Growth trajectories in children with cleft lip and/or palate / Trayectorias de crecimiento en niños con fisura labial y/o palatina

Introduction: the nutritional status and growth of children with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) can be affected due to feeding difficulties caused by their anatomy and the surgical interventions. Objective: this retrospective longitudinal study aims to analyse the growth trajectories of a cohort of children with CL/P and compare them with a healthy representative cohort of children from Aragon (Spain). Methods: type of cleft, surgical technique and sequelae, and weight, length/height and body mass index (BMI) (weight/height2) at different ages (0-6 years) were recorded. Normalized age- and sex-specific anthropometric Z-scores values were calculated by World Health Organization (WHO) charts. Results: forty-one patients (21 male, 20 female) were finally included: 9.75 % cleft lip (n = 4/41), 41.46 % cleft palate (n = 17/41) and 48.78 % cleft lip and palate (n = 20/41). The worst nutritional status Z-scores were achieved at the age of three months (44.44 % and 50 % had a weight and a BMI lower than -1 Z-score, respectively). Mean weight and BMI Z-scores were both significantly lower than controls at one, three and six months of age, recovering from that moment until the age of one year. Conclusions: the highest nutritional risk in CL/P patients takes place at 3-6 months of age, but nutritional status and growth trajectories get recovered from one year of age compared to their counterparts. Nevertheless, the rate of thin subjects among CL/P patients is higher during childhood.(AU)

Introducción: el estado nutricional y el crecimiento de los niños con labio y/o paladar fisurado (CL/P) pueden verse afectados debido a lasdificultades de alimentación provocadas por su anatomía y las intervenciones quirúrgicas.Objetivo: este estudio longitudinal retrospectivo tiene como objetivo analizar las trayectorias de crecimiento de una cohorte de niños con CL/Py compararlos con una cohorte representativa de niños sanos de Aragón (España).Métodos: se registraron el tipo de fisura, la técnica quirúrgica y las secuelas, el peso, la longitud/talla y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) (peso/talla2) a diferentes edades (0-6 años). Se calcularon las Z-score de los valores antropométricos según edad y sexo, mediante las tablas de laOrganización Mundial de la Salud (OMS).Resultados: se incluyeron 41 pacientes (21 hombres, 20 mujeres): 9,75 % con fisura labial (n = 4/41), 41,46 % con fisura palatina (n = 17/41)y 48,78 % con fisura labiopalatina (n = 20/41). Los valores Z-scores de la antropometría más bajos se alcanzaron a los tres meses de edad (el44,44 % y el 50 % tenían un peso y un IMC inferiores a -1 Z-score, respectivamente). Los valores de peso medio y de las puntuaciones Z delIMC fueron significativamente más bajos en los pacientes con fisura que en los controles a los uno, tres y seis meses de edad, recuperándosea partir de ese momento hasta equipararse al año de edad.Conclusiones: el mayor riesgo nutricional en pacientes con CL/P se presenta entre los tres y seis meses de edad, pero su estado nutricionaly las trayectorias de crecimiento se normalizan a partir del año de edad. Sin embargo, la proporción de individuos delgados entre los pacientescon CL/P es mayor durante la infancia.(AU)

Body morphology and bone age in girls with obesity and without obesity aged 8 to 15 years: a cross-sectional study / Morfologia corporal e idade óssea em meninas com obesidade e sem obesidade de 8 a 15 anos: um estudo transversal

Introduction: childhood obesity is one of the main public health problems worldwide, leading to health status repercussions and growth and maturation process implications in both children and adolescents. Objective: the aim of this study was to verify body morphology and bone age variations in girls with obesity and without obesity. Methodology: this comprises a cross-sectional study conducted with 140 girls aged 8 to 15 years old, 70 with obesity and 70 without obesity. Hip and waist circumferences, body mass, height and and Body Mass Index (BMI) were determined. For maturation status determinations, bone ages were determined by a left wrist and hand radiography employing the Fels method. Results: the findigs indicate significant correlations between nutritional and maturation statuses (r=0.80; p˂0.01). Girls with obesity presented higher weight and BMI values, larger waist and hip circumferences and more advanced bone age compared to girls without obesity (p˂0.01). The same significant differences (p˂0.01) were noted in the contrasting maturational group analysis, where girls presenting advanced maturation always exhibited the highest parameter values. Conclusion: nutritional status is associated to maturation status, and girls with obesity exhibit more advanced bone age than girls without obesity.

Introdução: a obesidade infantil é um dos principais problemas de saúde pública mundial, com repercussões no estado de saúde e implicações no processo de crescimento e maturação de crianças e adolescentes. Objetivo: verificar a variação da morfologia corporal e da idade óssea em meninas com e sem obesidade. Metodologia: estudo transversal conduzido com 140 meninas de 8 a 15 anos de idade, sendo 70 meninas com obesidade e 70 sem obesidade. Foram mensuradas as circunferências do quadril e da cintura, massa corporal, altura e o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC). Para o status maturacional foi determinada a idade óssea por meio de radiografia de punho e mão esquerdos pelo Método Fels. Resultados: os resultados apontaram a existência de correlação entre o status nutricional e o status maturacional (r=0,80; p˂0,01). As meninas com obesidade apresentaram maior peso, IMC mais elevado, circunferências maiores e idade óssea mais avançada quando comparadas às meninas sem obesidade (p˂0,01). Na análise dos grupos maturacionais contrastantes as mesmas diferenças se apresentaram com valores significativos (p˂0,01), sendo as meninas avançadas maturacionalmente sempre com valores superiores. Conclusão: o status nutricional apresentou correlação com o status maturacional, e as meninas com obesidade apresentam idade óssea mais avançada que aquelas sem obesidade

Validation of the postnatal growth and retinopathy of prematurity (G-ROP) screening criteria in a Thai cohort.

PURPOSE: To validate Postnatal Growth and Retinopathy of Prematurity (G-ROP) criteria for Thai infants. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective review of infants receiving ROP screening during 2009-2020. METHODS: Baseline characteristics, clinical progression and final ROP outcomes were collected. G-ROP was applied to infants who met at least one of the following 6 criteria: birth weight (BW) below 1051 g, gestational age (GA) under 28 weeks, weight gain (WG) less than 120 g during postnatal day 10-19, WG less than 180 g during day 20-29, WG less than 170 g during day 30-39 and hydrocephalus. RESULTS: A total of 684 infants (boys, 53.4%) were included. Median (IQR) BW was 1200 (960-1470) grams and median GA was 30 (28-32) weeks. Prevalence of ROP was 26.6%, with 28 (4.1%) having type 1, 19 (2.8%) type 2 and, 135 (19.7%) having other ROP. Treatment was performed in 26 infants (3.8%). Sensitivity of G-ROP to include type 1, 2 or treatment-requiring ROP cases was 100% with 36.9% specificity, excluding 235 (34.4%) cases of unnecessary screening. To adjust for our setting of initial eye examination at 4 weeks' postnatal date, the last 2 criteria of G-ROP were replaced by the occurrence of grade 3 or 4 intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). This modified G-ROP criteria yielded 100% sensitivity, 42.5% specificity and excluded 271 (39.6%) cases of unnecessary screening. CONCLUSION: G-ROP criteria can be applied to our hospital setting. Occurrence of IVH grade 3 or 4 was proposed as an alternative in modified G-ROP criteria.

Growing up: A NOD2 our microbes.

In a recent report in Science, Schwarzer and colleagues demonstrate the growth benefits of treatment with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strain WJL in a preclinical mouse model of chronic undernutrition. L. plantarum influences the somatotropic axis to promote growth through intestinal epithelial NOD2 sensing.

Malnutrition and Catch-Up Growth during Childhood and Puberty.

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Microbe-mediated intestinal NOD2 stimulation improves linear growth of undernourished infant mice.

The intestinal microbiota is known to influence postnatal growth. We previously found that a strain of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (strain LpWJL) buffers the adverse effects of chronic undernutrition on the growth of juvenile germ-free mice. Here, we report that LpWJL sustains the postnatal growth of malnourished conventional animals and supports both insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin production and activity. We have identified cell walls isolated from LpWJL, as well as muramyl dipeptide and mifamurtide, as sufficient cues to stimulate animal growth despite undernutrition. Further, we found that NOD2 is necessary in intestinal epithelial cells for LpWJL-mediated IGF-1 production and for postnatal growth promotion in malnourished conventional animals. These findings indicate that, coupled with renutrition, bacteria cell walls or purified NOD2 ligands have the potential to alleviate stunting.

A gut bacterial strain rescues stunted growth.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum promotes growth in undernourished mice.

Adult height prediction using the growth curve comparison method.

Understanding the growth pattern is important in view of child and adolescent development. Due to different tempo of growth and timing of adolescent growth spurt, individuals reach their adult height at different ages. Accurate models to assess the growth involve intrusive radiological methods whereas the predictive models based solely on height data are typically limited to percentiles and therefore rather inaccurate, especially during the onset of puberty. There is a need for more accurate non-invasive methods for height prediction that are easily applicable in the fields of sports and physical education, as well as in endocrinology. We developed a novel method, called Growth Curve Comparison (GCC), for height prediction, based on a large cohort of > 16,000 Slovenian schoolchildren followed yearly from ages 8 to 18. We compared the GCC method to the percentile method, linear regressor, decision tree regressor, and extreme gradient boosting. The GCC method outperformed the predictions of other methods over the entire age span both in boys and girls. The method was incorporated into a publicly available web application. We anticipate our method to be applicable also to other models predicting developmental outcomes of children and adolescents, such as for comparison of any developmental curves of anthropometric as well as fitness data. It can serve as a useful tool for assessment, planning, implementation, and monitoring of somatic and motor development of children and youth.

An increase in the developmental tempo affects the secular trend in height in male Austrian conscripts birth cohorts 1951-2002.

OBJECTIVES: Using population-based data on height in Austria from birth cohort 1951 to 2002, we aim to evaluate the secular trends in height and developmental tempo among Austrian young men. METHODS: Data were obtained from the Austrian conscription medical examination. We included 1 205 112 conscripts (18-<20 years) who were born between 1951 and 2002 and 853 645 conscripts (17-<19 years) who were born between 1961 and 2002. Height was measured during the medical examination and was used to evaluate the secular trends of mean height over time. Furthermore, the mean difference in height between conscripts of 17- and 18 years old were compared across birth cohorts. RESULTS: The mean height of conscripts aged 17 years increased by 2.2 cm (p < .0001) in between 1961 and 2002. The mean height of conscripts aged 18 years increased by 4.3 cm (p < .0001) between 1951 and 2002. However, the increase in mean height has slowed down since the 1970 s. The difference in mean height between 17 and 18 years old widened from about 0.1 cm in 1961 to 0.3 cm around 1970 and then steadily narrowed again to 0.1 cm at the end of the study period. CONCLUSIONS: The increasing trend in height slows at the end of the 20th century, the developmental tempo at the population level, however, continued to increase. The difference in mean height between 17 and 18 years old narrowed, which may indicate that young men reached their final height earlier.

Extreme escalation of heat failure rates in ectotherms with global warming.

Temperature affects the rate of all biochemical processes in ectotherms1,2 and is therefore critical for determining their current and future distribution under global climate change3-5. Here we show that the rate of biological processes maintaining growth, homeostasis and ageing in the permissive temperature range increases by 7% per degree Celsius (median activation energy Ea = 0.48 eV from 1,351 rates across 314 species). By contrast, the processes underlying heat failure rate within the stressful temperature range are extremely temperature sensitive, such that heat failure increases by more than 100% per degree Celsius across a broad range of taxa (median Ea = 6.13 eV from 123 rates across 112 species). The extreme thermal sensitivity of heat failure rates implies that the projected increase in the frequency and intensity of heatwaves can exacerbate heat mortality for many ectothermic species with severe and disproportionate consequences. Combining the extreme thermal sensitivities with projected increases in maximum temperatures globally6, we predict that moderate warming scenarios can increase heat failure rates by 774% (terrestrial) and 180% (aquatic) by 2100. This finding suggests that we are likely to underestimate the potential impact of even a modest global warming scenario.

Research on Community Linkage Promotion Model of Children's Physical Health Management / Investigación sobre Promoción de la Vinculación Comunitaria Modelo de Gestión de la Salud Física Infantil

Due to the imperfection of community facilities, the linkage effect of the traditional community promotion model decreases. Therefore, a community linkage promotion model of children's physical health management is designed. Extracting the influencing factors of community linkage of children's physical health management, analyzing the feasibility of community linkage. Then realizing the community linkage promotion model. Comparative experiment is adopted to verify that the community linkage effect of the new model is better, and it has great promotion value.(AU)

Effect of Chronic Altitude Hypoxia on Redox Balance in Preadolescents and Adolescents / Efectos de la hipoxia altitudinal crónica sobre el balance Redox de preadolescentes y adolescentes / Efeito da exposição crônica à hipóxia de altitude no equilíbrio oxidante/antioxidante de crianças e adolescentes

Living at high altitude increases oxidative stress. Likewise, growth and maturation during adolescence can increase levels of reactive oxygen species (ros). Changes in redox profiles have been evaluated in adults living at high altitudes; however, there are no studies on these changes in peripubertal populations living at moderate altitudes, we determine how living at moderate altitude affects the oxidative and inflammatory status of healthy preadolescents and adolescents. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in healthy male Colombian preadolescents and adoles-cents (9­18 years old, Tanner scale classification) who lived at low altitude (n = 26) or moderate altitude (n = 26). Plasma oxidative and inflammatory status was assessed via spectrophotometry. Oxidative markers included malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal, and carbonyl groups. Antioxidant markers included total antioxidant status, glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, uric acid, and thiols. Inflammatory markers included interleukins-1, -6, and -10 and tumor necrosis factor. Results:Only uric acid levels were higher in adolescents (5.34 and 5.66 mg/dl) compared to preadolescents (3.85 and 4.07 mg/dl) in both moderate and low altitude groups, respectively. Participants who lived at mod-erate altitude presented significantly higher levels of malondialdehyde (4.82 and 3.73 nM/mg protein) and lower level of glutathione and thiols (1.21 and 1.26 µmol/mg protein) than in those at low altitude. Their inflammatory profiles did not differ. Conclusion: Oxidant profiles increased in peripubertal popu-lations residing at moderate altitude; this could be owing to antioxidant consumption by ros and active metabolism during puberty.

vivir en altura es un factor que se asocia con el estrés oxidativo. El crecimiento y la maduración pueden ser un estresor adicional. Es insuficiente la evidencia sobre alteraciones del perfil redox en peripúberes residentes a altitudes moderadas. El propósito fue establecer el efecto de vivir en una altitud moderada sobre el perfil redox e inflamatorio en preadolescentes y adolescentes sanos. Materiales y métodos: estudio transversal en varones preadolescentes y adolescentes sanos (9-18 años) que viven en altitud baja (n = 26) o altitud moderada (n = 26). El estado oxidativo plasmático se evaluó mediante espectrofotometría a través de marcadores de oxidación (malondialdehído e hidroxinonenal y grupos carbonilo) y antioxidantes (estado antioxidante total, glutatión, catalasa, superóxido dismutasa, ácido úrico y tioles). El perfil inflamatorio se midió con interleucinas 1, 6, 10 y factor de necrosis tumoral α. Resultados: solo el ácido úrico fue diferente entre adolescentes (5.34 y 5.66 mg/dl para moderada y baja altitud, respectivamente) y preadolescentes (3.85 y 4.07 mg/dl para moderada y baja altitud, res-pectivamente). El grupo de preadolescentes y adolescentes de moderada altitud presentó niveles más altos de malondialdehído (4.82 y 3.73 nM/mg de proteína, respectivamente) y menor glutatión y tioles (1.21 y 1.26 µmol/mg de proteína), en comparación con sus contrapartes de baja altitud. Conclusión: las poblaciones peripúberes que residen en una altitud moderada presentan un perfil oxidante más alto, lo que puede estar relacionado con la depleción de antioxidantes, por una mayor producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno relacionada con la hipoxia y el metabolismo activo de la pubertad.

viver em grandes altitudes é um fator de estresse associado ao estresse oxidativo. Durante a adolescência, os processos de crescimento e maturação podem aumentar as espécies reativas de oxi-gênio. Alterações no perfil redox foram estudadas em adultos expostos a grandes altitudes, mas não em populações peripubertais vivendo em altitudes moderadas. Nosso objetivo é estabelecer o efeito de viver em uma altitude moderada sobre o estado oxidativo e inflamatório em pré-adolescentes e adolescentes saudáveis. Materiais and métodos: foi realizado um estudo transversal em pré-adolescentes e adolescen-tes colombianos saudáveis (9-18 anos, na escala de classificação de Tanner) que viviam em baixa altitude (n = 26) ou altitude moderada (n = 26). O estado oxidativo e inflamatório do plasma foi avaliado por espectrofotometria: 1) Marcadores de oxidação: grupos Malondialdeído + 4-hidroxi-trans-2-nonenal e carbonila; 2) antioxidantes: estado antioxidante total, glutationa, catalase, superóxido dismutase, ácido úrico e tióis; 3) Marcadores de inflamação: interleucinas 1, 6, 10 e fator de necrose tumoral α. Resultados:apenas o ácido úrico foi maior em adolescentes (5,34 e 5,66 mg/dl) em comparação com pré-adolescentes (3,85 e 4,07 mg/dl) dos grupos de altitude moderada e baixa, respectivamente. A altitude moderada apre-sentou níveis significativamente maiores de Malondialdeído (4,82 e 3,73 nM/mg de proteína), e menores níveis de Glutationa e tióis (1,21 e 1,26 µmol/mg de proteína), em comparação com a baixa altitude. Nenhuma diferença foi detectada no perfil inflamatório. Conclusão: as populações peripubertais que residem em altitude moderada apresentam maior perfil oxidante, o que pode estar relacionado ao con-sumo de antioxidantes devido à maior produção de ros relacionada à hipóxia e ao metabolismo ativo por volta da puberdade.

Factores asociados a la desnutrición aguda en el departamentodel Valle del Cauca entre los años 2016 y 2019 / Factors associated with acute malnutrition in the department of Valle del Cauca between 2016 and 2019

Introducción: Los primeros años de la vida son dinámicos en comparación con todo el proceso de crecimiento, el cual se caracteriza por su vulnerabilidad ante las condiciones sociales, económicas y ambientales, lo que hace necesario un estado nutricional adecuado. Objetivo: analizar los factores asociados a la desnutrición aguda en niños menores de cinco años en el Valle del Cauca entre 2016 y 2019. Metodología: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con análisis correlacional a la luz de los determinantes sociales en salud. La población estuvo conformada por 2.237 niños/as registrados en la base de datos básicos y complementarios de la ficha epidemiológica del evento 113 del Sistema de Vigilancia en Salud Pública. Se concluyó que los más afectados por desnutrición fueron los niños de sexo masculino con un 55,4% y en edades entre los seis y 12 meses (62%). Resultados: entre la información relativa al peso, el 78,6% tuvo un normopeso al nacer, el 88% estaban inscritos en el programa Crecimiento y Desarrollo y la mayoría tenían residencia en el área de la cabecera municipal. Las madres o cuidadores que alcanzaban un grado de escolaridad de secundaria eran un 56,73%. Conclusiones: En esa medida, en el Valle del Cauca la presencia de desnutrición aguda se relaciona con el tiempo de lactancia materna, la inscripción al programa de Crecimiento y Desarrollo, la edad del menor, la pertenencia étnica, el régimen de salud, el nivel educativo de la madre y el área de residencia.(AU)

The first years of life are dynamic compared to the entiregrowth process, which is characterized by its vulnerability tosocial, economic and environmental conditions, which makesit necessary to have an adequate nutritional status. The ob-jective of the present research consisted of analyzing the fac-tors associated with acute malnutrition in children under fiveyears of age in Valle del Cauca between 2016 and 2019. A de-scriptive cross-sectional study was conducted with correla-tional analysis in light of the social determinants of health.The population consisted of 2,237 children registered in thebasic and complementary database of the epidemiologicalrecord of event 113 of the Public Health Surveillance. The in-formation related to weight, 78,6% had normal weight atbirth, 88% were enrolled in the Growth and DevelopmentProgram and most of them lived in the area of the municipal capital. The mothers or caregivers had 56,73% secondaryschooling. Thus, in Valle del Cauca, the presence of acutemalnutrition is related to the length of breastfeeding, enroll-ment in the Growth and Development Program, age of thechild, ethnicity, health regime, educational level of the motherand area of residence. It was concluded that the most af-fected by malnutrition were males (55.4%) and aged be-tween six and 12 months (62%).(AU)

Reliability and Validation of the Children’s Eating AttitudesTest among 10- to 14-Year-Old School Children in Turkey / Confiabilidad y Validación de la Prueba de Actitudes Alimentarias de los Niños entre Escolares de 10 a 14 Años en Turquía

Introduction: Eating disorders (ED) onset occurs com-monly during adolescence and this is a very critical period oflife in the context of developmental perspectives because ad-equate nutrition is necessary for optimal growth and devel-opment. Nutritional disorders can be harmful and cause ex-treme and potentially permanent physical and psychologicalconsequences. Therefore, defining the eating disorder in itsearly stages is important. Objective: The goal of this study was to translate theChildren’s Eating Attitude Test (CHEAT) into Turkish and es-tablish its validity and reliability among Turkish schoolchil-dren. Methods: The study was conducted on students from twoprivate and two public primary schools. After delivering invi-tations to suitable classes, informed consents that had beenwritten by participants and parents were collected. Results: The research comprised 352 children betweenthe ages of 10 and 14, including 222 females and 130 boys.Minimum factor loading is 0.597 and total percentage of ex-plained variance is 58.04 The CFA supported these findings,since the 15-item scale had a greater goodness-of-fit and ex-ploratory component analysis generated four factors. Conclusion: Analysis of data showed that the ChEAT scaleis a valid and reliable measurement tool available in Turkey. Itis thought that the ChEAT scale will contribute to studies oneating disorders in children aged between 10-14 years.(AU)

Aplicabilidad de la superficie corporal e índicesantropométricos para valorar el tamaño corporal en adolescentes que viven a gran altitud / Applicability of body surface area and anthropometric indices to assess bodysize in adolescents living at high altitude

Introducción: Los índices antropométricos se utilizan para evaluar el estado de salud general, la adecuación nutricional y el patrón de crecimiento físico. Objetivo: Verificar la capacidad de estimar adecuadamente el tamaño corporal por medio de la superficie corporal (SC), Índice de masa corporal (IMC) e índice tri-ponderal (ITP) por edad cronológica (EC) y estado de madurez (EM) en adolescentes que viven a gran altitud del Perú. Métodos: Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo (correlacional) en adolescentes de 10 a 14 años. Fueron reclutados 3.088 escolares. Se evaluó el peso, estatura, se calculó la SC por la fórmula de Dobois y Dubois, el IMC y el ITP. Resultados: En ambos sexos el poder de determinación entre SC con EC, EM, peso y estatura fueron altos (hombres: r2= 0,31 a 0,89% y mujeres: r2= 0,36 a 0,94%). En los hombres, las relaciones entre IMC con EC, EM, y estatura fueron nulas (r2= 0.01 a 0.05%), excepto con el peso (r2= 0.70%), mientras que, en las mujeres, las relaciones fueron bajas con la EC, EM y estatura (r2= 0,11 a 0,24%), excepto en el peso (r2=0,805). Con el ITP, las relaciones con la EC, EM y estatura fueron nulas en ambos sexos (hombres: r2= 0,02 a 0,03% y mujeres: r2= 0,00 a 0,07%), excepto con el peso, donde explica r2= 0,33% en hombres y 0,48% en mujeres. No hubo diferencias cuando se comparó entre hombres y mujeres por EC (11, 12 y 13 años), excepto a los 10 y 14 años. Conclusión: Se verificó que la SC se correlacionó significativamente con la EC, EM, peso y estatura en relación al IMC e IP. Estos resultados sugieren que la SC podría ser un mejor indicador para evaluar y monitorizar el tamaño corporal en adolescentes que viven a elevada altitud.(AU)

Introduction: Anthropometric indices are used to assessgeneral health status, nutritional adequacy and physicalgrowth pattern. Objective: To verify the ability to adequately estimatebody size by body surface area (BS), body mass index (BMI) and tri-ponderal index (TPI) by chronological age (CE) andmaturity status (MS) in adolescents living at high altitude inPeru. Methods: A descriptive (correlational) study was carriedout in adolescents aged 10 to 14 years. A total of 3,088schoolchildren were recruited. Weight, height, BF, BMI andITP were evaluated and calculated by the Dobois and Duboisformula. Results: In both sexes the power of determination betweenCS with CE, MS, weight and height were high (males: r2=0.31 to 0.89% and females: r2= 0.36 to 0.94%). In men, therelationships between BMI with CD, MS, and height were null(r2= 0.01 to 0.05%), except with weight (r2= 0.70%),whereas, in women, the relationships were low with CD, MS,and height (r2= 0.11 to 0.24%), except for weight(r2=0.805). With ITP, the relationships with CD, MS andheight were null in both sexes (men: r2= 0.02 to 0.03% andwomen: r2= 0.00 to 0.07%), except with weight, where it ex-plains r2= 0.33% in men and 0.48% in women. There wereno differences when comparing males and females by CE (11,12 and 13 years), except at 10 and 14 years. Conclusion: It was verified that CS was significantly cor-related with CD, MS, weight and height in relation to BMI andPI. These results suggest that CS could be a better indicatorto assess and monitor body size in adolescents living at highaltitude.(AU)

Guía para la instalación y funcionamiento de salas de lactancia materna en centros de trabajo / Guide for the installation and operation of breastfeeding rooms in workplaces

Proporcionar las disposiciones técnicas para la instalación y funcionamiento de salas de lactancia materna en centros de trabajo, con la finalidad de acompañar, apoyar e informar a las madres para mantener el proceso de lactancia exclusiva y complementaria, contribuyendo así al crecimiento optimo y desarrollo saludable de la niñez salvadoreña

Provide the technical provisions for the installation and operation of breastfeeding rooms in workplaces, in order to accompany, support and inform mothers to maintain the exclusive and complementary breastfeeding process, thus contributing to the optimal growth and healthy development of Salvadoran childhood

Desarrollo físico y neuropsicológico de pacientes diagnosticados con hipotiroidismo congénito en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio entre los años 2001 y 2017 / Neuropsychological and physical development of patients diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism at the San Ignacio University Hospital between 2001 and 2017

Introducción. El hipotiroidismo congénito es la principal causa de discapacidad cognitiva prevenible en el mundo. Para detectarlo se han desarrollado programas de tamización, con el fin de disminuir las secuelas neurológicas asociadas. El seguimiento y las evaluaciones a mediano y largo plazo de estos pacientes son fundamentales. Objetivo. Describir las características demográficas, el tratamiento y el seguimiento de los pacientes con diagnóstico de hipotiroidismo congénito en el marco del programa de tamización del Hospital Universitario de San Ignacio en Bogotá, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio observacional de corte transversal. La población de estudio fueron los pacientes con diagnóstico de hipotiroidismo congénito en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio entre el 2001 y el 2017. Resultados. Se contactó a 14 de los 19 pacientes con diagnóstico de hipotiroidismo congénito en el programa de tamizaje del Hospital. Los 14 niños estaban escolarizados, y la mayoría tenía el peso y la talla adecuados, aunque hubo talla baja en dos de ellos. El diagnóstico etiológico más frecuente fue hipoplasia tiroidea. Todos empezaron su tratamiento y el seguimiento oportunamente. La alteración más frecuente en las pruebas neuropsicológicas se registró en la memoria. El nivel de educación materno podría estar relacionado con el resultado anormal en el dominio del lenguaje. Conclusión. En el presente estudio, las alteraciones en las pruebas de memoria fueron las más prevalentes; sin embargo, dado el diseño y el tipo de estudio, se requieren más investigaciones que permitan establecer asociaciones. El crecimiento y el desarrollo puberal presentaron una frecuencia baja de alteraciones.

Introduction: Congenital hypothyroidism is the leading cause of preventable cognitive disability in the world. Therefore, screening programs have been developed in order to reduce the neurological sequelae associated with this pathology. Objective: To describe the demographic characteristics, the treatment, and the follow-up of patients diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism in the screening program at the San Ignacio University Hospital in Bogotá, Colombia. Materials and methods: We conducted an observational cross-sectional study. The study population was patients diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism at the Hospital between 2001 and 2017. Results: Fourteen of the 19 patients diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism in the hospital screening program were contacted. All of the patients had schooling, most of them had adequate weight and height, and two had short stature. In most of them, the etiological diagnosis was thyroid hypoplasia, and all began the treatment and follow-up in an adequate way. The most frequent alteration in the neuropsychological tests was in the memory domain and the level of maternal education could be related to an abnormal result in the domain of language. Conclusion: In our study, alterations in the memory tests were the most prevalent; however, due to the design and type of study, more research is required to establish associations. A low frequency of abnormal growth and puberty was found.