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Introducción. La parasitosis intestinal constituye la afectación del tubo digestivo por protozoos y helmintos, estos parásitos representan un grave problema de salud pública ya que afecta a países en vías de desarrollo como el nuestro. Objetivo. Determinar el nivel de conocimiento de los padres acerca de la parasitosis en niños/as que acuden al Hospital Nacional de Itauguá en 2024. Material y Métodos. Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal en 120 padres que acuden al Hospital Nacional de Itauguá. Se aplicó una encuesta para identificar datos sociodemográficos y el nivel de conocimiento de los padres sobre aspectos generales de la parasitosis. Resultados. Participaron 120 padres en el estudio. El 70,83% pertenecía al sexo femenino. En cuanto al conocimiento sobre parasitosis el 68,33% identificó correctamente que las lombrices son el agente causal, mientras que el 30% mencionó correctamente los protozoos. El 64,17% reconoció enfermedades como Giardiasis, teniasis y Oxuriasis como parasitarias. Además, el 70% señaló que la diarrea es un síntoma de la parasitosis, y el 66,66% afirmó que puede causar desnutrición. En cuanto a la prevención y conocimiento sobreparásitos, los niveles fueron mayores al 60%. Por último, el 34,17% había oído sobre la Campaña Nacional "Jaityke Sevo'i", principalmente a través del Hospital (39%). Conclusión. El conocimiento sobre la parasitosis intestinal infantil es limitado en algunos aspectos generales, pero es notablemente alto en cuanto a las consecuencias de la enfermedad y las medidas preventivas. Palabras clave: parasitosis; desparasitación; padres; conocimiento

Introduction. Intestinal parasitosis constitutes the involvement of the digestive tract by protozoa and helminths. These parasites represent a serious public health problem since they affect developingcountries like ours. Objective.Determine the level of knowledge of parents about parasitosis in children who attend the National Hospital of Itaugua in 2024. Material and methods. A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out on 120 parents who attend the National Hospital of Itaugua. A survey was applied to identify sociodemographic data and the level of knowledge of parents about general aspects of parasitosis. Results. 120 parents participated in the study. 70.83% belonged to the female sex. Regarding knowledge about parasitosis, 68.33% correctly identified that worms are the causal agent, while 30% correctly mentioned protozoa. 64.17% recognized diseases such as Giardiasis, taeniasis and Oxuriasis as parasitic. In addition, 70% indicated that diarrhea is a symptom of parasitosis, and 66.66% stated that it can cause malnutrition. Regarding prevention and knowledge about parasites, the levels were greater than 60%. Lastly, 34.17% had heard about the "Jaityke Sevo'i" National Campaign, mainly throughthe Hospital (39%). Conclusion. Knowledge about childhood intestinal parasitosis is limited in some general aspects, but is remarkably high in terms of the consequences of the disease and preventive measures. Key words: parasitosis; deworming; parents;knowledge

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BACKGROUND: Ethnobiological studies at local scales have shown that knowledge of medicinal species tends to decrease as socioeconomic status and the extent of human-modified landscapes increase. However, it remains largely unknown whether these same factors can predict knowledge of useful species at broader scales and whether their interaction might create scenarios that enhance knowledge of medicinal species. METHODS: To address this, we tested whether knowledge of woody medicinal species-measured as the number of species known-is influenced by socioeconomic status, human-modified landscapes, and their interaction. We compiled and curated data on woody medicinal species from a systematic review encompassing diverse communities across the Caatinga region in North-east Brazil. Using the locations of these communities, we extracted data on socioeconomic status (measured by the Human Development Index, HDI) and human-modified landscapes (quantified as the percentage of forest loss). RESULTS: Our results indicate that forest loss reduces the knowledge of medicinal woody species among Indigenous People and Local Communities. The interaction between human-modified landscapes and socioeconomic status revealed a significant nonlinear relationship, with different combinations yielding varying levels of knowledge about woody medicinal species. Interestingly, socioeconomic status alone does not appear to influence this knowledge. These findings underscore that the processes shaping knowledge of medicinal species differ across scales and suggest the existence of yet unidentified emergent properties that influence medicinal species knowledge at broader scales. CONCLUSION: The conversion of habitats for anthropogenic use poses a significant risk to the well-being of these populations, as it reduces the availability of species used for prophylactic purposes. In contrast, the cultural traditions of Indigenous People and Local Communities, along with the implementation of regional public policies, may explain why socioeconomic status does not affect local knowledge. Moreover, our study highlights that the processes influencing knowledge of medicinal species at broader scales are not simply the aggregation of local-scale observations. Finally, we propose strategies to advance the field of macroethnobiology.

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In this essay, we will present arguments for a negative answer to the debate question: "Is publishing ethnobiology data respectful of Indigenous and Local Knowledge holders' rights?" We recognize that ethnobiological research has advanced in recognizing the rights of Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLC), but we believe that we still have a long way to go in deconstructing colonialism in ethnobiology. In order to be truly respectful, ethnobiologists need to collaborate with IPLC to achieve an ethical science with equity between knowledge systems, fostering the co-production of knowledge from an intercultural science perspective. This essay was written by a group of Brazilian scientists, both IPLC and non-IPLC, and reflects a perspective of the academic universe seen from the place we are, in this multicultural and imbalanced world.

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This volume makes a notable contribution with a deep and extensive analysis to achieve the movement from Yoga Philosophy to Yoga Psychology for the promotion of integration with Modern Psychology, a task hitherto unrealized despite the burgeoning attention to Yoga. This commentary is constrained by my own limited knowledge of traditional Indian philosophy in making a thorough examination of Paranjpe's contribution beyond attention to selected concepts and sporadic illustrations from the original volume. Yoga practice is, Paranjpe informs us, just the tip of an immense consolidation of knowledge, deep intellectual thought and theoretical consideration about the embodied sense of self, health and well-being. Spirituality is foundational to the theory and practice of yoga. This volume has immense potential relevance for contemporary psychological theory and practice in an attempt to highlight embodied and spiritual considerations of human existence. With some notable exceptions, modern psychology has adopted the positivistic paradigm that systematically rejects traditional knowledge systems. Through intercultural translation (a concept I borrow from Santos, 2018), Paranjpe successfully transcends this divide and provides detailed possibilities about why and how this knowledge can relate to, inform and expand the science of human being and becoming that is inclusive, built for mutuality rather than domination; travelling on the path of dialogue between diverse knowledge systems.

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Objetivo: avaliar o conhecimento e as práticas dos enfermeiros sobre as técnicas de inserção do cateter central de inserção periférica. Método: estudo descritivo quantitativo, do tipo levantamento (Survey), com 32 enfermeiros habilitados para inserção do cateter central de inserção periférica. A coleta de dados foi realizada pelo RedCap, incluindo variáveis como dados dos participantes, características do enfermeiro e da instituição, e avaliações pré e durante a inserção do cateter central de inserção periférica. Resultado: as práticas e o conhecimento dos enfermeiros na pré-inserção e inserção do cateter central de inserção periférica são variados, destacando- se que 57,1% utilizam ultrassom. Conclusão: o estudo evidenciou um conhecimento deficiente sobre as técnicas de inserção do cateter central de inserção periférica e mostrou que algumas práticas clínicas não estão em conformidade com os guidelines de terapia infusional reconhecidos mundialmente.

Objective: to evaluate nurses knowledge and practices regarding peripherally inserted central catheter insertion techniques. Method: a descriptive quantitative study of the survey type. The study population consisted of 32 nurses qualified for peripherally inserted central catheter insertion. Data collection was conducted via RedCap with the following variables: participant data; characteristics of the nurse performing the peripherally inserted central catheter insertion; characteristics of the institution; pre- insertion peripherally inserted central catheter evaluation; and evaluation at the time of insertion. Results: the practice and knowledge of nurses in the pre- insertion and insertion of the peripherally inserted central catheter vary widely. Notably, 57.1% of the professionals use ultrasound. Conclusion: deficient knowledge regarding peripherally inserted central catheter insertion techniques was evident, and it was demonstrated that some clinical practices do not comply with internationally recognized infusion therapy guidelines.

Objetivo: evaluar el conocimiento y las prácticas de los enfermeros sobre las técnicas de inserción del catéter central de inserción periférica. Método: estudio descriptivo cuantitativo, tipo encuesta, con 32 enfermeros habilitados para la inserción del catéter central de inserción periférica. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de RedCap, incluyendo datos de los participantes, características del enfermero y de la institución, y evaluaciones pre- inserción y en el momento de la inserción del catéter central de inserción periférica. Resultados: las prácticas y el conocimiento de los enfermeros en la pre- inserción e inserción del PICC son variados, destacándose que el 57,1% utiliza ultrasonido. Conclusión: se evidenció un conocimiento deficiente respecto a las técnicas de inserción del catéter central de inserción periférica y se demostró que algunas prácticas clínicas no están en conformidad con las guías de terapia de infusión reconocidas mundialmente.

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Objetivo: avaliar o conhecimento sobre HIV/aids em mulheres idosas acompanhadas no programa interdisciplinar Renascer, no Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle (HUGG), no Rio de Janeiro. Método: o estudo caracterizou-se como observacional, descritivo, do tipo transversal, sendo a amostra coletada por conveniência e composta por integrantes do programa Renascer atendidas no ambulatório de geriatria, do Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle. Avaliou o conhecimento sobre HIV/aids em 51 mulheres idosas de um programa interdisciplinar, no Rio de Janeiro, aplicando questionário relativo ao conhecimento sobre HIV para Terceira Idade (QHIV3I) e o Miniexame do Estado Mental (MEEM). Resultados: apesar da maioria das participantes (88,2%) demonstra ter conhecimento ao acertar pelo menos 65% das questões, foram encontradas lacunas para os aspectos relacionados aos conceitos básicos do HIV, à transmissão e ao tratamento. Conclusão: entendemos que as estratégias e políticas de educação e informação em saúde, para este perfil da população, devem ser revistas.

Objective: to evaluate the knowledge about HIV/AIDS among elderly women followed in the Renascer interdisciplinary program at the Gaffrée e Guinle University Hospital (HUGG) in Rio de Janeiro. Method: the study was characterized as an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, with a convenience sample made up of members of the Renascer program attending the geriatric outpatient clinic at the Gaffrée and Guinle University Hospital. The study assessed the HIV/AIDS knowledge of 51 elderly women in an interdisciplinary program in Rio de Janeiro, using a questionnaire on HIV knowledge for the elderly (QHIV3I) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Results: although the majority of participants (88.2%) demonstrated knowledge by getting at least 65% of the questions right, gaps were found for aspects related to basic HIV concepts, transmission and treatment. Conclusion: we believe that health education and information strategies and policies for this population profile should be reviewed.

Objetivo : evaluar el conocimiento sobre VIH/Sida de las ancianas que frecuentan el programa interdisciplinario Renascer del Hospital Universitario Gaffrée e Guinle (HUGG), en Rio de Janeiro. Método: el estudio fue observacional, descriptivo, transversal, con una muestra de conveniencia constituida por integrantes del programa Renascer que asisten al ambulatorio geriátrico del Hospital Universitario Gaffrée y Guinle. Se evaluaron los conocimientos sobre el VIH/SIDA de 51 ancianas de un programa interdisciplinar de Río de Janeiro, utilizando un cuestionario sobre conocimientos sobre el VIH para ancianos (QHIV3I) y el Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Resultados: aunque la mayoría de las participantes (88,2%) demostró tener conocimientos al acertar al menos el 65% de las preguntas, se encontraron lagunas en aspectos relacionados con los conceptos básicos del VIH, la transmisión y el tratamiento. Conclusión: consideramos que deben revisarse las estrategias y políticas de educación e información sanitaria para este perfil de población

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Este editorial recoge la agremiación: en lo internacional, la cosecha; en lo nacional, la siembra y el abono. El 2025 brinda una nueva oportunidad para retomar los talentos de cada terapeuta ocupacional y entretejerlos comunitariamente, fortaleciendo así los saberes y las prácticas de la Terapia Ocupacional a nivel nacional y mundial. Se reconoce el trabajo de representación a nivel internacional, a través de dos miembros del Colegio Colombiano de Terapia Ocupacional, a partir del reciente cierre de sus períodos en las directivas de la Federación Mundial de Terapeutas Ocupacionales y la Confederación Latinoamericana de Terapeutas Ocupacionales. Se presentan además algunas proyecciones y perspectivas de trabajo del Colegio Colombiano de Terapia Ocupacional para el año 2025, particularmente, el XVII Congreso Colombiano de Terapia Ocupacional y el proyecto de modificación de la Ley de Terapia Ocupacional.

This editorial collects the association: at the international level, the harvest; at the national level, the sowing and the fertilizer. 2025 offers a new opportunity to take up the talents of each occupational therapist and weave them together communally, thus strengthening the knowledge and practices of Occupational Therapy at national and global levels. This editorial recognizes the work of representation at the international level through two members of the Colombian College of Occupational Therapy since the recent ending of their periods on the boards of the World Federation of Occupational Therapy and the Latin American Confederation of Occupational Therapists. Some projections and work perspectives of the Colombian College of Occupational Therapy for the year 2025 are also presented, particularly, the XVII Colombian Congress of Occupational Therapy and the project of amendment of the Occupational The-rapy Law

Este editorial é uma coleção da agregação: a nível internacional, a colheita; a nível nacional, a sementeira e o fertilizante. 2025 oferece-nos uma nova oportunidade de aproveitar os talentos de cada terapeuta ocupacional e de os entrelaçar como uma comunidade, reforçando, assim, os conhecimentos e as práticas da terapia ocupacional a nível nacional e mundial. Este editorial reconhece o trabalho de representação a nível internacional por meio de dois dos nossos membros, desde o recente fim dos seus mandatos nas direções da Federação Mundial de Terapia Ocupacional e da Confederação Latino Americana de Terapeutas Ocupacionais. Apresenta, ainda, algumas projeções e perspectivas de trabalho do Colégio Colombiano de Terapia Ocupacional para o ano de 2025, nomeadamente o XVII Congresso Colombiano de Terapia Ocupacional e o projeto de alteração da Lei de Terapia Ocupacional.

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Esta investigación es una construcción conjunta de conocimiento con comunidades del Pacífico colombiano, invisibilizadas históricamente por la matriz moderna occidental y que tienen saberes y experiencias en ocupaciones colectivas, concepto emergente en Colombia. Se desarrolló un proceso de investigación acción participativa con cuatro colectivos de Quibdó, en el departamento del Chocó, y de los caseríos de Vidrí y Vegaez, en límites entre los departamentos de Antioquia y Chocó, con el fin de dinamizar aproximaciones teóricas y vivenciales para acercarse a una comprensión de las ocupaciones colectivas, vistas como un insumo para la paz. La propuesta de comprensión se estructura alrededor de cuatro categorías emergentes: sentido de dignidad y resistencia, cultura, territorio, ideología y hacer cooperativo. Las ocupaciones colectivas son un proceso que se vive y se dinamiza de forma particular en cada comunidad, pueden surgir de múltiples posibilidades y aportan a la transformación social y a la construcción de paz desde la cotidianidad.

This research is a joint construction of knowledge with communities from the Colombian Pacific Region, historically invisibilized by the modern Western matrix, who possess knowledge and experiences in collective occupations, an emerging concept in Colombia. A participatory action research process was developed with four groups from Quibdó, in the department of Chocó, and from the villages of Vidrí and Vegaez, on the border between the departments of Antioquia and Chocó, to dynamize theoretical and experiential approaches to understanding collective occupations, seen as an input for peace. The proposed understanding is structured around four emerging categories: sense of dignity and resistance, culture, territory, ideology and cooperative doing. Collective occupations are a process that is experienced and dynamized in a particular way in each community; they can arise from multiple possibilities and contribute to social transformation and peacebuilding from everyday life

Esta pesquisa é uma construção conjunta de conhecimento com comunidades do Pacífico colombiano, historicamente invisibilizadas pela matriz moderna ocidental e que possuem saberes e experiências em ocupações coletivas, um conceito emergente na Colômbia. Foi desenvolvido um processo de pesquisa-ação participativa com quatro coletivos de Quibdó, no departamento de Chocó, e nos povoados de Vidrí e Vegaez, nos limites entre os departamentos de Antioquia e Chocó, com o objetivo de dinamizar aproximações teóricas e vivenciais para se aproximar de uma compreensão das ocupações coletivas, vistas como um insumo para a paz. A proposta de compreensão se estrutura em torno de quatro categorias emergentes: sentido de dignidade e resistência, cultura, território, ideologia e fazer cooperativo. As ocupações coletivas são um processo que se vivencia e se dinamiza de forma particular em cada comunidade; podem surgir de múltiplas possibilidades e contribuem para a transformação social e para a construção da paz a partir do cotidiano

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Aim: To evaluate parents' knowledge about obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in preschoolers in the primary dentition in the city of Parnaíba-PI. Methods: The questionnaire on obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children was applied to parents of children between 2 and 6 years of age, in the deciduous dentition who were attending preschool in public and private kindergarten. It contained objective questions distributed in two parts: the first that determined the epidemiological profile of parents and children; the second part with 22 questions that checked the parents' knowledge about the child's sleep and behavior during the day. As an interpretation, the questionnaires that presented 36.3% of the answers YES to the 22 specific questions, the child was considered at high probability for developing OSAS. Results: The average age of the children was approximately 4 years old. Regarding weight, an average of 22 kilos and an average height of 107.45 cm and an average BMI of 18.75, confirmed by notes on the vaccination card. Loud snoring, loud or heavy breathing, and overweight were significantly associated with OSAS (p < 0.001). From a total of 250 children, it was observed that the prevalence rate of high possibility for the development of OSAS was 6% (n=15). Conclusion: Parents were not aware of OSAS, but after applying the questionnaire, they were able to understand the suggestive signs of the syndrome and the importance of early diagnosis.

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Urbanization is a complex and multifaceted process studied across various scientific disciplines. However, in ethnobiology, research on the impacts of urbanization on local ecological knowledge (LEK) often lacks standardization and tends to focus primarily on local scales. This study aims to systematically characterize how researchers address urbanization in ethnobiology and assess its effects on LEK globally. We conducted a systematic review using the PRISMA protocol and selected 66 studies from the Web of Science and Scopus databases for analysis. Our findings reveal that researchers often do not adopt a consistent definition of urbanization, frequently framing their study areas within a simplistic urban-rural dichotomy. Although some studies used urbanization indicators, our qualitative analyses, including a correlation matrix, showed that these indicators were largely independent of each other. Additionally, principal component analysis (PCA) with clustering identified four groupings among the indicators, yet with low correlations between them. A t test analysis of the 66 papers shows that urbanization generally has a negative impact on LEK. Based on these findings, we emphasize the critical need for standardized urbanization indicators in ethnobiological studies and propose a new approach for characterizing urbanization, which will enhance the precision and relevance of future research in this field.

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El interés científico que existe sobre los mecanismos involucrados en el proceso que da origen a la aterosclerosis es considerablemente notable e importante. El gran volumen de artículos y conocimiento sobre este tema cada vez es mayor, permitiendo profundizar constantemente en los mecanismos fisiopatológicos que comprende la aterosclerosis, los factores de riesgo que predisponen a la misma, y las posibles consecuencias a esperar una vez que se desencadena la patología. Ahora se sabe que el carácter multifactorial de esta situación anormal de las arterias es lo que ha llevado a la alta morbimortalidad que representan las enfermedades cardiovasculares actualmente. Objetivo: Investigar los mecanismos de la aterosclerosis: Profundizar en los procesos fisiopatológicos que conducen al desarrollo de esta enfermedad. Comprender cómo diferentes elementos, incluyendo la inmunidad, genética y microbiota, contribuyen al desarrollo de la aterosclerosis. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de la literatura científica existente sobre el tema. Análisis de estudios que relacionan factores de riesgo (hormonales, ambientales y genéticos) con el desarrollo de la enfermedad. La investigación sobre el papel del sistema inmunológico y la microbiota en la fisiopatología de la aterosclerosis. Se ha logrado dilucidar las diferentes causas, encontrando una fuerte relación entre el desarrollo de aterosclerosis y diversos factores, para tratar de explicar el sustrato fisiopatológico al cual nos enfrentamos en la búsqueda del tratamiento más eficaz para esta condición anormal del organismo.

The scientific interest that exists in the mechanisms involved in the process that gives rise to atherosclerosis is considerably notable and important. The large volume of articles and knowledge on this topic is increasing, allowing us to constantly delve deeper into the pathophysiological mechanisms that comprise atherosclerosis, the risk factors that predispose to it, and the possible consequences to be expected once the pathology is triggered. It is now known that the multifactorial nature of this abnormal situation of the arteries is what has led to the high morbidity and mortality that cardiovascular diseases currently represent. Objective: To investigate the mechanisms of atherosclerosis: To delve deeper into the pathophysiological processes that lead to the development of this disease. To understand how different elements, including immunity, genetics and microbiota, contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Methods: A review of the existing scientificliterature on the subject was carried out. Analysis of studies that relate risk factors (hormonal, environmental and genetic) with the development of the disease. Research on the role of the immune system and microbiota in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. It has been possible to elucidate the different causes, finding a strong relationship between the development of atherosclerosis and various factors, in order to try to explain the pathophysiological substrate that we face in the search for the most effective treatment for this abnormal condition of the organism.

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BACKGROUND: Ethnoichthyology studies the knowledge of human communities about the uses, perception, and behavioral characteristics of fish, based on their cosmology, cosmogony, and culture. This study focused on the Cubeo (Pâmiwâ) ethnic group that inhabits the Cuduyarí River (Vaupés, Colombia) provides information on fishing activities, use of fishes, its ecological distributions (occurrence in rivers, pools, and/or streams) and seasonality (occurrence in low and/or high waters). Additionally, names in the Central Tukano language (Cubeo) are provided. METHODS: The compilation of information was based on a visual catalog prepared from rapid ecological evaluations, previously carried out by the Amazon Institute of Scientific Research SINCHI. Workshops with the indigenous people were held in communities in the lower, middle, and upper sections of the basin to collect information. Network analyses were done to determine the fishing gear selectivity of the most common species and gears used regarding ecosystems. The coherence in the perception of fish resources among the three communities was assessed via multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The results showed that a large percentage (89%) of the species are consumed. There is a generalized perception of resource decline, and there is no coherence regarding the ecological and seasonal distributions of fish reported by the three communities. These differences may be due to an effect of the structural characteristics of the basin in the different sectors where the communities are located. CONCLUSIONS: Species consumed by the Cubeo in the Cuduyarí do not represent a high commercial value at the Amazon River basin scale. Nevertheless, locally, they are the main source of animal protein and most of the time, the sole source of income. The importance of these species must be recognized and must be a priority for conservation. Knowledge related to the fish resource by indigenous groups, including basic information and its usage, is essential to guide and implement management and conservation strategies specific to each region under study.

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Epistemic trust refers to the trust in communicated knowledge, specifically an individual's ability to regard knowledge conveyed by others as meaningful, relevant to oneself, and applicable to other contexts. This area has received considerable attention in recent psychological literature, though predominantly from a theoretical perspective. The main objective of this study was to test the factorial validity of the Epistemic Trust, Mistrust, and Credulity Questionnaire (ETMCQ) on an Argentine setting. Based on two studies (Study 1, n = 1018; Study 2, n = 559), the factorial structure of the instrument and its internal consistency were examined (S1 Appendix). In the second study, the factorial structure was confirmed, test-retest reliability was analysed, and associations between epistemic stances and sociodemographic variables, hypomentalisation, attachment styles, childhood traumatic experiences, and anxious-depressive symptomatology were explored. A satisfactory three-factor solution with 15 items and residual correlations was found in both studies, with stable scores over time. Significant positive correlations were found with anxious and fearful-avoidant attachment, hypomentalisation, childhood traumatic experiences, and psychopathological symptomatology. Post-hoc analysis revealed that, on the one hand, gender acts as a moderator in the relationship between hypomentalisation and epistemic mistrust. On the other hand, economic level and educational level moderate the relationship between hypomentalisation and epistemic credulity. Measurement invariance across gender was tested and found satisfactory, with significant differences subsequently observed in the epistemic trust factor. In conclusion, the Argentine version of the ETMCQ provides an empirical measure for use in non-clinical samples. Its application could facilitate clinically and theoretically relevant findings.

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The Cerrado is home to a diversity of traditional communities, among which indigenous and quilombola peoples stand out. The Karajá are one of the ethnic groups in this biome, with a rich history and culture that goes back centuries. They mainly inhabit the regions of the Araguaia and Javaés rivers, occupying lands in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso, Pará and Tocantins. Considering the importance of studies on ethnomycological knowledge in indigenous communities for preserving culture and the environment, especially in relation to fungi, our objective was to investigate the ethnomycological relationships of the Karajá indigenous people who inhabit Bananal Island, located in Tocantins. Data were collected from applying a semi-structured questionnaire and interviews with 140 people who compose the Macaúba (39%), Fontoura (31%) and Santa Isabel do Morro (30%) communities; they had an average age of 33.9 years, and 62% are male. We observed that the Karajá people recognize the fungi of the environment in which they live, showing a clearer perception of typical morphological groups, such as mushrooms and bracket fungi (wood ears). Although fungi are not used as a component of their diet, the Karajá recognize that some species may have this potential. Furthermore, they use fungi as adornments and decorations in festivities in a playful way, and occasionally for medicinal purposes. Therefore, we can state that this ethnic group does not have a total aversion to fungi, being considered partially mycophilic. This study is a pioneer among Cerrado indigenous people, and reinforces the need to expand research to other communities in different regions in order to expand ethnomycological knowledge among different ethnicities. These investigations could contribute to both an appreciation and conservation of the traditions and knowledge of original Brazilian people, as well as the biodiversity in which they are inserted.

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We demonstrate a transnationally situated dialogue as a method to bring ethnographic and historical research in Brazil, East Africa (Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda), India, Russia and Spain into conversation to show three cancer epistemics sites (research, detection, and care access) where the politics of cancer epistemics are at play. First, in the field of research, we show how certain ways of knowing, and certain questions about and interests in cancer, are privileged over others. Using examples from Spain and East Africa, we highlight how a shift towards microbiological and high-technology research has outpriced many more locally grounded research agendas, ignoring questions of industrial and capital accountability in cancer aetiology. Second, we look at ways of making cancer visible, how knowledge is mobilised in cancer detection and screening, where and for whom. We discuss the increased individualisation of risk which is reframing cancer surveillance and therapeutic agendas. Using examples from India, Spain and Brazil, we demonstrate how the epistemics of cancer detection generate discourses of blame and responsibility at the individual level and accentuate existing inequities whilst simultaneously absorbing patients and their families into complex networks of surveillance. Lastly, we examine how the epistemics of cancer implicate the very possibilities of accessing cancer care, shaping care pathways and possibilities for patients. With ethnographic examples from India, Russia and Brazil, we demonstrate how an orientation towards the individual shifts attention away from the commercialisation of healthcare and dominance of logics of profit in therapeutics. Throughout the paper, we point towards what is holding these cancer discourses together and grapple with how the politics of cancer epistemics are at play across the globe, even if they appear to be taking many different forms. Our approach highlights how practices are mirrored in the framing, implementation, detection and care of cancer with far-reaching effects.

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BACKGROUND: Individuals develop crucial survival knowledge in the juvenile phase, including understanding medicinal plants. The family context or contact with resources can influence this dynamic knowledge. By investigating the influence of these factors on young people's understanding of medicinal plants, we aimed to enhance our understanding of the knowledge-building process. METHODS: The study was conducted in three communities in the State of Alagoas, Brazil: Lagoa do Junco, Serrote do Amparo, and Brivaldo de Medeiros. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with young people aged between 11 and 19 to assess their knowledge of medicinal plants. We used a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) with the number of therapeutic targets and known medicinal species (knowledge proxy) as response variables. As predictors, we included the number of individuals per family unit and the gender distribution within the famimunícpily (family context proxy), as well as dependence on the use (contact proxy). Location (city) was added as a fixed effect to the model. We investigated how knowledge of medicinal plants correlates with the practice of collecting these species. RESULTS: We did not identify a relationship between the number of individuals per household, gender distribution within the family, and the frequency of medicinal plant use with knowledge about these species. However, we observed a positive, albeit weak, correlation between knowledge of medicinal species and the number of species collected. CONCLUSION: These results highlight the importance of investigating how young people acquire knowledge about medicinal plants, emphasizing the complex interactions between humans and nature, and providing a basis for future research.

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BACKGROUND: Based on participatory research tools and analysis with a gender focus, we aim to identify the knowledge associated with native plants of the Atlantic Forest in one Quilombola community whose territory is juxtaposed with a protected area, in South Brazil. METHODS: Through the perception of the residents of the Quilombola community of São Roque, we classified the availability, harvesting intensity, abundance, and importance of fourteen plants native to the Atlantic Forest found in their territory. These fourteen plants were selected after initial interviews with a free listing of plants done with all adults (44 people), followed by plant collection and identification. A participatory workshop was built with the community to collect data through three activities: four-cell tool, environment matrix, and importance matrix. To identify the gender nuances in the knowledge within this community, all activities were separated into two groups based on the gender of the 22 participants (9 women and 13 men) and the researchers. RESULTS: The species Pau-pra-tudo (Picrasma crenata), Quina (Coutarea hexandra), and Cipó-milome (Aristolochia triangularis) were similarly classified as important by both groups, which indicates the cultural and environmental relevance associated with them regardless of gender. The perceptions of other species were expressed differently between the groups, showing the variance of the ecological knowledge and the relationship between the sociocultural contexts of gender and the knowledge manifested. The final part of the workshop was a lecture given by two community experts about herbal medicines based on forest species found in the territory. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the multiple forms of results recorded in the workshop, we discuss the demand for inclusion of the traditional community in land management plans of environmental agencies, highlighting how individual characteristics, such as gender, can fill gaps in data about local biodiversity.

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RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue determinar el nivel de conocimiento sobre enfermedades cardiovasculares en personas en un centro de salud del primer nivel de atención en salud (PNAS). Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal mediante una encuesta a personas que asistieron a un establecimiento de salud del PNAS en Lima, Perú. Un puntaje menor a 6 se consideró como conocimiento inadecuado. Se encuestó a 400 personas, 66,3% mujeres, de 46,8 ± 16,2 años. La nota promedio fue de 4,52 +/- 1,85. El 71% de los encuestados tuvo un nivel de conocimiento inadecuado, independientemente de la edad, género o grado de instrucción. Nuestros hallazgos muestran que el nivel de conocimiento sobre los factores de riesgo y la enfermedad cardiovascular resultó inadecuado en la población en atención primaria. Es necesario lograr una educación específica en factores de riesgo cardiovascular, para reducir el impacto de estas enfermedades.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the level of knowledge about cardiovascular diseases in people in a primary healthcare center (PHCC). A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out by surveying people who attended a PHCC in Lima, Peru. A score less than 6 was considered inadequate knowledge. A total of 400 people were surveyed, 66.3% were women and the mean age was 46.8 ± 16.2 years. The average score was 4.52 +/- 1.85. We found that 71% of those surveyed had an inadequate level of knowledge, regardless of age, gender or education level. Our findings show that the level of knowledge about risk factors and cardiovascular disease was inadequate in the primary care population. It is necessary to achieve proper specific education in cardiovascular risk factors in order to reduce the impact of these diseases.

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Introduction: Low muscle strength is a risk factor for various health conditions such as cardiometabolic diseases, neurodegenerative syndromes and mortality. Objective: Evaluate the knowledge of muscle strength in health professionals in Colombia. Materials and Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in health professionals attending two continuing medical education events. Three components were evaluated through a questionnaire: identification of muscle strength as a risk factor for health conditions, measurement of muscle strength and education in muscle strength. Results: 501 participants (52.49% women) were evaluated. Of these, 53.89% (n=270) were general practitioners, 18.16% (n=91) specialists and 6.18% (n=31) nurses. The association between low muscle strength and cardiometabolic diseases was identified by 56.67% (n=153) of general practitioners and 41.94% (n=13) of nurses. The indication for measuring muscle strength in older adults was recognized by 86.81% (n=79) of specialist physicians and 41.94% (n=13) of nurses. 32.93% (n=165) of the participants were aware of some method for measurement. Physiotherapists were the group that mostly reported measuring muscle strength by 83.33% (n=20). Only 29.03% (n=9) of the nurses had received academic information on muscle strength. Discussion and Conclusions: This study demonstrates the lack of knowledge on low muscle strength, its association with health conditions and measurement methods, and the lack of information about published literature on the subject. Educational interventions are needed to incorporate muscular strength evaluation into the clinical practice.

Introducción: La baja fuerza muscular es un factor de riesgo para diversas condiciones de salud como enfermedades cardiometabólicas, síndromes neurodegenerativos y mortalidad. Objetivo: Evaluar el conocimiento sobre fuerza muscular en profesionales de salud en Colombia. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico de tipo corte transversal en profesionales de salud asistentes a dos eventos de educación médica continuada. A través de un cuestionario se evaluaron tres componentes: identificación de la fuerza muscular como factor de riesgo para condiciones de salud, medición de la fuerza muscular y formación en fuerza muscular. Resultados: Se evaluaron 501 participantes (52,49% mujeres). 53,89% (n=270) eran médicos generales, 18,16% (n=91) especialistas y 6,18% (n=31). enfermeros . La asociación entre baja fuerza muscular con enfermedades cardiometabólicas fue identificada por el 56,67% (n=153) de médicos generales y 41,94% (n=13) de enfermeros. El 86,81% (n=79) de médicos especialistas y el 41,93% (n=13) de enfermeros reconocía la indicación de medir la fuerza muscular en adultos mayores. El 32,93% (n=165) de los participantes conocía de algún método de medición. Los fisioterapeutas fueron el grupo que más reportó realizar mediciones 83,33% (n=20). Sólo el 29,03% (n=9) de los enfermeros había recibido información académica sobre fuerza muscular. Discusión y Conclusión: Este estudio muestra el bajo conocimiento sobre la importancia de la fuerza muscular, su asociación a condiciones de salud, los métodos de medición y la falta de información sobre la literatura publicada al respecto. Son necesarias intervenciones educativas sobre fuerza muscular con el fin de incorporarla en la práctica clínica.

Introdução: A diminuição na força muscular é um fator de risco para diferentes condições de saúde, tais como doenças cardiometabólicas, síndromes neurodegenerativas e mortalidade. Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento sobre força muscular em profissionais da saúde na Colômbia. Materiais e Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo analítico de tipo transversal em profissionais da saúde que assistiram a dois eventos de educação médica continuada. Um questionário foi usado para avaliar três componentes: identificação da força muscular como fator de risco para condições de saúde, medição da força muscular e treinamento da força muscular. Resultados: Foram avaliados 501 participantes (52,49% mulheres). O 53,89% (n=270) eram médicos generalistas, 18,16% (n=91) médicos especialistas e 6,18% (n=31) enfermeiras. A associação entre força muscular diminuída com doenças cardiometabólicas foi identificada pelo 56,67% (n=153) dos médicos generalistas y 41,9% (n=13) dos enfermeiros. O 86,81% (n=79) dos médicos especialistas e o 41,94% (n=13) dos enfermeiros reconheceram a indicação de mensurar força muscular em idosos. O 32,93% (n=165) dos participantes conheciam algum método para mensuração de força muscular. Os fisioterapeutas foram o grupo que reportou realizar mensurações com maior frequência 83,33% (n=20). A principal causa para não realizar mensurações de força muscular foi a falta de equipamentos. Somente o 29,03% (n=9) dos enfermeiros tinham recebido informação acadêmica sobre força muscular. Discussão e Conclusão: Este estudo demostra o baixo conhecimento sobre força muscular diminuída e sua associação com condições de saúde, métodos de mensuração, e falta de informação sobre a literatura publicada. São necessárias intervenções educacionais para influenciar a prática clínica.

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BACKGROUND: Hybridization between the local medical systems (LMSs) and biomedicine has been the focus of different studies in ethnobiology, primarily due to the increasing access to biomedicine by indigenous peoples and local communities. Studies on hybridization allow for an understanding of the process of developing and evolving local knowledge systems. In this study, we propose a hybridization score to determine how individuals' socioeconomic characteristics and preference between LMS and biomedicine determine the complementarity of therapeutic options. METHODS: We conducted semistructured interviews and applied free listing technique in a rural community in Northeast Brazil to assess the treatments the local population sought and which were preferred. RESULTS: Our analyses showed that the level of schooling was the socioeconomic factor that negatively affected the hybridization process. Individuals with higher levels of schooling tended to prefer LMS strategies less and, consequently, showed a lower probability of hybridizing the two systems. Additionally, older people who preferred LMS strategies showed a greater tendency to adopt hybridization in human health-seeking behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide further evidence of the complementarity between different medical systems and demonstrate that socioeconomic factors can affect local knowledge and are responsible for differences in individual propensity to hybridize distinct medical systems.