Differential manifestations of anhedonia in people with social anhedonia and subsyndromal depression.

Empirical findings suggested that anhedonia, a reduced capability to access pleasure and a core symptom in both schizophrenia and the major depressive disorder, can be present in people with high levels of social anhedonia and people with subsyndromal depression. Few studies have adopted a multidimensional framework to investigate anhedonia in these subclinical samples. We recruited 35 participants with high social anhedonia (SA), 53 participants with subsyndromal depression (SD), 20 participants with co-occurrence of both traits (CO), and 47 participants with low levels of both traits (CN) to complete a self-report questionnaire capturing the pleasure experience, and the Monetary Incentives Delay (MID) Task and the Social Incentives Delay (SID) Task capturing the motivation of reward. Results indicated that people with SA, SD and CO exhibited lower abstract anticipatory pleasure compared to CN. Moreover, people with SD and CO exhibited specific impairment in response to social incentives. Together, our findings characterized the multidimensional features of anhedonia performances of subclinical samples with SA, SD and CO, which may contribute to the formulation of early identification of at-risk groups.

Enhanced electrocatalytic activity in MOFs-derived 3D hollow NiCo-LDH nanocages decorated porous biochar for simultaneously ultra-sensitive electrochemical sensing of Cu2+ and Hg2.

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have attracted significant attention due to their compositional and structural flexibility. However, it is challenging but meaningful to design and fabricate hierarchical mixed-dimensional LDHs with synergistic effects to increase the electrical conductivity of LDHs and promote the intrinsic activity. Herein, 3D hollow NiCo-LDH nanocages decorated porous biochar (3D NiCo-LDH/PBC) has been synthesized by using ZIF-67 as precursor, which was utilized for constructing electrochemical sensing platform to realize simultaneous determination of Cu2+ and Hg2+. The 3D NiCo-LDH/PBC possessed the characteristics of hollow material and three-dimensional porous material, revealing a larger surface area, more exposed active sites, and faster electron transfer, which is beneficial to enhancing its electrochemical performance. Consequently, the developed sensor displayed good performance for simultaneously detecting Cu2+ and Hg2+ with ultra-low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.03 µg L-1 and 0.03 µg L-1, respectively. The proposed sensor also demonstrated excellent stability, repeatability and reproducibility. Furthermore, the sensor can be successfully used for the electrochemical analysis of Cu2+ and Hg2+ in lake water sample with satisfactory recovery, which is of great feasibility for practical application.

G-quadruplex-Based Artificial Transmembrane Channels Induce Cancer Cell Apoptosis by Perturbing Potassium Ion Homeostasis.

Transmembrane ion transport modality has received a widespread attention due to its apoptotic activation toward anticancer cell activities. In this study, G-quadruplex-based potassium-specific transmembrane channels have been developed to facilitate the intracellular K+ efflux, which perturbs the cellular ion homeostasis thereby inducing cancer cell apoptosis. Cholesterol-tag, a lipophilic anchor moiety, serves as a rudiment for the G-quadruplex immobilization onto the membrane, while G-quadruplex channel structure as a transport module permits ion binding and migration along the channels. A c-Myc sequence tagged with two-cholesterol is designed as a representative lipophilic G-quadruplex, which forms intramolecular parallel G-quadruplex with three stacks of G-quartets (Ch2-Para3). Fluorescence transport assay demonstrates Ch2-Para3 a high transport activity (EC50 = 10.9 × 10-6 m) and an ion selectivity (K+/Na+ selectivity ratio of 84). Ch2-Para3 mediated K+ efflux in cancer cells is revealed to purge cancer cells through K+ efflux-mediated cell apoptosis, which is confirmed by monitoring the changes in membrane potential of mitochondria, leakage of cytochrome c, reactive oxygen species yield, as well as activation of a family of caspases. The lipophilic G-quadruplex exhibits obvious antitumor activity in vivo without systemic toxicity. This study provides a functional scheme aimed at generating DNA-based selective artificial membrane channels for the purpose of regulating cellular processes and inducing cell apoptosis, which shows a great promising for anticancer therapy in the future.

Comparative analysis of complete chloroplast genomes of Synotis species (Asteraceae, Senecioneae) for identification and phylogenetic analysis.

BACKGROUND: The Synotis (C. B. Clarke) C. Jeffrey & Y. L. Chen is an ecologically important genus of the tribe Senecioneae, family Asteraceae. Because most species of the genus bear similar morphology, traditional morphological identification methods are very difficult to discriminate them. Therefore, it is essential to develop a reliable and effective identification method for Synotis species. In this study, the complete chloroplast (cp.) genomes of four Synotis species, S. cavaleriei (H.Lév.) C. Jeffrey & Y.L. Chen, S. duclouxii (Dunn) C. Jeffrey & Y.L. Chen, S. nagensium (C.B. Clarke) C. Jeffrey & Y.L. Chen and S. erythropappa (Bureau & Franch.) C. Jeffrey & Y. L. Chen had been sequenced using next-generation sequencing technology and reported here. RESULTS: These four cp. genomes exhibited a typical quadripartite structure and contained the large single-copy regions (LSC, 83,288 to 83,399 bp), the small single-copy regions (SSC, 18,262 to 18,287 bp), and the inverted repeat regions (IR, 24,837 to 24,842 bp). Each of the four cp. genomes encoded 134 genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 2 pseudogenes (ycf1 and rps19). The highly variable regions (trnC-GCA-petN, ccsA-psaC, trnE-UUC-rpoB, ycf1, ccsA and petN) may be used as potential molecular barcodes. The complete cp. genomes sequence of Synotis could be used as the potentially effective super-barcode to accurately identify Synotis species. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the four Synotis species were clustered into a monophyletic group, and they were closed to the Senecio, Crassocephalum and Dendrosenecio in tribe Senecioneae. CONCLUSIONS: This study will be useful for further species identification, evolution, genetic diversity and phylogenetic studies within this genus Synotis and the tribe Senecioneae.

Trends in HIV Prevalence, Sexual Behavior, and Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Willingness Among Transgender Women: An Analysis of Three Cross-Sectional Studies Conducted Mainly in Shenyang, China, 2014-2019.

Purpose: Although transgender women (TGW) bear the highest HIV burden worldwide, routine surveillance of this group is rare. We aimed to evaluate the trends in health characteristics of Chinese TGW. Methods: Three cross-sectional studies using snowball sampling were conducted in 2014, 2017, and 2019, primarily in Shenyang, China. A questionnaire and voluntary HIV testing were used to obtain information on background characteristics, sexual behaviors, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) willingness, and HIV status. Results: There were 220 respondents in 2014, 198 in 2017, and 247 in 2019 (average age 31.1±7.6 to 33.5±9.6 years). HIV prevalence significantly decreased from 29.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 25.3-38.4%) in 2014 to 19.4% (95% CI: 14.7-24.9%) in 2019 (p<0.05). The proportion of participants reporting condomless anal intercourse (CAI) with any partner fluctuated from 30.8% (95% CI: 25.1-36.1%) to 53.0% (95% CI: 45.8-60.1%). The proportion of participants willing to use PrEP decreased from 86.4% (95% CI: 81.1-90.6%) in 2014 to 62.8% (95% CI: 56.4-68.8%) in 2019. Factors significantly associated with HIV infection were CAI with any partner (multivariate odds ratio [ORm]: 3.58, 95% CI: 1.55-8.29 in 2017; ORm: 3.18, 95% CI: 1.56-6.46 in 2019) and PrEP willingness (ORm: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.12-0.58 in 2017). Conclusion: HIV prevalence and associated risk factors remain substantial among Chinese TGW. There is an urgent need to strengthen HIV surveillance in this population, and develop trans-friendly and effective interventions to minimize HIV prevalence and transmission.

Complete chloroplast genomes of two Ainsliaea species and the phylogenetic analysis in the tribe Pertyeae.

The genus Ainsliaea DC. is one of the major groups within the tribe Pertyeae (Asteraceae). It comprises several important Chinese medicinal species. However, the phylogenetic position has undergone a long process of exploration. The complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequences data has not been employed in species identification and phylogeny of Ainsliaea. In this study, the complete cp genomes of two Ainsliaea species (A. gracilis and A. henryi) were reported, followed by structural, comparative, and phylogenetic analyses within the tribe Peryteae. Both cp genomes displayed a typical quadripartite circular structure, with the LSC and SSC regions separated by the IR regions. The genomes were 152,959 (A. gracilis) and 152,805 (A. henryi) base pairs (bp) long, with a GC content of 37.6%. They were highly conserved, containing 134 genes, including 87 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 2 pseudogenes (rps19 and ycf1). Moreover, thirteen highly polymorphic regions (e.g., trnK-UUU, trnG-UCC, trnT-GGU, accD-psaI, and rpl22-rps19) were identified, indicating their potential as DNA barcodes. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed the placement of Ainsliaea in the tribe Pertyeae, revealing close relationships with the genera Myripnois and Pertya. In comparison with Ainsliaea, Myripnois was more closely related to Pertya. This study lays a theoretical foundation for future research on species identification, population genetics, resource conservation, and sustainable utilization within Ainsliaea and Pertyeae.

Effects of yeast culture on growth performance, immune function, antioxidant capacity and hormonal profile in Mongolian ram lambs.

Introduction: As effective growth-promoters and immune-modulators, yeast fermented products have shown positive effects in ruminants. To explore the mechanisms of yeast culture promoting growth and regulating immunity, this study investigated the effects of yeast culture, and ß-glucan as one of its main active ingredients, on the growth performance, immune function, antioxidant capacity and hormonal profile in Mongolian ram lambs. Methods: One hundred and five Mongolian ram lambs were randomly assigned to 3 groups, with 35 replicates in each group. The dietary treatments were: total mixed ration (TMR) as the control group, TMR supplemented with 50-70 g/kg yeast culture (YC) or 75 mg/kg ß-glucan. The test period was 137 days. All the sheep were weighed and 6 serum samples were collected in each group on days 0, 30, 60, 90 and 130, respectively. Results: The results showed that both YC and ß-glucan could promote the growth performance with increased average daily gain and decreased feed to weight gain ratio. Moreover, these two feed additives facilitated the immune function by selectively increasing the serum levels of lysozyme, IgG, IgM, INF-γ, TNF-α and some interleukins (IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-8); ameliorated the antioxidant capacity with higher total antioxidant capacity and enzyme activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase; altered the metabolism-associated hormone levels with higher growth hormone and thyroid hormone T3 but lower cortisol and insulin. Discussion: In conclusion, both YC and ß-glucan could improve the growth performance, immune function and antioxidant capacity, and regulate the serum levels of metabolism-associated hormones, thus exerting effects of promoting growth and improving immune function. Therefore, YC could be considered as a suitable potential alternative strategy to antibiotics and be used as an animal feed additive. This article provides a theoretical basis for the clinical application of such yeast fermented preparations in mutton sheep husbandry.

Supported IrO2 Nanocatalyst with Multilayered Structure for Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis.

The design of a low-iridium-loading anode catalyst layer with high activity and durability is a key challenge for a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE). Here, the synthesis of a novel supported IrO2 nanocatalyst with a tri-layered structure, dubbed IrO2@TaOx@TaB that is composed of ultrasmall IrO2 nanoparticles anchored on amorphous TaOx overlayer of TaB nanorods is reported. The composite electrocatalyst shows great activity and stability toward the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acid, thanks to its dual-interface structural feature. The electronic interaction in IrO2/TaOx interface can regulate the coverage of surface hydroxyl groups, the Ir3+/ Ir4+ ratio, and the redox peak potential of IrO2 for enhancing OER activity, while the dense TaOx overlayer can prevent further oxidation of TaB substrate and stabilize the IrO2 catalytic layers for improving structural stability during OER. The IrO2@TaOx@TaB can be used to fabricate an anode catalyst layer of PEMWE with an iridium-loading as low as 0.26 mg cm-2. The low-iridium-loading PEMWE delivers high current densities at low cell voltages (e.g., 3.9 A cm-2@2.0 V), and gives excellent activity retention for more than 1500 h at 2.0 A cm-2 current density.

Molecular Responses of Anti-VEGF Therapy in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Integrative Insights From Multi-Omics and Clinical Imaging.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) efficacy and response variability in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) using longitudinal proteomic and metabolomic analysis alongside three-dimensional lesion measurements. Methods: In this prospective study, 54 treatment-naive patients with nAMD underwent "3+ pro re nata" (3+PRN) anti-VEGF regimens followed for at least 12 weeks. Aqueous humors were collected pre- and post-treatment for proteomic and metabolomic analysis. Three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography assessed different types of nAMD lesion volumes and areas. Results: There were 1350 proteins and 1268 metabolites that were identified in aqueous humors, with 301 proteins and 353 metabolites significantly altered during anti-VEGF treatment, enriched in pathways of angiogenesis, energy metabolism, signal transduction, and neurofunctional regulation. Sixty-seven changes of (Δ) molecules significantly correlated with at least one type of ΔnAMD lesion. Notably, proteins FGA, TALDO1, and ASPH significantly decreased during treatment, with their reductions correlating with greater lesion regression in at least two lesion types. Conversely, despite that YIPF3 also showed significant downregulation, its decrease was associated with poorer regression in total nAMD lesion and subretinal hyper-reflective material. Conclusions: This study identifies FGA, TALDO1, and ASPH as potential key molecules in the efficacy of anti-VEGF therapy, whereas YIPF3 may be a key factor in poor response. The integration of longitudinal three-dimensional lesion analysis with multi-omics provides valuable insights into the mechanisms and response variability of anti-VEGF treatment in nAMD.

A Survey of Autonomous Vehicle Behaviors: Trajectory Planning Algorithms, Sensed Collision Risks, and User Expectations.

Autonomous vehicles are rapidly advancing and have the potential to revolutionize transportation in the future. This paper primarily focuses on vehicle motion trajectory planning algorithms, examining the methods for estimating collision risks based on sensed environmental information and approaches for achieving user-aligned trajectory planning results. It investigates the different categories of planning algorithms within the scope of local trajectory planning applications for autonomous driving, discussing and differentiating their properties in detail through a review of the recent studies. The risk estimation methods are classified and introduced based on their descriptions of the sensed collision risks in traffic environments and their integration with trajectory planning algorithms. Additionally, various user experience-oriented methods, which utilize human data to enhance the trajectory planning performance and generate human-like trajectories, are explored. The paper provides comparative analyses of these algorithms and methods from different perspectives, revealing the interconnections between these topics. The current challenges and future prospects of the trajectory planning tasks in autonomous vehicles are also discussed.

An Experimental Study of the Acoustic Signal Characteristics of Locked-Segment Damage Evolution in a Landslide Model.

Three-section landslides are renowned for their immense size, concealed development process, and devastating impact. This study conducted physical model tests to simulate one special geological structure called a three-section-within landslide. The failure process and precursory characteristics of the tested samples were meticulously analyzed using video imagery, micro-seismic (MS) signals, and acoustic emission (AE) signals, with a focus on event activity, intensity, and frequency. A novel classification method based on AE waveform characteristics was proposed, categorizing AE signals into burst signals and continuous signals. The findings reveal distinct differences in the evolution of these signals. Burst signals appeared exclusively during the crack propagation and failure stages. During these stages, the cumulative AE hits of burst signals increased gradually, with amplitude rising and then declining. High-amplitude burst signals were predominantly distributed in the middle- and high-frequency bands. In contrast, cumulative AE hits of continuous signals escalated rapidly, with amplitude monotonously increasing, and high-amplitude continuous signals were primarily distributed in the low-frequency band. The emergence of burst signals and high-frequency AE signals indicated the generation of microcracks, serving as early-warning indicators. Notably, the early-warning points of AE signals were detected earlier than those of video imagery and MS signals. Furthermore, the early-warning point of burst signals occurred earlier than those of continuous signals, and the early-warning point of the classification method preceded that of overall AE signals.

Knowledge and attitude toward proton radiotherapy among oncology patients: a multi-center, cross-sectional study.

Aim: To explore the knowledge and attitude among oncology patients toward proton radiotherapy. Materials & methods: This cross-sectional study was performed using self-designed questionnaire. Results: Based on 546 valid questionnaires, mean knowledge and attitude scores of 3.4 ± 3.6 (range: 0-12) and 31.1 ± 3.5 (range: 10-50) were observed. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that higher education (p = 0.021), higher monthly income (p = 0.005), and proton radiotherapy history (p < 0.001) were independently associated with higher knowledge scores. Higher knowledge (p = 0.020), older age (p = 0.030), not smoking (p = 0.032) and medication use (p = 0.035) were independently associated with higher attitude scores. Conclusion: Oncology patients have insufficient knowledge and negative attitude toward proton radiotherapy, which might be affected by their age, education, income, proton radiotherapy history, employment, smoking and medication use.

[Box: see text].

Effect of differences in proximal neck angles on biomechanics of abdominal aortic aneurysm based on fluid dynamics.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to analyze the effect of proximal neck angulation on the biomechanical indices of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) and to investigate its impact on the risk of AAA rupture. METHODS: CT angiography (CTA) data of patients with AAA from January 2015 to January 2022 were collected. Patients were divided into three groups based on the angle of the proximal neck: Group A (âˆ ß ≤ 30°), Group B (30°<âˆ ß ≤ 60°), and Group C (âˆ ß > 60°). Biomechanical indices related to the rupture risk of AAA were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics modeling (CFD-Post) based on the collected data. RESULTS: Group A showed slight turbulence in the AAA lumen with a mixed laminar flow pattern. Group B had a regular low-speed eddy line characterized by cross-flow dominated by lumen blood flow and turbulence. In Group C, a few turbulent lines appeared at the proximal neck, accompanied by eddy currents in the lumen expansion area following the AAA shape. Significant differences were found in peak wall stress, shear stress, and the maximum blood flow velocity impact among the three groups. The maximum blood flow velocity at the angle of the proximal neck impact indicated the influence of the proximal neck angle on the blood flow state in the lumen. CONCLUSION: As the angle of the proximal neck increased, it caused stronger eddy currents and turbulent blood flow due to a high-speed area near the neck. The region with the largest diameter in the abdominal aortic aneurysm was prone to the highest stress, indicating a higher risk of rupture. The corner of the proximal neck experienced the greatest shear stress, potentially leading to endothelial injury and further enlargement of the aneurysm.

Integration of Plasmonic Ag(I) Clusters and Fe(II) Porphyrinates into Metal-Organic Frameworks for Efficient Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Coupling with Photosynthesis of Pure H2O2.

Efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction coupled with the photosynthesis of pure H2O2 is a challenging and significant task. Herein, using classical CO2 photoreduction site iron porphyrinate as the linker, Ag(I) clusters were spatially separated and evenly distributed within a new metal-organic framework (MOF), namely Ag27TPyP-Fe. With water as electron donors, Ag27TPyP-Fe exhibited remarkable performances in artificial photosynthetic overall reaction with CO yield of 36.5 µmol g-1 h-1 and ca. 100% selectivity, as well as H2O2 evolution rate of 35.9 µmol g-1 h-1. Since H2O2 in the liquid phase can be more readily separated from the gaseous products of CO2 photoreduction, high-purity H2O2 with a concentration up to 0.1 mM was obtained. Confirmed by theoretical calculations and the established energy level diagram, the reductive iron(II) porphyrinates and oxidative Ag(I) clusters within an integrated framework functioned synergistically to achieve artificial photosynthesis. Furthermore, photoluminescence spectroscopy and photoelectrochemical measurements revealed that the robust connection of Ag(I) clusters and iron porphyrinate ligands facilitated efficient charge separation and rapid electron transfer, thereby enhancing the photocatalytic activity.

SnoRNA U50A mediates everolimus resistance in breast cancer through mTOR downregulation.

Breast cancer remains the most prevalent cancer in women globally, posing significant challenges in treatment due to the inevitable development of resistance to targeted therapies like everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor. While several mechanisms of resistance have been proposed, the role of snoRNAs in this context remains inadequately explored. Our study unveils a novel connection between snoRNAs and everolimus resistance, focusing on the snoRNA U50A. We discovered that U50A negatively regulates mTOR signaling by transcriptionally downregulating mTOR gene expression, which consequently leads to decreased sensitivity to everolimus treatment. Through RNA sequencing, gene set enrichment analyses, and experimental validations, we established that U50A overexpression in breast cancer cells results in mTOR downregulation and subsequently, everolimus desensitization. Clinical results further supported our findings, showing a higher prevalence of everolimus resistance in tumors with elevated U50A expression. Moreover, our results suggest that U50A's effect on mTOR is mediated through the suppression of the transcription factors c-Myc, with a notable impact on cancer cell viability under everolimus treatment. This study not only highlights the complex role of snoRNAs in cancer drug resistance but also proposes U50A as a potential biomarker for predicting everolimus efficacy in breast cancer treatment.

Preparation, Characterization and Evaluation of Nintedanib Amorphous Solid Dispersions with Enhanced Oral Bioavailability.

The dissolution and bioavailability challenges posed by poorly water-soluble drugs continue to drive innovation in pharmaceutical formulation design. Nintedanib (NDNB) is a typical BCS class II drug that has been utilized to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Due to the low solubility, its oral bioavailability is relatively low, limiting its therapeutical effectiveness. It is crucial to enhance the dissolution and the oral bioavailability of NDNB. In this study, we focused on the preparation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) using hot melt extrusion (HME). The formulation employed Kollidon® VA64 (VA64) as the polymer matrix, blended with the NDNB at a ratio of 9:1. HME was conducted at temperatures ranging from 80 °C to 220 °C. The successful preparation of ASD was confirmed through various tests including polarized light microscopy (PLM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The in-vitro cumulative release of NDNB-ASD in 2 h in a pH 6.8 medium was 8.3-fold higher than that of NDNB (p < 0.0001). In a pH 7.4 medium, it was 10 times higher (p < 0.0001). In the in-vivo pharmacokinetic experiments, the area under curve (AUC) of NDNB-ASD was 5.3-fold higher than that of NDNB and 2.2 times higher than that of commercially available soft capsules (Ofev®) (p < 0.0001). There was no recrystallization after 6 months under accelarated storage test. Our study indicated that NDNB-ASD can enhance the absorption of NDNB, thus providing a promising method to improve NDNB bioavailability in oral dosages.

Enhanced silicate weathering accelerates forest carbon sequestration by stimulating the soil mineral carbon pump.

Enhanced silicate rock weathering (ERW) is an emerging strategy for carbon dioxide removal (CDR) from the atmosphere to mitigate anthropogenic climate change. ERW aims at promoting soil inorganic carbon sequestration by accelerating geochemical weathering processes. Theoretically, ERW may also impact soil organic carbon (SOC), the largest carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems, but experimental evidence for this is largely lacking. Here, we conducted a 2-year field experiment in tropical rubber plantations in the southeast of China to evaluate the effects of wollastonite powder additions (0, 0.25, and 0.5 kg m-2) on both soil organic and inorganic carbon at 0-10 cm depth. We found that ERW significantly increased the concentration of SOC and HCO3 -, but the increases in SOC were four and eight times higher than that of HCO3 - with low- and high-level wollastonite applications. ERW had positive effects on the accrual of organic carbon in mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) and macroaggregate fractions, but not on particulate organic matter. Path analysis suggested that ERW increased MAOM mainly by increasing the release of Ca, Si, and Fe, and to a lesser extent by stimulating root growth and microbial-derived carbon inputs. Our study indicates that ERW with wollastonite can promote SOC sequestration in stable MOAM in surface soils through both the soil mineral carbon pump and microbial carbon pump. These effects may have been larger than the inorganic CDR during our experiment. We argue it is essential to account for the responses of SOC in the assessments of CDR by ERW.

Plant-based and planetary-health diets, environmental burden, and risk of mortality: a prospective cohort study of middle-aged and older adults in China.

BACKGROUND: Plant-based diets (PBDs) and planetary-health diets (PHDs) are recommended for their potential health and environmental benefits, but population-based evidence in diverse cultures is scarce. METHODS: We included 9364 adults aged 45 years and older (52·3% female, 47·7% male) from the open cohort of the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Dietary intake was assessed using 3-day 24 h dietary recalls combined with weighing methods from 1997 to 2011, and mortality was documented from 1997 to 2015. We calculated the overall PBD index (PDI), healthful PBD index (hPDI), and unhealthful PBD index (uPDI; ranges 18-90), and the PHD score (range 0-140). We also estimated the related greenhouse gas emissions, land appropriation, and total water footprint and examined their associations with mortality. FINDINGS: PBD indices were inversely related to greenhouse gas emissions, land appropriation, and total water footprint, whereas higher PHD score was related to higher environmental burdens (p<0·0001). During follow-up (mean 9·2 years), 792 (8·5%) death cases were documented. PDI (HR 1·08 [95% CI 0·88-1·32]) and hPDI (0·98 [0·80-1·21]) were not significantly associated with mortality, whereas higher uPDI was related to a higher mortality risk (1·55 [1·26-1·91]). In contrast, higher PHD score was associated with lower mortality risk (0·79 [0·63-0·99]). INTERPRETATION: The PBDs showed environmental benefits, but are not necessarily associated with lower mortality risk. The PHD, developed mainly in western populations, was related to lower mortality risk but higher environmental burdens in the Chinese population. FUNDING: Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Zhejiang University Global Partnership Fund, and National Natural Science Foundation of China.