosol de kuanxiong protege contra la disfunción microvascular coronaria

This study investigates the efficacy and mechanisms of Kuanxiong Aerosol (KXA) on coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) in rats. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, model, KXA, and nicorandil groups, receiving respective treatments for three weeks. The CMD model was established byinjecting lauric acid into the left ventricle. Compared to the model group, the KXA group showed significant reductions in serum CK-MB, LDH, cTnI, ET-1, TNF-α, IL-6, MDA, and ROS (p<0.01) and increased NO and SOD levels (p<0.01). KXA mitigated apoptosis and ameliorated CMD-associated pathological alterations. Pretreatment with KXA improves endothelial function and microvascular structure by counteracting inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, thereby improving CMD.

Este estudio investiga la eficacia y los mecanismos del Aerosol de Kuanxiong (KXA) sobre la disfunción microvascular coronaria (CMD) en ratas. Treinta y dos ratas Sprague-Dawley se dividieron en grupos de control, modelo, KXA y nicorandil, recibiendo los respectivos tratamientos durante tres semanas. El modelo de CMD se estableció inyectando ácido láurico en el ventrículo izquierdo. En comparación con el grupo modelo, el grupo KXA mostró reducciones significativas en los niveles séricos de CK-MB, LDH, cTnI, ET-1, TNF-α, IL-6, MDA y ROS (p<0.01) y un aumento en los niveles de NO y SOD (p<0.01). KXA mitigó la apoptosis y mejoró las alteraciones patológicas asociadas con la CMD. El pretratamiento con KXA mejora la función endotelial y la estructura microvascular al contrarrestar la inflamación, el estrés oxidativo y la apoptosis, mejorando así la CMD.

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activities of Indigofera oblongifolia, local plant extract used in traditional medicine: antimalarial activities / Análisis fitoquímico y actividades antioxidantes de Indigofera oblongifolia, extracto de planta local utilizado en medicina tradicional: actividades antimaláricas

The use of eco-friendly natural products is one of the major areas of research that has anticoccidial properties.This investigation aims to identify and evaluate the bioactive constituents of the Indigofera oblongifolialeaf extract (IOLE), as an antimalarial. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to determine any significant information about the functional groups, as well as assays for total phenolics, tannins, total flavonoids, DPPH, ABTS tests, XRD, and UV-VIS Spectroscopic analysis. The results of FTIR analysis of the extract showed the presence of 5 phytochemical compounds. Moreover, the quantitative analysis revealed that the concentrations of phenols, tannins, and flavonoids were, 219.106±1.0792, 89.438±0.1599, and 19±0.1500 (mg TAE/g DW), respectively. The results obtained indicate that these extracts have a high level of antioxidant activity and the scavenging activity of DPPH radicals. The UV-VIS showed varying absorbances between 300 and 800 nm. The IOLE proved effective against Plasmodium berghei in mice.

El uso de productos naturales respetuosos con el medio ambiente es una de las principales áreas de investigación que poseen propiedades anticoccidianas. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo identificar y evaluar los constituyentes bioactivos del extracto de hojas de Indigofera oblongifolia (IOLE) como antimalárico. Se utilizó espectroscopía infrarroja por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) para determinar información significativa sobre los grupos funcionales, así como ensayos para fenoles totales, taninos, flavonoides totales, pruebas de DPPH y ABTS, análisis de DRX y espectroscópico UV-VIS. Los resultados del análisis FTIR del extracto mostraron la presencia de 5 compuestos fitoquímicos. Además, el análisis cuantitativo reveló que las concentraciones de fenoles, taninos y flavonoides fueron de 219.106±1.0792, 89.438±0.1599 y 19±0.1500 (mg TAE/g DW), respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos indican que estos extractos tienen un alto nivel de actividad antioxidante y actividad de eliminación de radicales DPPH. El UV-VIS mostró absorciones variables entre 300 y 800 nm. El IOLE demostró ser eficaz contra Plasmodium berghei en ratones.

Study of the chloroformic extract of Gnaphalium spin a model of alloxan-induced diabetes in Wistar rats. An alternative use of the "gordolobo" plant within traditional Mexican medicine / Estudio del extracto clorofórmico de Gnaphaliumspen un modelo de diabetes inducida por aloxana en ratas Wistar. Una alternativa del uso de la planta "gordolobo" dentro de la medicina tradicional mexicana

"Gordolobo" (Gnaphalium sp) is a Mexican medicinal plant understudied for the treatment of diabetes; therefore, the aim was to evaluate the chloroformic extract of G sp. (CEG) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Sesquiterpene lactones, polyphenolic compounds, triterpenes and steroids, apigenin, and lauric and myristic acid were identified in CEG by phytochemical, HPLC and GC-MS analysis; and the antioxidant capacity evaluated by FRAP, DPPH and ABTS, inhibited the formation of free radicals. There was no lethality or toxicity at doses of 2000 mg/kg. At doses of 200 mg/kg it did not decrease hyperglycemia; however, it did decrease biomarkers of oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, oxidized proteins, superoxide dismutase) associated with diabetes in pancreas. The ß-cell function, insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity were not improved. In conclusion, CEG showed no hypoglycemic activity, but antioxidantactivity in pancreatic tissue.

"Gordolobo" (Gnaphalium sp) es una planta medicinal mexicana poco estudiada para el tratamiento de la diabetes; por el cual, el objetivo fue evaluar el extracto clorofórmico de G sp. (CEG) en ratas diabéticas inducidas por aloxana. Lactonas sesquiterpénicas, compuestos polifenólicos, triterpenos y esteroides, apigenina, y ácido láurico y mirístico, fueron identificados en CEG por análisis fitoquímico, HPLC y GC-MS; y, la capacidad antioxidante evaluada por FRAP, DPPH y ABTS, inhibió la formación de radicales libres. No hubo letalidad o toxicidad a dosis de 2000 mg/kg. A dosis de 200 mg/kg no disminuyó la hiperglucemia; sin embargo, si disminuyó los biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo (malondialdehído, proteínas oxidadas, superóxido dismutasa) asociados a la diabetes en páncreas. La función de las células ß, la resistencia a la insulina y la sensibilidad a la misma no se vieron mejoradas. En conclusión, CEG no mostró actividad hipoglucemiante, pero si actividad antioxidante en tejido pancreático.