Removal of particulate matter and dissolved organic matter from sedimentation sludge water during pre-sedimentation process: Performances and mechanisms.

Sedimentation sludge water (SSW), a prominent constituent of wastewater from drinking water treatment plants, has received limited attention in terms of its treatment and utilization likely due to the perceived difficulties associated with managing SSW sludge. This study comprehensively evaluated the water quality of SSW by comparing it to a well-documented wastewater (filter backwash water (FBW)). Furthermore, it investigated the pollutant variations in the SSW during pre-sedimentation process, probed the underlying reaction mechanism, and explored the feasibility of employing a pilot-scale coagulation-sedimentation process for SSW treatment. The levels of most water quality parameters were generally comparable between SSW and FBW. During the pre-sedimentation of SSW, significant removal of turbidity, bacterial counts, and dissolved organic matter (DOM) was observed. The characterization of DOM components, molecular weight distributions, and optical properties revealed that the macromolecular proteinaceous biopolymers and humic acids were preferentially removed. The characterization of particulates indicated that high surface energy, zeta potential, and bridging/adsorption/sedimentation/coagulation capacities in aluminum residuals of SSW, underscoring its potential as a coagulant and promoting the generation and sedimentation of inorganic-organic complexes. The coagulation-sedimentation process could effectively remove pollutants from low-turbidity SSW ([turbidity]0 < 15 NTU). These findings provide valuable insights into the water quality dynamics of SSW during the pre-sedimentation process, facilitating the development of SSW quality management and enhancing its reuse rate.

Enteric-coated cerium dioxide nanoparticles for effective inflammatory bowel disease treatment by regulating the redox balance and gut microbiome.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by disrupting the mucosal barrier and subsequently leading to the dysregulation of the gut microbiome. Therefore, ROS scavengers present a promising and comprehensive strategy for the effective IBD treatment. In the current work, we explored the therapeutic potential of cerium dioxide (CeO2) nano-enzyme, which is well-known for their potent antioxidant properties and capability to mimic natural antioxidant enzymes in the regulation of oxidative stress. We developed a novel enteric-coated nanomedicine (CeO2@S100) aiming at improving the oral delivery efficacy of CeO2 in the complex gastrointestinal environment. CeO2@S100 is composed of a CeO2 nanoparticle core and a protective polyacrylic acid resin shell (Eudragit S100), ensuring targeted delivery of the core specifically at inflamed intestinal sites due to the negative surface charge. In vivo experiments revealed CeO2@S100 significantly alleviates the IBD by balancing oxidative stress and regulating gut microbiota in a dextran sulfate sodium-induced mouse colitis model. The uncomplicated synthesis of CeO2@S100 highlights its promise for clinical use, presenting an effective and safe approach to managing IBD.

Engineered P2Y12-Overexpressing Cell-Membrane-Wrapped Nanoparticles for the Functional Reversal of Ticagrelor and Clopidogrel.

Antiplatelet agents, particularly P2Y12 receptor inhibitors, are critical medicines in the prevention and treatment of thrombotic diseases in the clinic. However, their long-term use introduces a significant risk of bleeding in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Whether the bleeding is caused by the drug itself or due to surgical procedures or trauma, the need to rapidly reverse the effects of antiplatelet agents in the circulation is essential; however, no such agents are currently available. To address this need, here we describe a strategy that uses cell-membrane-wrapped nanoparticles (CM-NPs) for the rapid reversal of P2Y12 inhibitors. CM-NPs are fabricated with membranes derived from 293T cells genetically engineered to overexpress the P2Y12 receptor. Our findings support the potential of CM-NPs as a strategy for managing bleeding complications associated with P2Y12 receptor inhibitors, offering an approach to improve the safety in the use of these drugs in clinical settings.

Two-way role of iron-carbon in biochemical reactions: Microelectrolysis and enhanced activity of aerobic granular sludge for efficient refractory wastewater treatment.

Industrial wastewater contained a large amount of refractory organics, and single treatment processes had limitations. This study investigated the mechanism of refractory organics removal using iron-carbon built-in coupled activated sludge (ICAS) and explored the role and function of iron-carbon (IC) within the ICAS system. The aerobic granular sludge (AGS) cultivated with IC exhibited a loose surface and a tight interior structure. Iron in the AGS concentrated near the outer layer to form a crust, which protected the inner microorganisms. IC promoted EPS secretion and regulated the abundance of positive and negative signaling molecules to maintain AGS stability. Experiments using quinoline as a model refractory organic showed that both physical adsorption by IC and biological adsorption by sludge rapidly fixed a large amount of pollutants, providing a buffer capacity for the system. The iron mineral crust on the AGS surface enhanced quinoline adsorption. Hydroxylation was the first step in quinoline degradation, with IC upregulating the genes iorA/B, qorB, and wrbA involved in this process, and the relative abundances of quinoline-degrading bacteria. Both pyridine ring opening and benzene ring cleavage occurred in the single IC system, and the microelectrolysis process produced •OH and [H], which made degradation pathway for quinoline through IC more complex than microbial degradation. Although the IC-mediated pathway accounted for only a small part of overall quinoline removal in the ICAS system, the ICAS system not only preserved the microelectrolysis process but also enhanced microbial metabolic activity. This work provided insights into the synergistic removal of pollutants and maintenance of AGS stability by the ICAS process, ensuring efficient treatment of refractory organic wastewater.

Safety of proteasome inhibitor drugs for the treatment of multiple myeloma post-marketing: a pharmacovigilance investigation based on the FDA adverse event reporting system.

BACKGROUND: The use of proteasome inhibitors (PIs), namely Bortezomib and Carfilzomib, revolutionized multiple myeloma (MM) treatment. Understanding their distinct adverse event (AE) profiles aids in tailored treatment plans. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We analyzed FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) data (Q1 2012-Q4 2023) for Bortezomib and Carfilzomib, utilizing reporting odds ratio (ROR), proportional reporting ratio (PRR), and Bayesian confidence propagation neural network (BCPNN). RESULTS: FAERS yielded 19,720 Bortezomib and 12,252 Carfilzomib AE reports. Males aged 45-65 exhibited higher AE susceptibility. Common AE systems included Infections, Nervous System Disorders, Blood Disorders, General Disorders, Cardiac Disorders, and Renal Disorders. New Bortezomib signals were sepsis and colitis. Carfilzomib exhibited elevated cardiac and renal toxicity but reduced peripheral neuropathy and thrombocytopenia. CONCLUSIONS: FAERS analysis revealed new AE signals (sepsis, colitis) for Bortezomib and highlighted Carfilzomib's heightened cardiac and renal risks compared to Bortezomib. Balancing PIs' benefits and risks is crucial for clinical decision-making.

Heterostrain-Induced Zeeman-like Splitting in h-BN-Encapsulated Bilayer WSe2.

Heterostrain is predicted to induce exceptionally rich physics in atomically thin two-dimensional structures by modifying the symmetry and optical selection rules. In this work, we introduce heterostrain into WSe2 bilayers by combining h-BN encapsulation and high-temperature vacuum annealing. Nonvolatile heterostrain gives rise to a Zeeman-like splitting associated with the elliptically polarized optical emission of interlayer K-K excitons. Further manipulation of the interlayer exciton emission in an external magnetic field reveals that the Zeeman-like splitting cannot be eliminated even in a magnetic field of up to ±6 T. We propose a microscopic picture with respect to the layer and valley pseudospin to interpret the results. Our findings imply an intriguing way to encode binary information with the layer pseudospin enabled by the heterostrain and open a venue for manipulating the layer pseudospin with heterostrain engineering, optical pseudospin injection, and an external magnetic field.

A Hypochlorite-Activated Theranostic Prodrug for Selective Imaging of High Myeloperoxidase Expression Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells and Drug Release.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a fatal hematologic disease. Diagnosis and proper treatment are important for prognosis. High myeloperoxidase (MPO) expression AML cells are characterized with high levels of hypochlorite (ClO-). In this study, we report a ClO--activated theranostic agent, FNC, for AML therapy. FNC responds to ClO- specifically in high MPO expression AML cells, resulting in bright fluorescence and chlorambucil release. FNC can be used to quickly distinguish high MPO expression AML cells from other cells, including low MPO expression leukemia and activated inflammatory cells. FNC exhibits selective toxicity to highly MPO expression AML cells and can efficiently inhibit tumor growth. Meanwhile, FNC can be used to indicate differentiation through the detection of ClO-.

Changes in slow-wave sleep characteristics in Parkinson's disease patients with mild-moderate depression.

INTRODUCTION: Depression and sleep disturbances are commonly seen non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). This study used polysomnography to examine the relationship between mild-moderate depression in PD and sleep characteristics, particularly slow wave activities (SWA). METHODS: 59 PD patients were split into two groups: nd-PD (n = 27) (patients with PD without depression) and d-PD (n = 32) (patients with PD with mild-moderate depression). Their clinical features, polysomnography parameters, and demographics were evaluated. Early and late sleep SWA spectrum densities and overnight SWA decline in different brain regions were particularly analyzed. RESULTS: Non-rapid eye movement 3 (N3) sleep duration and percentage were greater in the d-PD group. N3 percentage was linked to depression (p = 0.014). During late sleep, higher SWA (0.5-4Hz) in the frontal and central regions, higher low-SWA (0.5-2Hz) in the whole brain, central and occipital regions, and higher high-SWA (2-4Hz) in the frontal region was observed in the d-PD group. During early sleep, there was also higher low-SWA (0.5-2Hz) in the occipital region. Patients in d-PD group exhibited reduced overnight high-SWA (2-4Hz) decline (Δhigh-SWA) in the whole brain and occipital regions. Δhigh-SWA(2-4Hz) in the occipital region were associated with depression (p = 0.049). CONCLUSION: PD patients with mild-moderate depression have impaired slow wave sleep, exhibiting as increased N3 sleep, SWA, and reduced overnight SWA decline. This implies that synaptic strength reduction during sleep and impaired synaptic homeostasis regulation may be associated with depression in PD. Reduced overnight high-SWA decline in the occipital region may serve as a novel electrophysiological biomarker for indicating depression in PD.

Topological Photonic Alloy.

We present the new concept of photonic alloy as a nonperiodic topological material. By mixing nonmagnetized and magnetized rods in a nonperiodic 2D photonic crystal configuration, we realized photonic alloys in the microwave regime. Our experimental findings reveal that the photonic alloy sustains nonreciprocal chiral edge states even at very low concentration of magnetized rods. The nontrivial topology and the associated edge states of these nonperiodic systems can be characterized by the winding of the reflection phase. Our results indicate that the threshold concentrations for the investigated system within the first nontrivial band gap to exhibit topological behavior approach zero in the thermodynamic limit for substitutional alloys, while the threshold remains nonzero for interstitial alloys. At low concentration, the system exhibits an inhomogeneous structure characterized by isolated patches of nonpercolating magnetic domains that are spaced far apart within a topologically trivial photonic crystal. Surprisingly, the system manifests chiral edge states despite a local breakdown of time-reversal symmetry rather than a global one. Photonic alloys represent a new category of disordered topological materials, offering exciting opportunities for exploring topological materials with adjustable gaps.

Nickel-catalysed highly regioselective synthesis of ß-acyl naphthalenes under reductive conditions.

Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in the direct C-H acylation of naphthalenes, occurring at the α or ß-positions to yield valuable ketones through Friedel-Crafts acylation or transition-metal-catalysed carbonylative coupling reactions. Nevertheless, highly regioselective acylation of naphthalenes remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we developed a nickel-catalysed reductive ring-opening reaction of 7-oxabenzonorbornadienes with acyl chlorides as the electrophilic coupling partner, providing a new method for the exclusive preparation of ß-acyl naphthalenes.

PL-ReliefTMplus Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis and Regulates Inflammatory Responses via Inhibiting NF-κB Signaling Pathway.

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) has various detrimental effects on individuals with limited drug cure rates which necessitate the development of new treatment methods. PL-ReliefTMplus (PLR) is composed of SupraOlive, Crocus Sativus extracts and Citrus reticulata extracts. The effect of PLR on AD remains to be explored. METHODS: 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene-induced AD model mice were involved and the histopathology of the skin lesions was observed along with the levels of inflammatory chemokines levels were measured. To further validate the molecular mechanism of PLR, RNA-seq was performed in HaCaT cells. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were performed to investigate NF-κB signaling pathways response in AD. RESULTS: Due to PLR treatment, the thickening of the epidermis and dermis was inhibited and the number of eosinophils, mast cells, and CD4+ T cells in the skin lesion was decreased. In addition, the levels of inflammatory cytokines were decreased in dorsal skin tissues and LPS-stimulated HaCat cells. Furthermore, KEGG pathway analysis suggested that most identified downstream biological functions were associated with inflammatory response. PLR inhibited NF-κB signaling in AD mice and HaCaT cells. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that PLR is a potent therapeutic agent for attenuating symptoms of AD.

Anti-lymphangiogenesis for boosting drug accumulation in tumors.

The inadequate tumor accumulation of anti-cancer agents is a major shortcoming of current therapeutic drugs and remains an even more significant concern in the clinical prospects for nanomedicines. Various strategies aiming at regulating the intratumoral permeability of therapeutic drugs have been explored in preclinical studies, with a primary focus on vascular regulation and stromal reduction. However, these methods may trigger or facilitate tumor metastasis as a tradeoff. Therefore, there is an urgent need for innovative strategies that boost intratumoral drug accumulation without compromising treatment outcomes. As another important factor affecting drug tumor accumulation besides vasculature and stroma, the impact of tumor-associated lymphatic vessels (LVs) has not been widely considered. In the current research, we verified that anlotinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor with anti-lymphangiogenesis activity, and SAR131675, a selective VEGFR-3 inhibitor, effectively decreased the density of tumor lymphatic vessels in mouse cancer models, further enhancing drug accumulation in tumor tissue. By combining anlotinib with therapeutic drugs, including doxorubicin (Dox), liposomal doxorubicin (Lip-Dox), and anti-PD-L1 antibody, we observed improved anti-tumor efficacy in comparison with monotherapy regimens. Meanwhile, this strategy significantly reduced tumor metastasis and elicited stronger anti-tumor immune responses. Our work describes a new, clinically transferrable approach to augmenting intratumoral drug accumulation, which shows great potential to address the current, unsatisfactory efficacies of therapeutic drugs without introducing metastatic risk.

Ammonia-oxidizing archaea adapted better to the dark, alkaline oligotrophic karst cave than their bacterial counterparts.

Subsurface karst caves provide unique opportunities to study the deep biosphere, shedding light on microbial contribution to elemental cycling. Although ammonia oxidation driven by both ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) is well explored in soil and marine environments, our understanding in the subsurface biosphere still remained limited to date. To address this gap, weathered rock and sediment samples were collected from the Xincuntun Cave in Guilin City, an alkaline karst cave, and subjected to high-throughput sequencing and quantification of bacterial and archaeal amoA, along with determination of the potential nitrification rates (PNR). Results revealed that AOA dominated in ammonia oxidation, contributing 48-100% to the PNR, and AOA amoA gene copies outnumbered AOB by 2 to 6 orders. Nitrososphaera dominated in AOA communities, while Nitrosopira dominated AOB communities. AOA demonstrated significantly larger niche breadth than AOB. The development of AOA communities was influenced by deterministic processes (50.71%), while AOB communities were predominantly influenced by stochastic processes. TOC, NH4+, and Cl- played crucial roles in shaping the compositions of ammonia oxidizers at the OTU level. Cross-domain co-occurrence networks highlighted the dominance of AOA nodes in the networks and positive associations between AOA and AOB, especially in the inner zone, suggesting collaborative effort to thrive in extreme environments. Their high gene copies, dominance in the interaction with ammonia oxidizing bacteria, expansive niche breadth and substantial contribution to PNR collectively confirmed that AOA better adapted to alkaline, oligotrophic karst caves environments, and thus play a fundamental role in nitrogen cycling in subsurface biosphere.

Nanoceria-Mediated Cyclosporin A Delivery for Dry Eye Disease Management through Modulating Immune-Epithelial Crosstalk.

Dry eye disease (DED) affects a substantial worldwide population with increasing frequency. Current single-targeting DED management is severely hindered by the existence of an oxidative stress-inflammation vicious cycle and complicated intercellular crosstalk within the ocular microenvironment. Here, a nanozyme-based eye drop, namely nanoceria loading cyclosporin A (Cs@P/CeO2), is developed, which possesses long-term antioxidative and anti-inflammatory capacities due to its regenerative antioxidative activity and sustained release of cyclosporin A (CsA). In vitro studies showed that the dual-functional Cs@P/CeO2 not only inhibits cellular reactive oxygen species production, sequentially maintaining mitochondrial integrity, but also downregulates inflammatory processes and repolarizes macrophages. Moreover, using flow cytometric and single-cell sequencing data, the in vivo therapeutic effect of Cs@P/CeO2 was systemically demonstrated, which rebalances the immune-epithelial communication in the corneal microenvironment with less inflammatory macrophage polarization, restrained oxidative stress, and enhanced epithelium regeneration. Collectively, our data proved that the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory Cs@P/CeO2 may provide therapeutic insights into DED management.

Ultrasonic Evaluation of the Asian Nasal Soft Tissue Envelope.

OBJECTIVE: The thickness of the nasal soft tissue envelope (STE) plays a crucial role in the final rhinoplasty results. The Asian nasal contour is typically characterized by a thicker STE and broader nasal tip, but objective data are lacking. The purpose of this study was to objectively measure nasal dermal thickness and overall STE thickness and to determine any demographic differences. METHODS: From July to September 2023, 110 patients presenting for consultation underwent ultrasound evaluation of their nasal STE. STE thickness was measured at predetermined subsites and compared with published data on white patients. RESULTS: The thickness of the STE in Asian patients was greater than that in white patients. The STE was thickest at the supratip (mean [SD]), (4.88 [0.74] mm) rather than at the nasion and thinnest at the rhinion (2.25 [0.51] mm). The nasal tip (4.07 [0.72] mm) showed comparable STE thickness with the nasion (4.13 [0.72] mm) but had a significantly thicker dermis than the nasion (2.35 ± 0.49 mm vs. 1.35 ± 0.35 mm, P < 0.05). Male sex and higher BMI tended to be correlated with a thicker nasal STE, but age did not show any relationship. A thicker nasal tip STE showed significantly greater nasal tip width and nasal alar thickness. CONCLUSION: STE thickness at different nasal subsites varies and affects external nasal contour and rhinoplasty outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

The Preparation of an Ultrafine Copper Powder by the Hydrogen Reduction of an Ultrafine Copper Oxide Powder and Reduction Kinetics.

Ultrafine copper powders were prepared by the air-jet milling of copper oxide (CuO) powders and a subsequent hydrogen (H2) reduction. After milling, the particle size and grain size of CuO powders decreased, while the specific surface area and structural microstrain increased, thereby improving the reaction activity. In a pure H2 atmosphere, the process of CuO reduction was conducted in one step, and followed a pseudo-first-order kinetics model. The smaller CuO powders after milling exhibited higher reduction rates and lower activation energies compared with those without milling. Based on the unreacted shrinking core model, the reduction of CuO powders via H2 was controlled by the interface reaction at the early stage, whereas the latter was limited by the diffusion of H2 through the solid product layer. Additionally, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that copper powders after H2 reduction presented a spherical-like shape, and the sintering and agglomeration between particles occurred after 300 °C, which led to a moderate increase in particle size. The preparing parameters (at 400 °C for 180 min) were preferred to obtain ultrafine copper powders with an average particle size in the range of 5.43-6.72 µm and an oxygen content of less than 0.2 wt.%.

Nanocellulose-mediated conductive hydrogels with NIR photoresponse and fatigue resistance for multifunctional wearable sensors.

The rapid development of hydrogels has garnered significant attention in health monitoring and human motion sensing. However, the synthesis of multifunctional conductive hydrogels with excellent strain/pressure sensing and photoresponsiveness remains a challenge. Herein, the conductive hydrogels (BPTP) with excellent mechanical properties, fatigue resistance and photoresponsive behavior composed of polyacrylamide (PAM) matrix, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yloxy-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNs) reinforcement and polydopamine-modified black phosphorus (BP@PDA) photosensitizer are prepared through a facile free-radical polymerization approach. The PDA adhered to the BP surface by π-π stacking promotes the optical properties of BP while also preventing BP oxidation from water. Through hydrogen bonding interactions, TOCNs improve the homogeneous dispersion of BP@PDA nanosheets and the mechanical toughness of BPTP. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of PDA and TOCNs, the conductive BPTP integrates superior mechanical performances, excellent photoelectric response and photothermal conversion capability. The BPTP-based sensor with high cycling stability demonstrates superior strain sensitivity (GF = 6.0) and pressure sensing capability (S = 0.13 kPa-1) to monitor various human activities. Therefore, this work delivers an alternative construction strategy for generating high-performance conductive hydrogels as multifunctional wearable sensors.

Quantifying cerebral blood flow changes using arterial spin labeling: A comparative study of idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and Parkinson's disease.

INTRODUCTION: Idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) have been found to have changes in cerebral perfusion and overlap of some of the lesioned brain areas. However, a consensus regarding the specific location and diagnostic significance of these cerebral blood perfusion alternations remains elusive in both iRBD and PD. The present study evaluated the patterns of cerebral blood flow changes in iRBD and PD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 59 right-handed subjects were enrolled, including 15 patients with iRBD, 20 patients with PD, and 24 healthy controls (HC). They were randomly divided into groups at a ratio of 4 to 1 for training and testing. A PASL sequence was employed to obtain quantitative cerebral blood flow (CBF) maps. The CBF values were calculated from these acquired maps. In addition, AutoGluon was employed to construct a classifier for CBF features selection and classification. An independent t-test was performed for CBF variations, with age and sex as nuisance variables. The performance of the feature was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. A significance level of P < 0.05 was considered significant. CBF in several brain regions, including the left median cingulate and paracingulate gyri and the right middle occipital gyrus (MOG), showed significant differences between PD and HC, demonstrating good classification performance. The combined model that integrates all features achieved even higher performance with an AUC of 0.9380. Additionally, CBF values in multiple brain regions, including the right MOG and the left angular gyrus, displayed significant differences between PD and iRBD. Particularly, CBF values in the left angular gyrus exhibited good performance in classifying PD and iRBD. The combined model achieved improved performance, with an AUC of 0.8533. No significant differences were found in brain regions when comparing CBF values between iRBD and HC subjects. CONCLUSIONS: ASL-based quantitative CBF change features can offer reliable biomarkers to assist in the diagnosis of PD. Regarding the characteristic of CBF in the right MOG, it is anticipated to serve as an imaging biomarker for predicting the progression of iRBD to PD.

Transplantation of human neural stem cell prevents symptomatic motor behavior disability in a rat model of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a ubiquitous brain cell degeneration disease and presents a significant therapeutic challenge. By injecting 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the left medial forebrain bundle, rats were made to exhibit PD-like symptoms and treated by intranasal administration of a low-dose (2 × 105) or high-dose (1 × 106) human neural stem cells (hNSCs). Apomorphine-induced rotation test, stepping test, and open field test were implemented to evaluate the motor behavior and high-performance liquid chromatography was carried out to detect dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in the striatum of rats. Animals injected with 6-OHDA showed significant motor function deficits and damaged dopaminergic system compared to the control group, which can be restored by hNSCs treatment. Treatment with hNSCs significantly increased the tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cell count in the substantia nigra of PD animals. Moreover, the levels of neurotransmitters exhibited a significant decline in the striatum tissue of animals injected with 6-OHDA when compared to that of the control group. However, transplantation of hNSCs significantly elevated the concentration of DA and DOPAC in the injured side of the striatum. Our study offered experimental evidence to support prospects of hNSCs for clinical application as a cell-based therapy for PD.