RESUMEN
La presente publicación describe las actitudes, prácticas sanitarias tradicionales existentes en las poblaciones originarias de los países costeños y significados asociados a la preparación y el consumo del ceviche como patrimonio cultural Inmaterial de la humanidad. Este logro subraya no solo el valor gastronómico del plato, sino también la importancia de las tradiciones culturales que lo rodean. Esta inscripción destaca también el rol de pescadores, agricultores y cocineros tradicionales, quienes, con sus técnicas y conocimientos, preservan esta expresión cultural única. Asimismo, es un homenaje a esa herencia que ha sido transmitida de generación en generación, y a un platillo que refleja la profunda relación entre el peruano y su entorno. El ceviche, con sus ingredientes sencillos pero profundamente simbólicos, habla de un Perú que ha sabido conservar y celebrar su biodiversidad
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Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Salud Ambiental , Diversidad Cultural , Culinaria , Biodiversidad , Ambiente , Valor Nutritivo , Promoción de la SaludRESUMEN
Mangrove ecosystems play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance with leaf litter serving as an important substrate for diverse microbial communities. This study investigates the microbial communities inhabiting leaf litter from four different mangrove species: Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia caseolaris, and Avicennia marina collected from Kebun Raya Mangrove, Surabaya, Indonesia. Using metagenomic sequencing, we revealed that Proteobacteria were predominant, followed by Chlorobi and Actinobacteria in the samples. Interestingly, we detected notable populations of anaerobic bacteria, including genus of Chlorobaculum and Allochromatium. Metagenomic analyses exhibited high levels of adaptation to stressors, evidenced by the prevalence of genes conferring resistance to antibiotics (e.g., beta-lactams, tetracyclines), heavy metals (e.g., chromium, arsenic), and hydrocarbons. Furthermore, the metagenomic analysis revealed the presence of genes involved in the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), antimicrobial compounds, and plant growth-promoting activities. These findings highlight the potential of mangrove leaf litter as a reservoir of beneficial microbes with diverse biotechnological applications, including bioremediation, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture.
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Avicennia , Hojas de la Planta , Rhizophoraceae , Indonesia , Hojas de la Planta/microbiología , Rhizophoraceae/microbiología , Avicennia/microbiología , Biodiversidad , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , HumedalesRESUMEN
A reliable response of bioindicators to environmental variation is a cornerstone for effective bioassessment and biomonitoring. Fish and aquatic macroinvertebrates are widely used as bioindicators of different human impacts in freshwater ecosystems, but the cost-effectiveness of their usage can be improved through the use of surrogates. We investigated congruence patterns between using different taxonomic and numeric resolutions for aquatic macroinvertebrates and fish to assess community-environment relationships. We also tested whether dataset characteristics (e.g., area sampled, species pool) could explain the variation in the effectiveness of using different taxonomic and numerical resolutions. We used a Brazilian nationwide database encompassing multiple datasets with a gradient of riparian deforestation each. Our findings suggest that families and genera can effectively represent macroinvertebrate genera and fish species, respectively, when using community matrices for assessing community-environment relationships, with an acceptable loss of information. EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) and Characiformes or Siluriformes may be used as a surrogate, in some cases, for the entire assemblages of macroinvertebrates and fish, respectively, but their use may result in higher loss of information. Presence-absence data also presented a minimal loss of information compared to abundance data, for both macroinvertebrates and fish. The variation in congruence levels among macroinvertebrate datasets was less predicted by dataset characteristics than fish. Across distinct resolutions, on average, 10 % and 19 % of the variation in community composition of macroinvertebrates and fish, respectively, was explained by broad-scale environmental variables, and the effect size was negatively affected by the dataset's sample size and spatial extent for fish. Whereas identification at species (fish) and genus (macroinvertebrates) level and quantification of all individuals still provide the best scenario, we provide evidence that coarser taxonomical resolution and presence-absence data can be used as cost-effective alternatives to facilitate biomonitoring and bioassessment of freshwaters in the Neotropical region impacted by deforestation.
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Monitoreo Biológico , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Peces , Invertebrados , Ríos , Animales , Brasil , Monitoreo Biológico/métodos , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos , Ecosistema , BiodiversidadRESUMEN
The Yucatan Peninsula, southeast México, hosts a unique underwater karstic system of galleries connected by multiple sinkholes, locally called cenotes. This system is developed on a great Late Miocene to Early Pliocene carbonate platform belonging to the Carrillo Puerto Formation. The karstification process partially erodes these deposits' surfaces and exposes the fossil assemblage. Here, we present the fossil fish diversity in underwater prospections in the Cenotes Sambulá, San Juan, and X-Nabuy. Our results indicate the presence of at least 11 different taxa, which include: 1) species that live today on Mexican coasts, such as Carcharhinus brachyurus, C. leucas, C. perezii, Carcharodon carcharias, and unidentified Rhinoptera species; 2) extinct taxa, such as Galeocerdo mayumbensis, Hemipristis serra, and Otodus (Carcharocles) megalodon; 3) taxa that are not currently distributed in Mexican coasts, such as Carcharhinus macloti and representatives of the genus Aetomylaeus. Furthermore, a new Diodontidae species, Chilomycterus dzonotensis sp. nov., is described. It represents an increment in the Neogene fish diversity in the Gulf of Mexico and supports a shallow marine environment associated with a coral reef system. The small size of some teeth indicates that the deposits of Carrillo Puerto could be a shelter for tiny marine organisms, and the presence of some taxa highlights local extinctions in the Western Atlantic during the Late Cenozoic.
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Biodiversidad , Peces , Fósiles , Paleontología , Animales , México , Fósiles/anatomía & histología , Peces/anatomía & histología , Peces/clasificaciónRESUMEN
Bees play a critical role as pollinators in ecosystem services, contributing significantly to the sexual reproduction and diversity of plants. The Caatinga biome in Brazil, home to around 200 bee species, provides an ideal habitat for these species due to its unique climate conditions. However, this biome faces threats from anthropogenic processes, making it urgent to characterise the local bee populations efficiently. Traditional taxonomic surveys for bee identification are complex due to the lack of suitable keys and expertise required. As a result, molecular barcoding has emerged as a valuable tool, using genome regions to compare and identify bee species. However, little is known about Caatinga bees to develop these molecular tools further. This study addresses this gap, providing an updated list of 262 Caatinga bee species across 86 genera and identifying ~ 40 primer sets to aid in barcoding these species. The findings highlight the ongoing work needed to fully characterise the Caatinga biome's bee distribution and species or subspecies to support more effective monitoring and conservation efforts.
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Código de Barras del ADN Taxonómico , Ecosistema , Abejas/genética , Abejas/clasificación , Animales , Código de Barras del ADN Taxonómico/métodos , Brasil , Polinización/genética , Filogenia , BiodiversidadRESUMEN
Progress in the acquisition of massive sets of molecular data and in the bioinformatic capabilities for their processing have revolutionised species identification, filling gaps in crucial areas such as taxonomy, phylogenetic inference, biogeography, and even biodiversity conservation. Advanced DNA sequencing and metabarcoding have uncovered previously hidden diversity, although their effectiveness is highly dependent on the accuracy of reference DNA databases at local and regional scales. The compilation of information on freshwater fishes from the Magdalena River basin is an important milestone in improving our knowledge of the genetic and taxonomic diversity of a highly endemic region in the Neotropical context. Here, we share DNA data from 1,270 specimens representing 183 species, cross-referenced with complete collecting and catalogue information, along with high resolution photographs of voucher specimens when alive. This collection of multiple sources of information based on fish specimen records not only contributes to future research on Neotropical fish systematics and ecology, but also to conservation decisions in one of the South American rivers with a highest level of endemism.
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Biodiversidad , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Peces , Peces/genética , Peces/clasificación , Colombia , Animales , Ríos , Filogenia , Código de Barras del ADN TaxonómicoRESUMEN
Drying river networks include non-perennial reaches that cease to flow or dry, and drying is becoming more prevalent with ongoing climate change. Biodiversity responses to drying have been explored mostly at local scales in a few regions, such as Europe and North America, limiting our ability to predict future global scenarios of freshwater biodiversity. Locally, drying acts as a strong environmental filter that selects for species with adaptations promoting resistance or resilience to desiccation, thus reducing aquatic α-diversity. At the river network scale, drying generates complex mosaics of dry and wet habitats, shaping metacommunities driven by both environmental and dispersal processes. By repeatedly resetting community succession, drying can enhance ß-diversity in space and time. To investigate the transferability of these concepts across continents, we compiled and analyzed a unique dataset of 43 aquatic invertebrate metacommunities from drying river networks in Europe and South America. In Europe, α-diversity was consistently lower in non-perennial than perennial reaches, whereas this pattern was not evident in South America. Concomitantly, ß-diversity was higher in non-perennial reaches than in perennial ones in Europe but not in South America. In general, ß-diversity was predominantly driven by turnover rather than nestedness. Dispersal was the main driver of metacommunity dynamics, challenging prevailing views in river science that environmental filtering is the primary process shaping aquatic metacommunities. Lastly, α-diversity decreased as drying duration increased, but this was not consistent across Europe. Overall, drying had continent-specific effects, suggesting limited transferability of knowledge accumulated from North America and Europe to other biogeographic regions. As climate change intensifies, river drying is increasing, and our results underscore the importance of studying its effects across different regions. The importance of dispersal also suggests that management efforts should seek to enhance connectivity between reaches to effectively monitor, restore and conserve freshwater biodiversity.
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Biodiversidad , Cambio Climático , Invertebrados , Ríos , Invertebrados/fisiología , Animales , Europa (Continente) , América del SurRESUMEN
Since the early stages of modern medicine, natural products have been a source of inspiration for the development of bioactive compounds. Around half of the approved small-molecule drugs trace their origins to natural products or their derivatives, highlighting the importance of their correct classification and identification. The information generated by the experimental groups is not usually unified and is available only in publications or general databases, where the compounds are not linked to their natural sources. To address this need, numerous natural product databases specific to distinct geographic regions have emerged. In this work, we introduce NaturAr, a natural products database dedicated to the cataloging of the rich biodiversity of Argentina. At the time of submission, 243 papers were reviewed, leading to a database of more than 1200 compounds from all across the country. A distinctive quality of this database is its collaborative and open-source framework, which promotes contributions from the research community. NaturAr is freely available online at https://naturar.quimica.unlp.edu.ar.
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Biodiversidad , Productos Biológicos , Descubrimiento de Drogas , Productos Biológicos/química , Argentina , Descubrimiento de Drogas/métodos , Bioprospección , Bases de Datos Factuales , Bases de Datos Farmacéuticas , Conducta CooperativaRESUMEN
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are highly relevant for public health, the economy, the ecosystem, and biodiversity stability in southern Chile (40° to 53°S), where they occur regularly and are frequently monitored. However, HAB events and their associated microbes in northern Chile (17° to 30°S) remain unknown and difficult to track due to a lack of monitoring, particularly in urban areas. We investigated changes in microbial communities in coastal seawater before and during an Akashiwo sanguinea bloom (B) at two sampling points in Antofagasta city (23°38'39S, 70°24'39W). Seawater samples (filtered at 1 and 0.2 µm) were collected during distinct bloom phases (control, prebloom, and in-bloom), and 16S and 18S rDNA gene libraries were constructed and analyzed via the DNA metabarcoding technique. Our findings indicate that species diversity within the 16S rDNA-based community was greater during the prebloom phase than during the control and in-bloom phases. Conversely, species diversity within the 18S rDNA-based community was lower during the in-bloom phase than during the control and prebloom phases. Independent of the sampling points and fractions, principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) revealed distinct differences in both the 16S and 18S rDNA-based communities between the analyzed bloom phases. Our analysis further revealed that the 16S rDNA-based community was dominated by the Flavobacteriaceae and Rhodobacteraceae families, whose abundance decreased and increased, respectively, during the bloom. As anticipated, the structure of the 18S rDNA-based community was predominantly governed by the Gymnodiniaceae family, specifically the Akashiwo genus, during the bloom. The differentiation in microbial communities was more pronounced in taxa with low abundances than in the dominant taxa. Additionally, co-occurrence network analysis revealed predominantly positive relationships within the microbial communities, particularly during the bloom event. Our analysis also identified several bacterial genera as keystone taxa within the microbial communities, notably members of Pseudomonadota and Bacteroidota.
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Dinoflagelados , Floraciones de Algas Nocivas , Microbiota , Agua de Mar , Chile , Agua de Mar/microbiología , Dinoflagelados/genética , Dinoflagelados/fisiología , ARN Ribosómico 16S/análisis , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Biodiversidad , ARN Ribosómico 18S/análisis , ARN Ribosómico 18S/genética , CiudadesRESUMEN
Invasive species pose a critical threat to ecosystems, with far-reaching consequences. Invasive plants can directly interact with native pollinators, while wind-pollinated grasses indirectly alter plant-pollinator networks by reshaping the composition of plant and animal communities, diminishing ecosystem functioning. Here, we investigated the effect of invasive grass on pollinator richness, native plant visits, and the structure of plant-pollinator networks. Additionally, we explored the influence of non-native honeybees on these same variables in the Caatinga. Invasive grass negatively affected native pollinators and reduced visitation to native plants. The dominance of invasive grass leads to an increased niche overlap among native pollinators. Surprisingly, this did not affect the number of visits by non-native honeybees. However, the increased honeybee visitation negatively impacted native pollinator richness, causing a 60% decline. Our results underscore the compounded negative effects of invasive grass and non-native honeybees on native plant-pollinator dynamics. Invasive grasses indirectly decrease pollinator visits by altering plant communities. Meanwhile, honeybees, unaffected by invasive grass, decrease native pollinator species' richness and visitation rates. These findings emphasize the significant impact of biological invasions on ecosystem health, shedding light on the complex interplay between invasive species and plant-pollinator interactions in arid, abandoned landscapes.
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Bosques , Especies Introducidas , Polinización , Abejas/fisiología , Abejas/clasificación , Animales , Polinización/fisiología , Ecosistema , Biodiversidad , Poaceae/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Roadkill of wild animals is a significant threat to biodiversity in Brazil, causing numerous animal deaths annually. This study aimed to identify the main locations of roadkill of wild animals on two highways that pass through Conservation Units in the state of Sergipe, Brazil, examining the correlation between roadkill and dry and rainy seasons. From November 2021 to October 2022, 49 surveys were carried out along BR-235, near Serra de Itabaiana National Park, and on the Adil Dantas do Amor Cardoso highway (ADAC), crossing the Mata do Crasto Private Natural Heritage Reserve. The campaigns were carried out on motorcycles, traveling at a speed between 20 and 60 km/h. To identify roadkill points for each highway, Kernel density estimation and species accumulation curves with area extrapolation (Bootstrap) were used, and mortality rates, the 2D K-Ripley test to test the randomness of roadkills and Shannon's diversity index (H'). On BR-235, 63 roadkills were recorded and an average mortality rate of 0.0652 individuals/Km/day, while on the Adil Dantas do Amor Cardoso highway, which has implemented mitigating measures, 15 occurrences were recorded with an average mortality rate of 0.1430 individuals/Km/day. Attraction points generated by the presence of improperly discarded carcasses on BR-235 were also identified. Although not significant, the BR-235 highway showed a positive correlation between precipitation and the frequency of roadkill (rs=0.1426, p=0.5851), while ADAC showed a negative correlation for the same variables (rs=-0.1749, p=0.5675). Understanding the patterns of roadkill and the needs of highways is essential for the development of effective strategies and the establishment of effective mitigation measures, thus minimizing the negative impacts of highways on biodiversity.
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Animales Salvajes , Biodiversidad , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Estaciones del Año , Brasil , Animales , Densidad de PoblaciónRESUMEN
Sandy beaches are important socio-ecological systems for human well-being and coastal stability. They are also economic and cultural assets; however, urbanization and human activities threaten their ecosystem services and biodiversity. Thus, it is important to discuss strategies for ecosystem conservation. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different degrees of spatial protection (Protected Areas - PA vs Restricted Access - RA) on the macrofauna of sandy beaches in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Beaches were sampled in 2012 and 2020, before and after PA implementation, and compared to beaches with Restricted Access (RA). Results revealed that RA beaches supported higher macrofaunal density and species richness, including indicator species, compared to PAs. These findings suggest that RA areas are more effective in conserving sandy beach macrofaunal communities than PAs with unrestricted public access. While beaches are vital for human well-being and recreation, proper management of human activities within PAs is essential to safeguard biodiversity and maintain ecosystem services.
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Playas , Biodiversidad , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Brasil , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales/métodos , Ecosistema , AnimalesRESUMEN
Plant communities with higher species richness and phylogenetic diversity can increase the diversity of herbivores and their enemies through trophic interactions. However, whether these two features of plant communities have the same positive influence on other guilds through non-trophic mechanisms requires further exploration. Dung beetles represent an ideal system for testing such impacts, as they do not have a specialized trophic interaction with plants and are sensitive to changes in vegetation structure and the associated microclimate. We used a dataset of dung beetles collected from forest sites, restoration plots, and cattle pastures to (a) determine whether the richness and phylogenetic diversity of plants within restoration plots influence the total biomass and the taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of dung beetles; and (b) determine if the establishment of restoration plots allows to recover the abundance and diversity of dung beetle communities, relative to what is found in livestock pastures. In the restoration plots, the abundance of Scarabaeinae beetles and the total biomass, functional originality, and phylogenetic diversity of dung beetles were positively related to the number of plant species, but only the abundance of Scarabaeinae and total biomass of all dung beetles were positively related to the plant phylogenetic diversity. Finally, the restoration plots allowed a threefold increase in the total biomass of dung beetles relative to the biomass found in pastures. We discuss how restoration plots with high plant species richness and phylogenetic diversity can favor the recovery of dung beetle communities by potentially creating more niche opportunities.
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Biodiversidad , Biomasa , Escarabajos , Filogenia , Animales , Plantas , Herbivoria , Bosques , EcosistemaRESUMEN
Polar marine macroalgae thrive in extreme conditions, often displaying geographic isolation and high degree of endemism. The "phycosphere" refers to the zone around the algae inhabited by microrganisms. Our study used DNA metabarcoding to survey the eukaryotic communities associated with seven seaweed species obtained at King George Island (South Shetland Islands, maritime Antarctic), including two Rhodophyta, two Chlorophyta and three Phaeophyceae. The ITS2 region was used as a barcode and our analysis yielded 77 eukaryotic ASVs spanning five Kingdoms (Fungi, Metazoa, Chromista, Protozoa, and Viridiplantae) and ten phyla (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Cercozoa, Ciliophora, Ochrophyta, Amebozoa, Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Bryophyta and Cnidaria). Additionally, we identified 14 potential new occurrence records for Antarctica. Ciliates and green algae were the most species-rich groups. The most abundant assigned associated species was Monostroma angicava (Chrorophyta). Within the macroalgal, the Chlorophyceans Ulothrix sp. hosted the greatest number of taxa, followed by Monostroma hariotii. Our data suggested that Antarctic macroalgae host a rich diversity of associated organisms and the biodiversity associated with the phycosphere remains underestimated.
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Biodiversidad , Código de Barras del ADN Taxonómico , Algas Marinas , Regiones Antárticas , Algas Marinas/clasificación , Algas Marinas/genética , Eucariontes/clasificación , Eucariontes/genéticaRESUMEN
Aquatic and palustrine plants are a group of plants that have morphological and anatomical adaptations to occupy permanent or temporary aquatic environments. In this study, we carried out the first floristic survey of aquatic and palustrine plants in restingas (restinga swamps and swamp forests) of a Ramsar site in the municipality of Guimarães, western coast of Maranhão State and easternmost Amazon, Brazil. In total, 52 species of 43 genera and 28 families were collected between July 2022 and October 2023, during the dry and rainy seasons. Voyria aphylla (Jacq.) Pers. is a new record for Maranhão. Melastomataceae (9 spp.) was the most representative family, followed by Fabaceae and Plantaginaceae (4 spp. each). Palustrine and emergent plants accounted for 58% and 31% of the species richness, respectively. This study adds important information for local and national policies to ensure biodiversity conservation of the plant biodiversity in Maranhão's coastal ecosystems.
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Biodiversidad , Estaciones del Año , Brasil , Humedales , Plantas/clasificaciónRESUMEN
The Chilean sub-Antarctic ecoregion hosts the largest expanse of temperate forests, wetlands and peatlands, as well as the largest proportion of protected areas in the southern hemisphere. Bryophytes are highly diverse and ecologically essential in sub-Antarctic ecosystems and are considered as biodiversity loss indicators caused by the current socio-ecological crisis. However, knowledge about their biodiversity is rather limited. Integrating the available information on bryophyte diversity in regional platforms such as SIB-Aysén can be useful to acknowledge their ecological importance and remarkable biodiversity. This article integrates 345 records of 273 bryophyte taxa known in the region of Aysén and emphasizes the need to include citizen science as a tool to increase observations in lesser-known taxonomic groups.
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Biodiversidad , Briófitas , Chile , Regiones Antárticas , Ecosistema , Bases de Datos FactualesRESUMEN
Riparian ecosystems harbour unique biodiversity because of their close interconnections with adjacent aquatic ecosystems. Yet, how aquatic ecosystems influence terrestrial biodiversity over different spatial scales is poorly understood, particularly in the tropics. We conducted field campaigns to collect 235 terrestrial invertebrate assemblages along 150 m transects from 47 streams in both Brazil and the UK, compiling one of the largest known datasets of riparian invertebrate community composition at multiple spatial scales. Invertebrate densities increased towards water in both regions. In Brazil, this was driven by an increase in spiders, with a corresponding decrease in non-predators, resulting in higher predatorâ¯:â¯prey ratios near water. In the UK, non-predator densities increased towards water, decreasing predatorâ¯:â¯prey ratios. While pairwise dissimilarity increased with distance from water in both regions, ß-diversity was significantly higher in tropical assemblages, with more ß-diversity explained by turnover. Spider community composition was significantly structured by distance from water in the Brazilian sites, suggesting tropical assemblages were influenced more by emerging aquatic prey, with a distinct spider community replacing other predators, with possible top-down control of terrestrial prey. High turnover-driven dissimilarity among tropical assemblages suggests that Brazilian riparian ecosystems are better managed at the landscape scale, with an emphasis on in-stream measures preventing disruption of aquatic resource subsidies.
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Biodiversidad , Bosques , Invertebrados , Arañas , Brasil , Animales , Invertebrados/fisiología , Arañas/fisiología , Clima Tropical , Ríos , Reino Unido , EcosistemaRESUMEN
The question of what mechanisms maintain tropical biodiversity is a critical frontier in ecology, intensified by the heightened risk of biodiversity loss faced in tropical regions. Ecological theory has shed light on multiple mechanisms that could lead to the high levels of biodiversity in tropical forests. But variation in species abundances over time may be just as important as overall biodiversity, with a more immediate connection to the risk of extirpation and biodiversity loss. Despite the urgency, our understanding of the primary mechanisms driving fluctuations in species abundances has not been clearly established. Here, we introduce a theoretical framework based around life history; the schedule of birth, growth, and mortality over a lifespan, and its systematic variation across species. We develop a mean field model to predict expected fluctuations in abundance for a focal species in a larger community, and we quantify empirical life history variation among 90 tropical forest species in a 50 ha plot in Panama. Putting theory and data together, we show that life history provides a critical piece of this puzzle, allowing us to explain patterns of abundance fluctuations more accurately than previous models incorporating demographic stochasticity without life history variation, and without introducing unobserved couplings between species and their environment. This framework provides a starting point for more general models that incorporate multiple factors in addition to life history variation, and suggests the potential for a fine-grained assessment of extirpation risk based on the impacts of anthropogenic change on demographic rates across life stages.
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Biodiversidad , Árboles , Clima Tropical , Árboles/crecimiento & desarrollo , Panamá , Bosques , Modelos BiológicosRESUMEN
World forests are experiencing significant modification due to the confluence of climate change and deforestation, with Mediterranean forests facing particularly acute threats. The Chilean Sclerophyllous Mediterranean Forest is considered a world biodiversity hotspot, a restricted ecosystem type that is highly affected by global change drivers. Despite the high ecological and environmental importance of this ecosystem, an integrated assessment of its risk derived from climate and land-use change is lacking. This study estimates the level of risk of all sclerophyll forest stands in Chile, by assessing their exposure to several factors linked with climate change, land cover change, wildfires, change in the vegetation functional properties, and habitat fragmentation. We also generated a spatially explicit estimate of the main factors underlying the risk of each sclerophyllous forest stand. We constructed a multifactorial risk index based on the different analyzed variables, exploring the main drivers associated with the risk of each forest stand using principal components analysis with agglomerative hierarchical clustering. We found that 39.8 % of sclerophyll forest stands reached a high or very high-risk index, with the highest levels concentrated between 32°S and 34°S. The vigor and net primary production of sclerophyll forest stands decreased in 90.9 % and 86.6 %, respectively. We identified three groups of forest stands: A) northern group (29.9°S to 33.5°S), which has experienced high decrease of net primary production and vegetation vigor; B) central group (32°S to 35°S), also affected by degradation and replacement by croplands; and C) southern group (34°S to 39°S), affected by drought and exotic forest plantations. The results of this study provided clarity on the current state of the sclerophyll forest, allowing for the identification of spatial differences in the risk and their underlying factors. Our results and data can be useful for informing policy and supporting sustainable management of government agencies and practitioners.
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Cambio Climático , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Bosques , Chile , Medición de Riesgo , Biodiversidad , Ecosistema , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Incendios ForestalesRESUMEN
Mezcal, a traditional Mexican alcoholic beverage, has been a vital source of livelihood for indigenous and rural communities for centuries. However, increasing international demand is exerting pressure on natural resources and encouraging intensive agricultural practices. This study investigates the impact of management practices (wild, traditional, and conventional) and environmental factors on the microbial communities associated with Agave angustifolia, a key species in mezcal production. High-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA and ITS2 gene regions revealed distinct prokaryotic and fungal community structures across different plant compartments (endosphere, episphere, and soil), identifying 8214 prokaryotic and 7459 fungal ASVs. Core microbial communities were dominated by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. Alpha diversity analyses showed significant increases in prokaryotic diversity from the endosphere to soil, while fungal diversity remained stable. Notably, conventional management practices were associated with reductions in beneficial microbial taxa. Environmental factors such as precipitation and temperature significantly influenced microbial diversity and composition, especially in the rhizosphere. Beta diversity patterns underscored the strong impact of plant compartment, with management practices and aridity further shaping microbial communities. These results reveal the intricate interactions between management practices, environmental conditions, and microbial diversity, providing valuable insights for the sustainable cultivation of A. angustifolia.