[Factors associated with inequalities in social conditions in the health of elderly white, brown and black people in the city of São Paulo, Brazil]. / Fatores associados às desigualdades das condições sociais na saúde de idosos brancos, pardos e pretos na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil.

The scope of this study is to identify determining factors of disparities in social conditions in the health of non-institutionalized elderly people in the city of São Paulo, from the standpoint of self-declaration of skin color. It is a cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 1,017 elderly participants in the "2015 Health Survey of the Municipality of São Paulo". The analysis used crude and adjusted Poisson regression models, reporting the prevalence ratio and 95% confidence intervals as a measure of association between the variables. In the adjusted analysis, brown and black skin color was positively associated with worse schooling, negative self-assessment of health status, health insurance and access to public health services. On the one hand, black skin color was no longer associated with the lowest income, however, it was associated with arterial hypertension. On the other hand, brown skin color was associated with low income, but not with arterial hypertension. Elderly black and brown people had worse health conditions, less access to private health services and socioeconomic resources. These results are compatible with the hypothesis of structural racism in São Paulo's society and may inform social health policies aimed at promoting health and social justice.

O objetivo deste estudo é identificar fatores determinantes das disparidades das condições sociais na saúde de idosos não institucionalizados na cidade de São Paulo, sob a perspectiva da autodeclaração da cor da pele. Estudo transversal com amostra representativa de 1.017 idosos participantes do "Inquérito de Saúde do Município de São Paulo 2015". A análise utilizou modelos de regressão de Poisson brutas e ajustadas, relatando a razão de prevalências e seus intervalos de 95% de confiança como medida de associação entre as variáveis. Na análise ajustada, a cor da pele parda e preta associou-se, positivamente, com a pior escolaridade, a autoavaliação do estado de saúde negativa, o plano de saúde e o acesso ao serviço de saúde público. De um lado, a cor da pele preta perdeu a associação com a pior renda, no entanto, associou-se com a hipertensão arterial. De outro lado, a cor da pele parda não se associou com a hipertensão arterial, mas com a renda baixa. Idosos pretos e pardos tiveram menos acesso a recursos socioeconômicos, às piores condições de saúde e, também, a serviços de saúde privados. Esses resultados são compatíveis com a hipótese de racismo estrutural na sociedade paulistana e podem instruir políticas sociais na saúde dirigidas à promoção de saúde e justiça social.

How do living conditions affect the gut microbiota of endangered Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus)? Initial findings from the warm temperate zone.

Reintroduction is an effective strategy in the conservation of endangered species under scientific monitoring. Intestinal flora plays an important role in the envir onmental adaptation of endangered Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus). In this study, 34 fecal samples from E. davidianus were collected from different habitats in Tianjin city of China to investigate differences in the intestinal flora under captive and semi-free-ranging conditions. Based on 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology, a total of 23 phyla and 518 genera were obtained. Firmicutes was dominant in all individuals. At the genus level, UCG-005 (13.05%) and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group (8.94%) were dominant in captive individuals, while Psychrobacillus (26.53%) and Pseudomonas (11.33%) were dominant in semi-free-ranging individuals. Alpha diversity results showed that the intestinal flora richness and diversity were significantly (P < 0.001) higher in captive individuals than in semi-free-ranging individuals. Beta diversity analysis also showed a significant difference (P = 0.001) between the two groups. In addition, some age- and sex-related genera such as Monoglobus were identified. In summary, the structure and diversity of intestinal flora showed significant habitat variation. This is the first time an analysis has been undertaken of the structural differences of the intestinal flora in Père David's deer, under different habitats in the warm temperate zone, providing a reference basis for the conservation of endangered species.

Cohort profile: The Vitality 90+ Study-a cohort study on health and living conditions of the oldest old in Tampere, Finland.

PURPOSE: Vitality 90+ is an ongoing population-based study with repeated cross-sectional data collections. The study was designed to examine trends in health, functioning, living conditions, quality of life and care needs among the oldest old in Finland. PARTICIPANTS: Nine mailed surveys have been conducted in the city of Tampere between 1995 and 2018. The first three surveys in 1995, 1996 and 1998 included all community-dwelling individuals aged 90 years or older; and the following six surveys in 2001, 2003, 2007, 2010, 2014 and 2018 covered all individuals in Tampere regardless of their living arrangements. In total, the surveys have included 5935 participants (8840 observations). Around 80% of the participants have been women. The participants' age range has been between 90 and 107 years. FINDINGS TO DATE: The surveys have consistently asked the same questions over time, covering basic sociodemographic factors, morbidity, functioning, self-rated health (SRH), living arrangements, social relations, quality of life, care needs and providers of care. Survey data have been linked with national register data on health and social service use, mortality and medication. The main findings regarding the time trends show an increase in the proportion of people independent in activities of daily living and mobility. Along with improved functioning, the number of chronic conditions has increased, and SRH has shown a tendency to decline. In addition, we have found increasing occupational class inequalities in functioning and SRH over time. FUTURE PLANS: The next round of data collection will be completed by the end of 2022. The Vitality 90+ Study welcomes research collaborations that fall within the general aims of the project. The research data 1995-2014 are archived at the Finnish Social Science Data Archive and the data for years 2018 and 2022 will be archived in 2023.

Achieving Carbon Neutrality through Urban Planning and Design.

Much of the research on climate change has focused on carbon reduction in cities or countries. However, more attention needs to be paid to how to achieve carbon neutrality in the urban design and planning stage, and the lack of quantitative analysis of carbon related to urban space makes it difficult to locate urban space and provide direct guidance for urban planning and design. This study proposed three optimization paths to achieve carbon neutrality in multi-scale urban building clusters. Firstly, we reconstructed the quantitative calculation system of urban building communities with the goal of carbon neutrality; secondly, we screened the carbon source reduction and carbon sink interventions that are suitable for multi-scale urban building communities; finally, we constructed a carbon emission and carbon sink calculation system of planning and design schemes based on the layout of relevant elements of planning and design schemes with a grid cell of 100 × 100 m. In practice, there was a gap of about 115,000 tons of CO2 from the carbon-neutral target and 26% of carbon emission was distributed in the Xiajiabian Station TOD. In this study, nine types of carbon reduction measures were adopted to achieve carbon neutrality in the region, among which the highest carbon reduction was achieved by biomass energy measures, accounting for 29% of the total carbon reduction of 33,745.27 T. The objective of this study is to accurately and quantitatively assess the carbon targets of urban spaces at different scales and adopt effective measures to achieve carbon neutrality.

The Legal Guarantee for Achieving Carbon Peak and Neutrality Goals in China.

In order to actively fulfill its international treaty obligations, China has established the goal of peaking CO2 emissions by 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. Since 2018, when ecological civilization was written into the Constitution, the realization of carbon peak and neutrality goals has had an ideological foundation and a constitutional basis. China has formulated various special laws and built a 1 + N policy system to reduce carbon emissions, which together with the environmental protection law, climate change law, energy law and other related laws and regulations constitute a unified legal system and provide legal support to achieve carbon peak and neutrality goals. At the same time, China has taken advantage of the new national system with concentrated efforts and resources to delineate the different roles of the government and market mechanisms in carbon emission reduction, and to make the operation of the legal system of carbon peak and neutrality suitable for its actual situation by giving full paly to the initiative of both central and local governments. This article analyzes the current legal system and its characteristics in China in the process of achieving carbon peak and neutrality goals in the context of the new era, and outlooks on the improvement path of the legal system from both domestic and international dimensions. The practice, experience and development direction of China in the construction of the legal guarantee for carbon peak and neutrality goals can provide reference for other countries to achieve carbon reduction.

The Application of Machine Learning: Controlling the Preparation of Environmental Materials and Carbon Neutrality.

The greenhouse effect is a severe global problem [...].

How to Achieve Carbon Neutrality in Cities? Evidence from China's Low-Carbon Cities Development.

Low-carbon city pilots (LCCP) is a key policy for realizing emission peak and carbon neutrality in China, using China's samples from 280 towns from 2006 to 2016. The article utilizes PSM-DID, mediated effects, and moderating effects approach for validating a CO2 reduction effect, mechanisms, and synergistic elements of LCCP. The regression outcomes suggest that (1) LCCP significantly decreases CO2 emissions levels and average annual carbon emissions in LCCP fall by 2.6 percent. (2) LCCP focus on reducing carbon emissions by increasing R&D investment, the efficiency of energy, and decreasing the high CO2 emissions industry. Among them, the reduction of the high carbon emission industry is mainly FDI, while the reduction of local industry is not obvious. (3) LCCP's carbon reduction effects suggest a reversed U-shape relationship with city size. Digitalization and marketization of LCCP are crucial to the carbon reduction effect. Carbon reduction and pollution reduction have a strong synergistic effect.

Knee function, quality of life, pain, and living conditions after distal femoral resection knee arthroplasty for non-tumor indications.

BACKGROUND: Distal femoral resection knee arthroplasty is a limb salvage procedure. The impact of distal femoral resection arthroplasty on patient function and health status is unknown. The aim of this study was to report knee function, quality of life, knee pain, and living conditions after distal femoral resection knee arthroplasty for non-tumor indications. METHODS: Of 52 patients (52 knees) undergoing distal femoral resection knee arthroplasty in a single institution between 2012 and 2021, 22 were excluded as 3 patients had ≤90 days follow-up, 6 had died, and 13 declined or were unable to participate for unrelated reasons. Thus, 30 patients were included and interviewed by telephone in March 2021 (mean follow-up 3.5 years after surgery). Patient completed the Oxford Knee Score (0-48, 48 best), EQ-5D-5L, and the Copenhagen Knee ROM, and information on pain and living conditions was obtained. RESULTS: The mean age was 67.9 years (SD 13.6), and 21 (70%) were female. Mean total Oxford Knee Score was 29.9 (SD 10.5), mean Copenhagen Knee ROM flexion was 116° (SD 21.6), and mean extension was - 2° (SD10.1). Mobility aids were used by 18 (60%) patients, i.e. a cane (30%), walker (26.7%) or wheelchair (3.3%). Mean EQ-5Dindex score was 0.70 (SD 0.22) and mean EQ-5D VAS score was 55.4 (SD 23.9). Nine (30%) patients used paracetamol or NSAID and 2 (6.7%) used opioids for knee pain. Mean VAS knee pain score was 1.30 (SD 2.2) at rest and 2.8 (SD 3.1) when walking. Most (90%) patients lived in their own home, with only 3 patients in nursing homes. Two-thirds (66.7%) required no home care, 5 (16.6%) received home care 1-2 times over 2 weeks, and 5 (16.6%) every day. CONCLUSION: Distal femoral resection knee arthroplasty appears to be a viable treatment option for non-tumor indications. Acceptable patient outcomes were achieved in terms of functional status and quality of life, especially considering treatment alternatives such as femoral amputation.

Linking negative affect, personality and social conditions to structural brain development during the transition from late adolescent to young adulthood.

BACKGROUND: The transition from late adolescence to early adulthood is a period that experiences a surge of life changes and brain reorganization caused by internal and external factors, including negative affect, personality, and social conditions. METHODS: Non-imaging phenotype and structural brain variables were available on 497 healthy participants (279 females and 218 males) between 17 and 22 years old. We used sparse canonical correlation analysis (sCCA) on the high-dimensional and longitudinal data to extract modes with maximum covariation between structural brain changes and negative affect, personality, and social conditions. RESULTS: Separate sCCAs for cortical volume, cortical thickness, cortical surface area and subcortical volume confirmed that each imaging phenotype was correlated with non-imaging features (sCCA |r| range: 0.21-0.38, all pFDR < 0.01). Bilateral superior frontal, left caudal anterior cingulate and bilateral caudate had the highest canonical cross-loadings (|ρ| = 0.15-0.32). In longitudinal data analysis, scan-interval, negative affect, and enthusiasm had the highest association with structural brain changes (|ρ| = 0.07-0.38); at baseline, intellect and politeness were associated with individual variability in the structural brain (|ρ| = 0.10-0.25). LIMITATIONS: The present study used non-imaging variables only at baseline, making it impossible to explore the relationship between changing behavior and structural brain development. CONCLUSIONS: Individual structural brain changes are associated with multiple factors. In addition to time-dependent variables, we find that negative affect, enthusiasm and social support play a numerically weak but significant role in structural brain development during the transition from late adolescence to young adulthood.

Regional Living Conditions and Individual Dietary Characteristics of the Russian Population.

The goal of our study was to examine the effects of the regional characteristics of the living environment on individual a priori and a posteriori dietary patterns of the Russian population. For the analysis, we used cross-sectional data from the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases in the Regions of the Russian Federation study from 2013-2014. The sample included 18,054 men and women 25-64 years of age from 12 regions. Based on the frequency of consumption of basic foods, four a posteriori empirical dietary patterns (EDPs), along with an a priori cardioprotective dietary pattern (CPDP), were identified. To describe the regional living environment, five regional indices were used. Adherence to the meat-based EDP was directly associated with deterioration of social living conditions and a more northerly location for the region of residence. The probability of a CPDP increased with greater deterioration of social living conditions, aggravation of demographic crises, and higher industrial development in the region, as well as with declines in the economic development of the region, income, and economic inequality among the population. We detected several gender-dependent differences in the associations established. The patterns revealed reflect the national dietary preferences of Russians, and the regional indices characterize the effect of the living environment.

Bibliometric Analysis for Carbon Neutrality with Hotspots, Frontiers, and Emerging Trends between 1991 and 2022.

The proposal of carbon neutrality is a manifestation of actively responding to global warming and sustainable development, which means all greenhouse gases achieve near-zero emissions. China is also fulfilling its national mission in this regard. This paper collected 4922 documents from the "Web of Science Core Database" and used Citespace (6.1.R2 Advanced) and Vosviewer (1.6.18) software and Bibliometrix functions to carry out descriptive statistics on the number of publications, cooperation mechanisms, and keyword hotspots, finding that the literature mainly focused on China's carbon neutrality, carbon emissions, energy efficiency, sustainable development, and other related topics in the past two years. Further, the 2060 carbon neutrality action plan for China is discussed, focusing on the implementation plan and technical route and proposing the corresponding plans. The purpose of this paper is to accelerate the pace of China's achievement of this goal and to provide feasible solutions and pathways to its achievement through insight into global carbon neutrality hotspots and new trends.

The Emission Reduction Effect of Financial Agglomeration under China's Carbon Peak and Neutrality Goals.

The existing literature on the influencing factors of carbon emissions ignores the relationship between financial agglomeration and carbon emissions. Based on the analysis of the emission reduction history of major countries, this paper mainly uses the provincial-level data of China from 2002 to 2018 to explore the impact of financial agglomeration on carbon emissions. The conclusions are as follows: (1) China lacks carbon tax policies; there are many drawbacks in the carbon trading market, and a "bottom-up" voluntary emission reduction mechanism has not been formed. (2) China's carbon emissions and financial development are characterized by spatial agglomeration. (3) Financial agglomeration can reduce carbon emissions. In central China, the low-carbon region, and the pilot regions for carbon trading, financial agglomeration has a greater impact on reducing emissions. (4) Financial agglomeration can reduce emissions by reducing the proportion of the secondary industry and increasing the proportion of the third industry. (5) Financial agglomeration can still lower carbon emissions when the spacing effect is taken into account. Finally, according to the conclusion, this paper puts forward relevant suggestions to help China reduce carbon emissions.

Characterization of Detailed Sedentary Postures Using a Tri-Monitor ActivPAL Configuration in Free-Living Conditions.

Objective monitors such as the activPAL characterize time when the thigh is horizontal as sedentary time. However, there are physiological differences between lying, bent-legged sitting, and straight-legged sitting. We introduce a three-monitor configuration to assess detailed sedentary postures and demonstrate its use in characterizing such positions in free-living conditions. We explored time spent in each sedentary posture between prolonged (>1 h) versus non-prolonged (<1 h) sedentary bouts. In total, 35 healthy adults (16♀, 24 ± 3 years; 24 h/day for 6.8 ± 1.0 days) wore an activPAL accelerometer on their thigh, torso, and shin. Hip and knee joint flexion angle estimates were determined during sedentary bouts using the dot-product method between the torso−thigh and thigh−shin, respectively. Compared to lying (69 ± 60 min/day) or straight-legged sitting (113 ± 100 min/day), most time was spent in bent-legged sitting (439 ± 101 min/day, p < 0.001). Most of the bent-legged sitting time was accumulated in non-prolonged bouts (328 ± 83 vs. 112 ± 63 min/day, p < 0.001). In contrast, similar time was spent in straight-legged sitting and lying between prolonged/non-prolonged bouts (both, p > 0.26). We document that a considerable amount of waking time is accumulated in lying or straight-legged sitting. This methodological approach equips researchers with a means of characterizing detailed sedentary postures in uncontrolled conditions and may help answer novel research questions on sedentariness.

Household living conditions and food insecurity in Nigeria: a longitudinal study during COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: This study set out to investigate the risk of household food insecurity in Nigeria during the novel COVID-19 pandemic using a harmonised dataset of Nigeria's prepandemic face-to-face survey and two waves of the COVID-19 National Longitudinal Phone Survey (NLPS). SETTING: Nigeria. PARTICIPANTS: A representative sample of 1674 households is used in the analysis. DESIGN: A longitudinal study. RESULTS: Our longitudinal study reveals a significant increase in the prevalence of food insecurity in Nigeria during the COVID-19 crisis. For a sample of 1674 households used in the analysis, nearly 32% were moderately food insecure in the baseline survey (ie, the prepandemic period), compared with 74% and 72% that faced the same degree of food insecurity in the two waves of the COVID-19 phone survey. In like manner, not up to 4% of the households faced severe food insecurity in the prepandemic period, compared with 43% and 22% that experienced the same level of food insecurity during the period of the pandemic. Based on the available information in the dataset, we construct a composite non-monetary measure (or index) of household well-being and employ the binary logistic model to investigate the objects under study. The empirical results show that the well-being index has a strong negative association with household food insecurity. Further investigation reveals that the risk of being food insecure increases for households in relatively poor living conditions compared with those in the middle category and conversely declines for households in much better living conditions. CONCLUSION: This study informs an understanding of the prevalence and risk of household food insecurity in Nigeria during the novel COVID-19 pandemic and provides insights that can guide policy actions in responding to the current wave of food crises in Nigeria.

Constructing and validating an occupational job strain index based on five Norwegian nationwide surveys of living conditions on work environment.

BACKGROUND: It has been claimed that Nordic register data are a "goldmine" for research. However, one limitation is the lack of information on working conditions. Job exposure matrices (JEMs) are one solution to this problem. Thus, the three aims of this study were (i) to investigate the reliability of an occupation-based psychosocial JEM, i.e., a Job Strain Index (job strain or JSI abbreviated), (ii) to examine the construct and criterion-related validity of this measure of job strain (iii) and assesses the concurrent and the predictive validity of an occupation-based Job Strain Index for use in analyses of Norwegian register data. METHOD: The study utilized five waves of the nationwide Norway Survey of Living Conditions in the Work Environment with a total sample of 43,977 individuals and register data with a total sample of 1,589,535 individuals. Job strain was composed of items belonging to the two dimensions of Karasek's DC model, job demands and job control (1979). The reliability of the JSI and its dimensions and components were investigated by measuring the degree of agreement (Cohen's kappa), sensitivity, specificity, and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha). Construct validity was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis, and criterion-related validity was measured by concurrent validity and predictive validity. The selected concurrent criteria were self-reported survey information on long-term sick absence, anxiety, depression, and sleeping difficulty. The predictive criteria were register information on receipt of disability benefits, mortality, and long-term sick leave. RESULTS: Agreement between individual and occupation-based job strain and components was fair to poor. The sensitivity and specificity of occupation-based job strain and its components varied from acceptable to low. The consistency of the items comprising job demand and job control was clearly acceptable. Regarding concurrent validity, significant associations between (both individual and occupational) job strain, and long-term sick leave and sleeping difficulty were observed for both genders. Occupation-based job strain indicated an elevated risk for anxiety and depression among men, but not among women. As for predictive reliability, significant associations between occupation-based job strain and all three health outcomes were observed for both men and women. CONCLUSION: Our occupation-based JSI serves as a reliable and valid indicator of psychosocial job exposure that can be used in analyses of Norwegian register data where individual information on such conditions is missing.