Stability of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Rosehip Juice (Rosa spp.).

Rosehip fruits, characterized by their high concentrations of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity (AA), have been traditionally used to make jams, infusions, and juices. Thus, the objective of this research was to evaluate the stability of rosehip juice by determining the concentrations of bioactive compounds and total phenols and the AA using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. The stability of the juice was evaluated with three treatments and different storage conditions, namely, unpasteurized-refrigerated, pasteurized-room temperature, and pasteurized-refrigerated, and measurements were taken for eight months. Individual and total phenolic compounds, evaluated by chromatographic methods, reported differences until the end of this study. The total phenolic compounds by Folin-Ciocalteu method presented an average decrease of 57% in the three treatments in relation to the initial conditions. On the other hand, the ascorbic acid content decreased considerably, disappearing at week six. Furthermore, for the unpasteurized-refrigerated and pasteurized-refrigerated samples, a correlation was found between flavonols, total phenols, ascorbic acid, and antioxidant activity determined by the TEAC method. For the pasteurized-room temperature samples, correlations were found between the levels of several flavonols, hydroxycinnamic acid, total phenols, and ascorbic acid and the antioxidant activity determined by the CUPRAC method. The stability of the compounds was mainly correlated with the storage conditions of the juice and not with pasteurization. The highest stability was observed for the unpasteurized-refrigerated and pasteurized-refrigerated samples. Although the concentrations of the compounds evaluated decreased during this study, significant levels of AA persisted, providing beneficial characteristics for consumer health.

Synthesis and Isolation of Phenol- and Thiol-Derived Epicatechin Adducts Prepared from Avocado Peel Procyanidins Using Centrifugal Partition Chromatography and the Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity.

Polyphenols from agro-food waste represent a valuable source of bioactive molecules that can be recovered to be used for their functional properties. Another option is to use them as starting material to generate molecules with new and better properties through semi-synthesis. A proanthocyanidin-rich (PACs) extract from avocado peels was used to prepare several semi-synthetic derivatives of epicatechin by acid cleavage in the presence of phenol and thiol nucleophiles. The adducts formed by this reaction were successfully purified using one-step centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) and identified by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. The nine derivatives showed a concentration-dependent free radical scavenging activity in the DPPH assay. All compounds were also tested against a panel of pathogenic bacterial strains formed by Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 7644 and 19115), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 9144), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11775 and 25922), and Salmonella enterica (ATCC 13076). In addition, adducts were tested against two no-pathogenic strains, Limosilactobacillus fermentum UCO-979C and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus UCO-25A. Overall, thiol-derived adducts displayed antimicrobial properties and, in some specific cases, inhibited biofilm formation, particularly in Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 7644). Interestingly, phenolic adducts were inactive against all the strains and could not inhibit its biofilm formation. Moreover, depending on the structure, in specific cases, biofilm formation was strongly promoted. These findings contribute to demonstrating that CPC is a powerful tool to isolate new semi-synthetic molecules using avocado peels as starting material for PACc extraction. These compounds represent new lead molecules with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.

Bisphenol A released and ultrastructural changes in dental composite resins

Dental composite resins may release bisphenol-A or similar molecules affecting patient health and the environment. This study measured bisphenol-A release from three commonly used in patients composite resins (Filtek™ Z350 XT, Filtek™ P60, Filtek™ Bulk Fill) immersed in three liquid mediums (artificial saliva, 0.001 M lactic acid and 15% ethanol) and assessed the changes in the surface micromorphology.The released BPA was measured by HPLC at basal time (t=0), 1 h, 1 d, 7 d and 30 d. Topographic analysis of specimens was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc test (P < 0.05). BPA in solution increased significantly in the three DCRs immersed in 0.001 M lactic acid at all times. SEM micrographs of the specimen in 0.001 M lactic acid disclosed more structural defects than others. The surface of the three composite resins was morphologically affected by their immersion in all solutions. SEM evidenced that the dental materials underwent erosion and cracks with filler particles protruding from the surface. The morphological changes in tested dental materials produced by exposure to these solutions are potentially dangerous to patients by causing caries, infections, and partial loss of dental material.

Cambios en Mecánica Respiratoria en Usuarios Pediátricos en Ventilación Mecánica Post Cirugía de Cardiopatía Congénita Sometidos a Kinesiología Respiratoria versus Succión Endotraqueal. Revisión Estructurada / Changes in Respiratory Mechanics in Pediatric Users on Mechanical Ventilation Post Congenital Heart Disease Surgery Undergoing Respiratory Kinesiology versus Endotracheal Suction. Structured Review

Introducción. Las cardiopatías congénitas (CC) en Chile corresponden a la segunda causa de muerte en menores de 1 año, requiriendo cirugías paliativas y/o correctivas el 65% de estas. En el post operatorio frecuentemente se utiliza ventilación mecánica invasiva (VM) y succión endotraqueal (SET) para remover secreciones. Sin embargo, la kinesiología respiratoria (KTR) ha mostrado mejoras significativas en la distensibilidad toracopulmonar (Cest) y resistencia de vía aérea (Rva) en otros grupos de usuarios pediátricos y adultos en VM. Objetivo. Comparar los cambios en la Cest y Rva en usuarios pediátricos en VM post cirugía de cardiopatía congénita (CCC) sometidos a KTR versus SET exclusiva. Métodos. Revisión sistemática de estudios publicados en bases de datos PUBMED, PeDro, Scielo y Google Scholar que comparan el uso de KTR ó SET sobre los cambios en mecánica ventilatoria en usuarios pediátricos en VM post cirugía de cardiopatía congénita, limitados a inglés, español y portugués, excluyendo a sujetos con traqueostomía o con oxigenación por membrana extracorpórea. Se utilizó guía PRISMA para la selección de artículos. Se revisaron 397 artículos y se seleccionó 1 artículo extra de los artículos sugeridos. Se eliminó 1 artículo por duplicidad. Por títulos y resúmenes se seleccionaron 2 artículos, los cuales al leer el texto completo fueron retirados debido a que la población no correspondía a cardiópatas. Resultados. El final de artículos seleccionados fue de 0 artículos, debido a lo cual se removió el operador Booleano "NOT", y se removió la población de cardiopatías. De este modo quedaron 2 artículos seleccionados para la revisión cualitativa final donde se compara KTR versus SET, y KTR en kinesiólogos especialistas y no especialistas, mostrando ambos aumento en la Cest y disminución de la Rva a favor de la KTR, hasta los 30 minutos post intervención. Conclusiones. No se encontraron artículos que demuestren cambios en Cest y Rva con el uso de KTR + SET versus SET exclusiva, en usuarios pediátricos ventilados posterior a CCC. Con la remoción de filtros seleccionamos 2 artículos que demuestran aumento de Cest y disminución de Rva en sujetos pediátricos en VM, uno comparando con SET, y por grupos de especialistas y no especialistas en respiratorio. Se sugieren estudios primarios para evaluar los efectos de esta intervención en esta población.

Introduction. Congenital heart diseases (CHD) are the second general cause for children death under 1 year. In Chile, approximately 65% CHD need surgery, could was palliative or corrective. In the postoperative period, invasive mechanical ventilation (MV) is frequently used as a life support method, but it is associated with complications. Tracheal suction (SET) is regularly used to remove secretions; however, respiratory chest physiotherapy (KTR) has shown significant improvements in thoraco-pulmonary compliance and airway resistance in other groups of pediatrics and adult's users in MV. Objetive. to compare changes in thoraco-pulmonary compliance and airway resistance in pediatric subjects under mechanical ventilation after congenital heart disease surgery comparing chest physiotherapy and exclusive tracheal suction. Methods. systematic review of studies published in PUBMED, PeDro, Scielo and Google Scholar databases who compares KTR or SET use on changes in ventilatory mechanics in pediatric users under MV after congenital heart disease surgery, limited to English, Spanish and Portuguese languages, excluding user with tracheostomy or extracorporeal membrane of oxygenation. It was use the PRISMA guide to articles selection. A search was carried out, with a total of 397 articles reviewed (English: PubMed = 3, PeDro = 8, Scholar = 383; Spanish: Scholar = 3, Scielo = 0; and Portuguese: Scielo = 0). One extra article was selected from the suggested articles, and 1 article was eliminated due to duplication. By titles and abstracts, 2 articles were selected, but the population did not correspond to heart disease. Results. the final selected articles were 0 articles. By this reason, it were removed: Boolean operator "NOT", and congenital heart disease population. Thus, 2 articles were selected for the final qualitative review where it was compares KTR versus SET, and KTR by specialist and non-specialist. Both articles shown improvement in compliance and resistance until 30 minutes post intervention. The CC population was in a 40 to 60% range in both studies. Conclusions. it was no found articles that demonstrate changes in compliance and resistance in the airway with the use of KTR + SET versus exclusive SET in pediatric users after CCC connected to MV. After filter remotion, we found 2 studies shown improves in increase compliance and reduce resistance in pediatric user in MV, ones comparing with SET, and the other one comparing between specialists in respiratory pediatric physiotherapy and not specialists. It suggests to made primary clinical studies about this intervention in CC population.

The Roles of Protocols and Protocolization in Improving Outcome From Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Our Phase-I parallel-cohort study suggested that managing severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) in the absence of intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring using an ad hoc Imaging and Clinical Examination (ICE) treatment protocol was associated with superior outcome vs nonprotocolized management but could not differentiate the influence of protocolization from that of the specific protocol. Phase II investigates whether adopting the Consensus REVised Imaging and Clinical Examination (CREVICE) protocol improved outcome directly or indirectly via protocolization. METHODS: We performed a Phase-II sequential parallel-cohort study examining adoption of the CREVICE protocol from no protocol vs a previous protocol in patients with sTBI older than 13 years presenting ≤24 hours after injury. Primary outcome was prespecified 6-month recovery. The study was done mostly at public South American centers managing sTBI without ICP monitoring. Fourteen Phase-I nonprotocol centers and 5 Phase-I protocol centers adopted CREVICE. Data were analyzed using generalized estimating equation regression adjusting for demographic imbalances. RESULTS: A total of 501 patients (86% male, mean age 35.4 years) enrolled; 81% had 6 months of follow-up. Adopting CREVICE from no protocol was associated with significantly superior results for overall 6-month extended Glasgow Outcome Score (GOSE) (protocol effect = 0.53 [0.11, 0.95], P = .013), mortality (36% vs 21%, HR = 0.59 [0.46, 0.76], P < .001), and orientation (Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test discharge protocol effect = 10.9 [6.0, 15.8], P < .001, 6-month protocol effect = 11.4 [4.1, 18.6], P < .005). Adopting CREVICE from ICE was associated with significant benefits to GOSE (protocol effect = 0.51 [0.04, 0.98], P = .033), 6-month mortality (25% vs 18%, HR = 0.55 [0.39, 0.77], P < .001), and orientation (Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test 6-month protocol effect = 9.2 [3.6, 14.7], P = .004). Comparing both groups using CREVICE, those who had used ICE previously had significantly better GOSE (protocol effect = 1.15 [0.09, 2.20], P = .033). CONCLUSION: Centers managing adult sTBI without ICP monitoring should strongly consider protocolization through adopting/adapting the CREVICE protocol. Protocolization is indirectly supported at sTBI centers regardless of resource availability.

A Simple Validated Method for the Estimation of Pepsin Activity in Microtiter Array for the INFOGEST Protocol.

The INFOGEST protocol has been widely used as a static in-vitro simulation of gastrointestinal food digestion for bioaccessibility assessments on bioactive compounds. The standardization of the activity of several enzymes, such as pepsin, via UV-spectrophotometry of digested hemoglobin at 280 nm is a key step in the protocol. Standardization is a crucial stage since it is necessary to determine the quantity of enzyme to be added to the sample for digestion. However, this method is yet to be analytically validated; it requires quartz cuvettes and large volumes of samples and is time-consuming. Thus, we reviewed and adapted a well-known colorimetric method in microplates array by using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and this study is the first to report for miniaturization of this method, the advantages of which include its automation, ease of use, the low volume of samples required, the minimal use of reagents, and speed. This method was compared to the traditional UV method, and the comparison results show no statistical difference between the inter day means for each group (p > 0.05). The proposed method was validated, showing high reproducibility (8% as inter-day CV) and statistically comparable results with the traditional UV spectrophotometric method.

The Impact of 2-Ketones Released from Solid Lipid Nanoparticles on Growth Modulation and Antioxidant System of Lactuca sativa.

2-Ketones are signal molecules reported as plant growth stimulators, but their applications in vegetables have yet to be achieved. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) emerge as a relevant nanocarrier to develop formulations for the controlled release of 2-ketones. In this sense, seedlings of Lactuca sativa exposed to 125, 375, and 500 µL L-1 of encapsulated 2-nonanone and 2-tridecanone into SLNs were evaluated under controlled conditions. SLNs evidenced a spherical shape with a size of 230 nm. A controlled release of encapsulated doses of 2-nonanone and 2-tridecanone was observed, where a greater release was observed as the encapsulated dose of the compound increased. Root development was strongly stimulated mainly by 2-tridecanone and leaf area (25-32%) by 2-nonanone. Chlorophyll content increased by 15.8% with exposure to 500 µL L-1 of 2-nonanone, and carotenoid concentration was maintained with 2-nonanone. Antioxidant capacity decreased (13-62.7%) in L. sativa treated with 2-ketones, but the total phenol concentration strongly increased in seedlings exposed to some doses of 2-ketones. 2-Tridecanone strongly modulates the enzymatic activities associated with the scavenging of H2O2 at intra- and extracellular levels. In conclusion, 2-ketones released from SLNs modulated the growth and the antioxidant system of L. sativa, depending on the dose released.

Stability of Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant Activity and Color Parameters in Colored-Flesh Potato Chips.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) chips are the most consumed snacks worldwide today. Colored potato chips prepared from potato cultivars with red and purple flesh are a novel alternative to traditional potato chips because of their higher phenolic compound content, such as anthocyanins and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (HCADs), which might make these chips healthier compared with traditional chips. There is little information on the stability of these compounds. In this study, the nutritional value of these chips was evaluated by determining phenolic profiles, antioxidant activity and color parameters with liquid chromatography diode array and mass spectrometry detection (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS) and spectrophotometric methods during storage for four months. Five anthocyanins and three HCADs were detected, with the latter compounds being the most abundant, with concentrations on average between the first (97.82 mg kg-1) and the last (31.44 mg kg-1) week of storage. Similar trends were observed in antioxidant activity and stability, with the CUPRAC method showing the highest response among all the methods employed. The color indices were stable throughout the storage time. Based on these results, colored-flesh potato chips are an optimal alternative for consumption because of their high retention of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity during storage, providing potential benefits to human health.

Berberis microphylla G. Forst Intake Reduces the Cardiovascular Disease Plasmatic Markers Associated with a High-Fat Diet in a Mice Model.

Polyphenols are bioactive substances that participate in the prevention of chronic illnesses. High content has been described in Berberis microphylla G. Forst (calafate), a wild berry extensively distributed in Chilean-Argentine Patagonia. We evaluated its beneficial effect through the study of mouse plasma metabolome changes after chronic consumption of this fruit. Characterized calafate extract was administered in water, for four months, to a group of mice fed with a high-fat diet and compared with a control diet. Metabolome changes were studied using UHPLC-DAD-QTOF-based untargeted metabolomics. The study was complemented by the analysis of protein biomarkers determined using Luminex technology, and quantification of OH radicals by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Thirteen features were identified with a maximum annotation level-A, revealing an increase in succinic acid, activation of tricarboxylic acid and reduction of carnitine accumulation. Changes in plasma biomarkers were related to inflammation and cardiovascular disease, with changes in thrombomodulin (-24%), adiponectin (+68%), sE-selectin (-34%), sICAM-1 (-24%) and proMMP-9 (-31%) levels. The production of OH radicals in plasma was reduced after calafate intake (-17%), especially for the group fed with a high-fat diet. These changes could be associated with protection against atherosclerosis due to calafate consumption, which is discussed from a holistic and integrative point of view.

Testing the Impact of Protocolized Care of Patients With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Without Intracranial Pressure Monitoring: The Imaging and Clinical Examination Protocol.

BACKGROUND: Most patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) in low- or-middle-income countries and surprisingly many in high-income countries are managed without intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. The impact of the first published protocol (Imaging and Clinical Examination [ICE] protocol) is untested against nonprotocol management. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether patients treated in intensive care units (ICUs) using the ICE protocol have lower mortality and better neurobehavioral functioning than those treated in ICUs using no protocol. METHODS: This study involved nineteen mostly public South American hospitals. This is a prospective cohort study, enrolling patients older than 13 years with sTBI presenting within 24 h of injury (January 2014-July 2015) with 6-mo postinjury follow-up. Five hospitals treated all sTBI cases using the ICE protocol; 14 used no protocol. Primary outcome was prespecified composite of mortality, orientation, functional outcome, and neuropsychological measures. RESULTS: A total of 414 patients (89% male, mean age 34.8 years) enrolled; 81% had 6 months of follow-up. All participants included in composite outcome analysis: average percentile (SD) = 46.8 (24.0) nonprotocol, 56.9 (24.5) protocol. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) used to account for center effects (confounder-adjusted difference [95% CI] = 12.2 [4.6, 19.8], P = .002). Kaplan-Meier 6-month mortality (95% CI) = 36% (30%, 43%) nonprotocol, 25% (19%, 31%) protocol (GEE and confounder-adjusted hazard ratio [95% CI] = .69 [.43, 1.10], P = .118). Six-month Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale for 332 participants: average Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale score (SD) = 3.6 (2.6) nonprotocol, 4.7 (2.8) protocol (GEE and confounder-adjusted and lost to follow-up-adjusted difference [95% CI] = 1.36 [.55, 2.17], P = .001). CONCLUSION: ICUs managing patients with sTBI using the ICE protocol had better functional outcome than those not using a protocol. ICUs treating patients with sTBI without ICP monitoring should consider protocolization. The ICE protocol, tested here and previously, is 1 option.

B-value variations in the Central Chile seismic gap assessed by a Bayesian transdimensional approach.

The b-value can be used to characterize the seismic activity for a given earthquake catalog and provide information on the stress level accumulated at active faults. Here we develop an algorithm to objectively estimate variations of b-value along one arbitrary dimension. To this end, we employ a Bayesian transdimensional approach where the seismic domains will be self-defined according to information in the seismic catalog. This makes it unnecessary to prescribe the location and extent of domains, as it is commonly done. We first show the algorithm's robustness by performing regressions from synthetic catalogs, recovering the target models with great accuracy. We also apply the algorithm to a microseismicity catalog for the Central Chile region. This segment is considered a seismic gap where the last major earthquake with shallow slip was in 1730. Our results illuminate the downdip limit of the seismogenic zone and the transition to intraslab seismicity. In the along-strike direction, low b-value coincides with the extent of locked asperities, suggesting a high-stress loading at the Central Chile seismic gap. Our results indicate the reliability of the Bayesian transdimensional method for capturing robust b-value variations, allowing us to characterize the mechanical behavior on the plate interface of subduction zones.

Metabolic profile and antioxidant capacity of five Berberis leaves species: A comprehensive study to determine their potential as natural food or ingredient.

A comprehensive study of bioactive compounds was carried out in the leaves of the main Berberis species growing in Chile (Berberis microphylla, Berberis darwinii, Berberis empetrifolia, Berberis trigona, and the introduced Berberis vulgaris). We identified 117 compounds, by a detailed analysis of each molecule, including phenolic acids, alkaloids, flavonols, and other compounds, using high-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Quantitative analysis of main compound was also included for all species. Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives were the main compounds in all the studied leaves, with the highest concentration in Berberis microphylla. Quercetin derivatives were the most relevant flavonols in all species, except in Berberis vulgaris, in which isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside was the most concentrated. The fatty acid profile, determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry revealed the presence of linoleic and linolenic acids in all species studied. Berberis vulgaris showed higher levels of these fatty acids. The antioxidant capacity, explored by three in vitro methods, showed high values for all studied Berberis species. The obtained levels are higher than those of other prominent foods. The findings will inform novel approaches for the valorization of these leaves as natural food or ingredient.

Drugs of abuse in tap water from eight European countries: Determination by use of supramolecular solvents and tentative evaluation of risks to human health.

Recent research findings have confirmed the presence of illicit drugs in tap water from some European Union (UE) member states. Contaminants in tap water come directly from drinking water sources such as rivers or lakes owing to inefficient removal at wastewater treatment and water purification plants. This work was aimed at setting a starting point for assessing the health risks of exposure to twelve drugs of abuse through consumption of tap water in the European population. For this purpose, a method using supramolecular solvents (SUPRAS) was developed to extract drugs in the opioid, amphetamine, cocaine and cannabinoid groups from tap water for their determination by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). A total of 119 tap water samples were collected from eight EU countries for analysis. Seven drugs were found at concentrations from 0.3 to 340 ng/L in 72 of the samples (60.5%). The mean exposure to the drugs through consumption of tap water was calculated to be 0.0064-3.531 ng/kg·day for adults and 0.0247-6.7580 ng/kg·day for children, whereas that resulting from dermal contact was estimated to be 4-7 orders of magnitude lower. Exposure values were compared with the minimum required performance levels (MRPL) for the drugs in urine set by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Based on the results, a need clearly exists for further research into the adverse effects on health of inadvertent, sustained exposure to low doses of drugs of abuse.

Follow-up of gallbladder polyps in a high-risk population of gallbladder cancer: a cohort study and multivariate survival competing risk analysis.

BACKGROUND: The risk of neoplasia in gallbladder polyps seems to be low, but the evidence from populations at high-risk of gallbladder cancer is limited. We aimed to estimate the risk and to identify the factors associated with neoplastic polyps in a high-risk Hispanic population. METHODS: A retrospective cohort was recruited between January 2010 and December 2019 at a Chilean university center. Multivariate survival analyses were conducted. Fine-Gray models were fitted to account for competing risks. Covariate adjustment was conducted using propensity scores. The main outcome was the development of gallbladder adenomas or adenocarcinoma. RESULTS: Overall, 748 patients were included, 59.6% underwent cholecystectomy. The median follow-up of patients not subjected to cholecystectomy was 54.7 months (12-128.6 months). Seventeen patients (2.27%) developed the outcome. After adjustment by age, sex, intralesional blood flow, lithiasis and gallbladder wall thickening, only polyp size (≥10 mm, adjusted-HR: 15.01, 95%CI: 5.4-48.2) and number of polyps (≥3 polyps, adjusted-HR: 0.11, 95%CI: 0.01-0.55) were associated with neoplasia. CONCLUSION: In a Hispanic population at high-risk for gallbladder cancer, gallbladder polyps seem to have a low risk of neoplasia. Polyp size was the main risk factor, while having multiple polyps was associated with an underlying benign condition.

La formación de estudiantes de enfermería en los espacios informales: potencialidades del trabajo autónomo / Nursing student's education in informal spaces: potentialities of autonomous work

Objetivo: Analizar la contribución del trabajo autónomo en los espacios informales a los procesos formativos en enfermería. Metodología: Estudio etnográfico particularista. Se realizaron 27 observaciones (4 horas cada una) con sus notas de campo, en los espacios informales de dos Facultades de Enfermería en Medellín, Colombia; y 20 entrevistas semiestructuradas a estudiantes de Enfermería. Mediante el método de las comparaciones constantes se identificaron los códigos y las categorías. Resultados: emergieron cuatro categorías. El trabajo autónomo individual: “identificar lo más importante”. “Estudiar juntos”: el trabajo autónomo en compañía de los compañeros. “Compartir experiencias”: posibilidades de formación. “Hacer varias cosas al tiempo”: caos y aprendizaje. Conclusión: Los procesos caóticos, las interacciones y el trabajo autónomo que los estudiantes de enfermería realizan en los espacios informales, contribuyen al desarrollo de habilidades comprensivas y experienciales para su formación profesional. (AU)

Objective: To analyse the contribution of autonomous work in informal spaces to educational processes in nursing. Methods: A particularistic ethnographic study was carried out. 27 observations were made with field notes in the informal spaces of two Nursing Schools in Medellín, Colombia; and 20 semi-structured interviews with nursing students. The codes and categories emerged using the method of constant comparisons. Results: Four categories were found. Individual autonomous work: “identifying what is most important”. “Studying together”: autonomous work in the company of peers. “Sharing experiences”: educational possibilities. “Do everything at the same time”: chaos and learning. Conclusions: The chaotic processes, interactions and autonomous work that nursing students carry out in informal spaces contribute to the development of comprehensive and experiential skills for their professional education. (AU)

Relación entre Índice de Masa Corporal con trastornos del sueño en adolescentes escolares / Relationship between Body Mass Index with sleep disorders in school adolescents

Fundamentos: El trastorno del sueño está relacionado con diferentes factores, entre los que destaca el índice de masa corporal (IMC). Un inadecuado y/o insuficiente sueño puede causar obesidad y desencadenar en la presencia de diversas enfermedades cardiometabólicas a edades tempranas. El objetivo del trabajo fue verificar la relación entre trastornos del sueño y el IMC de adolecentes de ambos sexos, y comparar los valores del trastorno del sueño y el IMC con los valores de referencia de Chile. Métodos: Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 119 adolescentes (69 hombres y 50 mujeres) con un rango de edad de 16 a 17 años. Se evaluó el peso, la estatura y se calculó el IMC. Se evaluaron los trastornos del sueño con una escala de autopercepción de 24 preguntas. Resultados: Hubo correlación positiva entre los trastornos del sueño con el IMC (hombres r= 0,13, p<0,05, y en mujeres r= 0,16, p<0,05). No hubo diferencias en el IMC con la referencia chilena, las variaciones fueronmínimas entre ambos sexos (entre 0,03 a 1,61kg/m2). En los trastornos del sueño, los adolescentes del estudio obtuvieron puntaciones significativamente más altas que la referencia chilena (oscilando entre 15,3 a 17,5 puntos). Conclusiones: Los trastornos del sueño parecen tener relación con el incremento del IMC y/o viceversa, esto podría desempeñar un papel importante para el desarrollo de obesidad entre los jóvenes. (AU)

Background: Sleep disorder is related to different factors such as body mass index. Inadequate and / or insufficient sleep can cause obesity and trigger the presence of various cardiometabolic diseases at an early age. To verify the relationship between sleep disorders with the BMI Body Mass Index of adolescents of both sexes, and to compare the BMI and sleep disorder values with the reference values for Chile. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional (correlational) study was conducted in 119 adolescents (69 men and 50 women) with an age range of 16 to 17 years. Weight, height, and BMI were calculated. Sleep disorderswere assessed with a self-perception scale of 24 questions. Results: There was a positive correlation between sleep disorders and BMI (men r= 0.13, p<0.05, and in women r= 0.16, p<0.05). There were no differences in BMI with the Chilean reference; variations wereminimal (between 0.03 to 1.61kg/m2 in both sexes). In sleep disorders, the adolescents in the study obtained significantly higher scores than the Chilean reference (ranging from 15.3 to 17.5 points). Conclusions: Sleep disorders seem to be related to the increase in BMI and / or vice versa, this could play an important role for the development of obesity among young people. (AU)

Noticeable Quantities of Functional Compounds and Antioxidant Activities Remain after Cooking of Colored Fleshed Potatoes Native from Southern Chile.

The effect of cooking on the concentrations of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities in 33 colored-fleshed potatoes genotypes was evaluated. The phenolic profiles, concentrations, and antioxidant activity were evaluated with a liquid chromatography diode array detector coupled to a mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization interface (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS). Eleven anthocyanins were detected; in the case of red-fleshed genotypes, these were mainly acyl-glycosides derivatives of pelargonidin, whereas, in purple-fleshed genotypes, acyl-glycosides derivatives of petunidin were the most important. In the case of the purple-fleshed genotypes, the most important compound was petunidin-3-coumaroylrutinoside-5-glucoside. Concentrations of total anthocyanins varied between 1.21 g kg-1 in fresh and 1.05 g kg-1 in cooked potato and the decreases due to cooking ranged between 3% and 59%. The genotypes that showed the highest levels of total phenols also presented the highest levels of antioxidant activity. These results are of relevance because they suggest anthocyanins are important contributors to the antioxidant activity of these potato genotypes, which is significant even after the drastic process of cooking.

Equipos de trauma: realidad mundial e implementación en un país en desarrollo. Descripción narrativa / Trauma teams: global reality and implementation in a developing country. Narrative description

Introducción. El trauma es una de las entidades con mayor morbimortalidad en el mundo. Los equipos especializados en la atención del paciente traumatizado son llamados «equipos de trauma¼. Dichos equipos surgieron de la necesidad de brindar tratamiento oportuno multidisciplinario a individuos con heridas que condicionan gran severidad en la guerra; sin embargo, con el paso del tiempo se trasladaron al ámbito civil, generando un impacto positivo en términos de tiempos de atención, mortalidad y morbilidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el proceso de desarrollo de los equipos de trauma a nivel mundial y la experiencia en nuestra institución en el suroccidente colombiano. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda en la base de datos PUBMED, que incluyó revisiones sistemáticas, metaanálisis, revisiones de Cochrane, ensayos clínicos y series de casos. Resultados. Se incluyeron 41 estudios para esta revisión narrativa, y se observó que el tiempo de permanencia en Emergencias, el tiempo de traslado a cirugía, la mortalidad y las complicaciones asociadas al trauma fueron menores cuando se implementan equipos de trauma. Discusión. El diseño de un sistema de atención y valoración horizontal de un paciente con traumatismos severos produce un impacto positivo en términos de tiempos de atención, mortalidad y morbilidad. Se hace necesario establecer los parámetros operativos necesarios en las instituciones de salud de alta y mediana complejidad en nuestro país para implementar dichos equipos de trabajo

Introduction. Trauma is one of the entities with the highest morbidity and mortality in the world. Teams specialized in trauma patient care are called «trauma teams¼. These teams arose from the need to provide timely multidisciplinary treatment to individuals with severe injuries in war; however, with time they moved to the civilian arena, generating a positive impact in terms of care times, mortality and morbidity. The objective of this study was to describe the process of development of trauma teams worldwide and the experience in our institution in southwestern Colombia. Methods. A search of the PUBMED database was carried out, which included systematic reviews, metaanalyses, Cochrane reviews, clinical trials, and case series.Results. Forty-one studies were included for this narrative review, and it was observed that the length of stay in the ER, the time of transfer to surgery, mortality and complications associated with trauma were lower when trauma teams are implemented. Discussion. The design of a horizontal care and assessment system for a patient with severe trauma produces a positive impact in terms of care times, mortality and morbidity. It is necessary to establish operational parameters in high and medium complexity health institutions in our country to implement such work teams

Berberis microphylla G. Forst (Calafate) Berry Extract Reduces Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation of Human LDL.

Calafate (Berberis microphylla G. Forst) is a Patagonian barberry very rich in phenolic compounds. Our aim was to demonstrate, through in vitro models, that a comprehensive characterized calafate extract has a protective role against oxidative processes associated to cardiovascular disease development. Fifty-three phenolic compounds (17 of them not previously reported in calafate), were tentatively identified by Ultra-Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detector, coupled to Quadrupole-Time of Fly Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-QTOF). Fatty acids profile and metals content were studied for the first time, by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Total X-ray Fluorescence (TXRF), respectively. Linolenic and linoleic acid, and Cu, Zn, and Mn were the main relevant compounds from these groups. The bioactivity of calafate extract associated to the cardiovascular protection was evaluated using Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) and human low density lipoproteins (LDL) to measure oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. The results showed that calafate extract reduced intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production (51%) and completely inhibited LDL oxidation and malondialdehyde (MDA) formation. These findings demonstrated the potential of the relevant mix of compounds found in calafate extract on lipoperoxidation and suggest a promising protective effect for reducing the incidence of cardiovascular disease.

Isolation of Three Lycorine Type Alkaloids from Rhodolirium speciosum (Herb.) Ravenna Using pH-Zone-Refinement Centrifugal Partition Chromatography and Their Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activities.

Preparative separation of three lycorine type alkaloids from Rhodolirum speciosum (Amaryllidaceae) was successfully carried out using pH-zone-refinement centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) using the solvent system methyl-tert-butyl ether/acetonitrile/water (4:1:5, v/v/v) in descending mode. Using this system, Alkaloid 1 (165.7 mg, 88.2%, purity), 2 (60.1 mg, 97.7% purity) and 3 (12.3 mg, 84.4% purity) were obtained in one step. For structure elucidation, the pure alkaloids were subjected to spectroscopy analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance experiments (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Alkaloids 1, 2, and 3 were identified as 1-O-acetyl-5,6-dehydrolycorine, 1-O-acetyl-lycorine, and 1,2-O-diacetyl-5,6-dehydrolycorine, respectively. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of these alkaloids was IC50 151.1 µg/mL, IC50 203.5 µg/mL, IC50 470.0 µg/mL, and IC50 17.1 µg/mL, respectively.