Assessing Wolbachia-mediated Sterility for Dengue Control: Emulation of a Cluster Randomized Target Trial in Singapore.

BACKGROUND: Matings between male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with wAlbB strain of Wolbachia and wildtype females yield non-viable eggs. We evaluated the efficacy of releasing wAlbB-infected Ae. aegypti male mosquitoes to suppress dengue. METHODS: We specified the protocol of a two-arm cluster-randomized test-negative controlled trial (cRCT) and emulated it using a nationally representative test-negative/positive database of individuals reporting for febrile illness to any public hospital, general practitioner or polyclinic. We retrospectively built a cohort of individuals who reside in Wolbachia locations versus a comparator control group who do not reside in Wolbachia locations, using a nationally representative database of all individuals whom report for febrile illness and were tested for dengue at the Environmental Health Institute/hospital laboratories/commercial diagnostic laboratories, through general practitioner clinic, polyclinic or public/private hospital from EW1 2019-EW 262022. We emulated a constrained randomization protocol used in cRCTs to balance dengue risk between intervention and control arms in the pre-intervention period. We used the inverse-probability weighting approach to further balance the intervention and control groups using a battery of algorithmically selected sociodemographic, environmental and anthropogenic variables. Intention-to-treat analyses was conducted to estimate the risk reduction of dengue given Wolbachia exposure. RESULTS: Intention-to-treat analyses revealed that, compared with controls, Wolbachia releases for 3, 6, 12 or more months was associated to 47%(95%CI:25-69%), 44%(33-77%) and 61%(38-78%) protective efficacy against dengue, respectively. When exposed to 12 or more months of Wolbachia releases, protective efficacies ranged from 49%(13-72%) to 77%(60-94%) across years. The proportion of virologically confirmed dengue cases was lower overall in the intervention arm. Protective efficacies were found across all years, age and sex subgroups, with higher durations of Wolbachia exposure associated to greater risk reductions of dengue. CONCLUSION: Results demonstrated that Wolbachia-mediated sterility can strengthen dengue control in tropical cities, where dengue burden is the greatest.

Cross-Combination Analyses of Random Forest Feature Selection and Decision Tree Model for Predicting Intraoperative Hypothermia in Total Joint Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: In total joint arthroplasty patients, intraoperative hypothermia (IOH) is associated with perioperative complications and an increased economic burden. Previous models have some limitations and mainly focus on regression modeling. Random forest (RF) algorithms and decision tree modeling are effective for eliminating irrelevant features and making predictions that aid in accelerating modeling and reducing application difficulty. METHODS: We conducted this prospective observational study using convenience sampling and collected data from 327 total joint arthroplasty patients in a tertiary hospital from March 4, 2023 to September 11, 2023. Of those, 229 patients were assigned to the training and 98 to the testing sets. The Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U, and t-tests were used for baseline analyses. The feature variables selection used the RF algorithms, and the decision tree model was trained on 299 examples and validated on 98. The sensitivity, specificity, recall, F1 score, and area under the curve (AUC) were used to test the model's performance. RESULTS: The RF algorithms identified the preheating time, the volume of flushing fluids, the intraoperative infusion volume, the anesthesia time, the surgical time, and the core temperature after intubation as risk factors for IOH. The decision tree was grown to five levels with nine terminal nodes. The overall incidence of IOH was 42.13%. The sensitivity, specificity, recall, F1 score, and AUC were 0.651, 0.907, 0.916, 0.761, and 0.810, respectively. The model indicated strong internal consistency and predictive ability. CONCLUSIONS: The preheating time, the volume of flushing fluids, the intraoperative infusion volume, the anesthesia time, the surgical time, and the core temperature after intubation could accurately predict IOH in total joint arthroplasty patients. By monitoring these factors, the clinical staff could achieve early detection and intervention of IOH in total joint arthroplasty patients.

Herpotrichone A Exerts Neuroprotective Effects by Relieving Ferroptosis.

Inhibition of oxidative stress and ferroptosis is currently considered to be a promising therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases. Herpotrichones, a class of compounds derived from insect symbionts, have shown potential for neuroprotective activity with low toxicity. However, the specific mechanisms through which herpotrichones exert their neuroprotective effects remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, the natural [4 + 2] adducts herpotrichone A (He-A) and its new analogues were isolated from the isopod-associated fungus Herpotrichia sp. SF09 and exhibited significantly protective effects in H2O2-, 6-OHDA-, and RSL3-stimulated PC12 cells and LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. Moreover, He-A was able to relieve ferroptotic cell death in RSL3-stimulated PC12 cells and 6-OHDA-induced zebrafish larvae. Interestingly, He-A can activate antioxidant elements and modulate the SLC7A11 pathway without capturing oxidic free radical and chelating iron. These findings highlight He-A as a novel hit that protects against ferroptosis-like neuronal damage in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

CCZ1 Accelerates the Progression of Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Promoting MMP2/MMP17 Expression.

Cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) represents a significant global health concern among females. Identifying new biomarkers and therapeutic targets is pivotal for improving the prognosis of CSCC. This study investigates the prognostic relevance of CCZ1 in CSCC and elucidates its downstream pathways and targets using a combination of bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation. Transcriptomic analysis of 239 CSCC and 3 normal cervical samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas database reveals a marked upregulation of CCZ1 mRNA levels in CSCC, and elevated CCZ1 mRNA levels were associated with poor prognosis. Immunohistochemical analysis of clinical samples also confirmed these findings. Furthermore, functional assays, including Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation, Transwell, and flow cytometry, elucidated the influence of CCZ1 on CSCC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and cell cycle progression. Remarkably, CCZ1 knockdown suppressed CSCC progression both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, CCZ1 knockdown downregulated MMP2 and MMP17 expression. Restoring MMP2 or MMP17 expression rescued phenotypic alterations induced by CCZ1 knockdown. Hence, CCZ1 promotes CSCC progression by upregulating MMP2 and MMP17 expression, emerging as a novel biomarker in CSCC and presenting potential as a therapeutic target in CSCC.

Efficacy and advantage of immunotherapy for melanoma via intramuscular co-expression of plasmid-encoded PD-1 and CTLA-4 scFvs.

Immunotherapy, in the shape of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has completely changed the treatment of cancer. However, the increasing expense of treatment and the frequency of immune-related side effects, which are frequently associated with combination antibody therapies and Fc fragment of antibody, have limited the patient's ability to benefit from these treatments. Herein, we presented the therapeutic effects of the plasmid-encoded PD-1 and CTLA-4 scFvs (single-chain variable fragment) for melanoma via an optimized intramuscular gene delivery system. After a single injection, the plasmid-encoded ICI scFv in mouse sera continued to be above 150 ng/mL for 3 weeks and reached peak amounts of 600 ng/mL. Intramuscular delivery of plasmid encoding PD-1 and CTLA-4 scFvs significantly changed the tumor microenvironment, delayed tumor growth, and prolonged survival in melanoma-bearing mice. Furthermore, no significant toxicity was observed, suggesting that this approach could improve the biosafety of ICIs combination therapy. Overall, the expression of ICI scFvs in vivo using intramuscular plasmid delivery could potentially develop into a reliable, affordable, and safe immunotherapy technique, expanding the range of antibody-based gene therapy systems that are available.

Synthesis of Pyridin-2(1H)-imines via the Transformation of Conjugated Ynones.

Conjugated ynones represent an important class of reactive species, useful synthetic intermediates, and synthons. However, the reactivity and synthetic applications of ynones are usually focused on the transformation of mono- or dual-functional groups. Herein, we developed a straightforward synthesis of pyridin-2(1H)-imines from the transformation of conjugated ynones. This cascade process probably began with a Michael addition of ynones and 2-aminopyridines, further underwent an intramolecular cyclization to generate the N,O-bidentate intermediates, and finally reacted with sulfonyl azides giving the pyridin-2(1H)-imines with accompanying loss of diazo.

Isthmus progenitor cells contribute to homeostatic cellular turnover and support regeneration following intestinal injury.

The currently accepted intestinal epithelial cell organization model proposes that Lgr5+ crypt-base columnar (CBC) cells represent the sole intestinal stem cell (ISC) compartment. However, previous studies have indicated that Lgr5+ cells are dispensable for intestinal regeneration, leading to two major hypotheses: one favoring the presence of a quiescent reserve ISC and the other calling for differentiated cell plasticity. To investigate these possibilities, we studied crypt epithelial cells in an unbiased fashion via high-resolution single-cell profiling. These studies, combined with in vivo lineage tracing, show that Lgr5 is not a specific ISC marker and that stemness potential exists beyond the crypt base and resides in the isthmus region, where undifferentiated cells participate in intestinal homeostasis and regeneration following irradiation (IR) injury. Our results provide an alternative model of intestinal epithelial cell organization, suggesting that stemness potential is not restricted to CBC cells, and neither de-differentiation nor reserve ISC are drivers of intestinal regeneration.

Novel meroterpene-like compounds inhibit ferroptosis through Fe2+ chelation.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer in the world. It is characterized by complex crosstalk between various signaling pathways, as a result of which it is highly challenging to identify optimal therapeutic targets and design treatment strategies. In this study, we tested the effect of 700 compounds on the CRC cell line HT-29 by using the sulforhodamine B assay and screened out 17 compounds that exhibited high toxicity (indicated by an inhibition rate of ≥75 % when applied at a concentration of 10 µM) against the HT-29 cell line. Next, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the effects of these 17 highly toxic compounds. The results of ferroptosis analysis and electron microscopy showed that compounds 575 and 578 were able to significantly reverse RSL3-induced increase in ferroptosis, while compound 580 had a less pronounced ferroptosis-regulating effect. In subsequent experiments, western blotting showed that compounds 575, 578, and 580, which belong to a class of meroterpene-like compounds that affect ferroptosis, do not induce autophagy or apoptosis in the CRC cell line. Instead, Fe2+ chelation experiments showed that these three compounds can serve as iron chelators by chelating Fe2+ at a 1:1 (chelator: Fe2+) ratio. Specifically, the aldehyde and hydroxyl groups of the benzene ring in these compounds may chelate Fe2+, thus reducing Fe2+ levels in cells and inhibiting ferroptosis. These results indicate that these novel meroterpene-like compounds are potential therapeutic small-molecule candidates for targeting ferroptosis in tumors.

Update to: Assessing the efficacy of male Wolbachia-infected mosquito deployments to reduce dengue incidence in Singapore.

BACKGROUND: This trial is a parallel, two-arm, non-blinded cluster randomised controlled trial that is under way in Singapore, with the aim of measuring the efficacy of male Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti deployments in reducing dengue incidence in an endemic setting with all four dengue serotypes in circulation. The trial commenced in July 2022 and is expected to conclude in September 2024. The original study protocol was published in December 2022. Here, we describe amendments that have been made to the study protocol since commencement of the trial. METHODS: The key protocol amendments are (1) addition of an explicit definition of Wolbachia exposure for residents residing in intervention sites based on the duration of Wolbachia exposure at point of testing, (2) incorporation of a high-dimensional set of anthropogenic and environmental characteristics in the analysis plan to adjust for baseline risk factors of dengue transmission, and (3) addition of alternative statistical analyses for endpoints to control for post hoc imbalance in cluster-based environmental and anthropogenic characteristics. DISCUSSION: The findings from this study will provide the first experimental evidence for the efficacy of releasing male-Wolbachia infected mosquitoes to reduce dengue incidence in a cluster-randomised controlled trial. The trial will conclude in 2024 and results will be reported shortly thereafter. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT05505682. Registered on 16 August 2022. Retrospectively registered. Last updated 11 November 2023.

Leucine-Mediated SLC7A5 Promotes Milk Protein and Milk Fat Synthesis through mTOR Signaling Pathway in Goat Mammary Epithelial Cells.

The SLC7A5 gene encodes a Na+ and pH-independent transporter protein that regulates cell growth by regulating the uptake of AA. This study, utilizing RNA-seq, aimed to explore the effect of SLC7A5 on the synthesis of milk proteins and fats in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs) through gene interference and overexpression techniques. The results demonstrated that the overexpression of SLC7A5 resulted in a significant increase in the expression of CSN1S1, SCD, CEBPB, ACACA, αS1-casein, p-S6K, and p-S6. The levels of p-S6K and p-S6 gradually increased as the AA/Leu stimulation time lengthened. The overexpression of SLC7A5 rescued the role of Torin1 in GMECs. In conclusion, SLC7A5 plays a crucial role in promoting the synthesis of milk proteins and milk fats through the mTOR signaling pathway in GMECs, providing a theoretical foundation for improving the quality of goat milk.

ANGPTL2 knockdown induces autophagy to relieve alveolar macrophage pyroptosis by reducing LILRB2-mediated inhibition of TREM2.

Acute lung injury (ALI) is featured with a robust inflammatory response. Angiopoietin-like protein 2 (ANGPTL2), a pro-inflammatory protein, is complicated with various disorders. However, the role of ANGPTL2 in ALI remains to be further explored. The mice and MH-S cells were administrated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to evoke the lung injury in vivo and in vitro. The role and mechanism of ANGPTL was investigated by haematoxylin-eosin, measurement of wet/dry ratio, cell count, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling, reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, detection of autophagic flux and western blot assays. The level of ANGPTL2 was upregulated in lung injury. Knockout of ANGPTL2 alleviated LPS-induced pathological symptoms, reduced pulmonary wet/dry weight ratio, the numbers of total cells and neutrophils in BALF, apoptosis rate and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators, and modulated polarization of alveolar macrophages in mice. Knockdown of ANGPTL2 downregulated the level of pyroptosis indicators, and elevated the level of autophagy in LPS-induced MH-S cells. Besides, downregulation of ANGPTL2 reversed the LPS-induced the expression of leukocyte immunoglobulin (Ig)-like receptor B2 (LILRB2) and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), which was reversed by the overexpression of LILRB2. Importantly, knockdown of TREM2 reversed the levels of autophagy- and pyroptosis-involved proteins, and the contents of pro-inflammatory factors in LPS-induced MH-S cells transfected with si ANGPTL2, which was further inverted with the treatment of rapamycin. Therefore, ANGPTL2 silencing enhanced autophagy to alleviate alveolar macrophage pyroptosis via reducing LILRB2-mediated inhibition of TREM2.

Transcriptome analysis revealed SMURF2 as a prognostic biomarker for oral cancer.

BACKGROUND: The activation of TGF-ß pathway can facilitate tumorigenesis. Understanding the TGF-related genes (TRGs) in oral cancer and determining their prognostic value is of utmost importance. METHODS: The TRGs were selected to develop a prognostic model based on lasso regression. Oral cancer patients were classified into high-risk and low-risk groups based on the risk model. Subsequently, multivariate COX regression was employed to identify the prognostic marker. Additionally, the expression of SMURF2 was validated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database. To investigate the relationship between SMURF2 expression and immune cell infiltrations, we conducted single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) analyses. RESULTS: We identified 16 differentially expressed TRGs in oral cancer, all of which showed upregulation. From these, we selected eight TRGs as prognostic signatures. Furthermore, the high-risk group demonstrated lower infiltration levels of immune cells, immune score, and higher tumor purity. Interestingly, we also found that SMURF2 serves as an independent prognostic biomarker. SMURF2 was upregulated in oral cancer, as confirmed by public databases and qRT-PCR analysis. Importantly, our results indicate a close association between SMURF2 expression and the immune microenvironment. CONCLUSION: The 8-TRG signature prognosis model that we constructed has the ability to predict the survival rate and immune activity of oral cancer patients. SMURF2 could be effective in recognizing prognosis and evaluating immune efficacy for oral cancer.

Active Constituents with Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activities from Waste Tobacco Leaves.

One novel compound, (R)-3, 6-diethoxy-4-hydroxycyclohex-3-en-1-one (1) and thirteen known compounds were isolated from the waste tobacco leaves. The structures of two compounds (1-2) were confirmed and attributed firstly by the extensive spectroscopic data, including 1D/2D NMR, IR, HR-ESI-MS, CD, and ECD spectra. Notably, seven compounds (2, 3, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13) exhibited better tyrosinase inhibitory activity than the positive control kojic acid. The binding modes of these compounds revealed that their structure formed strong hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces with the active sites of tyrosinase. These results indicated that waste tobacco leaves are good resources for developing tyrosinase inhibitors.

Stanniocalcin 2 Regulates Autophagy and Ferroptosis in Mammary Epithelial Cells of Dairy Cows Through the Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Pathway.

BACKGROUND: Stanniocalcin 2 (STC2), a glycoprotein hormone, is extensively expressed in various organs and tissues, particularly in the mammary gland. STC2 plays a crucial role in enabling cells to adapt to stress conditions and avert apoptosis. The efficiency of milk production is closely linked to both the quantity and quality of mammary cells. Yet, there remains a dearth of research on the impact of STC2 on mammary cells' activity in dairy cows. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of STC2 on the viability of mammary epithelial cells in dairy cows and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS: First, the Gene Expression Profiling and Interactive Analysis database was employed to perform survival analysis on STC2 expression in relation to prognosis using The Cancer Genome Atlas and GETx data. Subsequently, the basic physical and chemical properties, gene expression, and potential signaling pathways involved in the growth of dairy cow mammary epithelial cells were determined using STC2 knockdown. RESULTS: STC2 knockdown significantly suppressed autophagy in mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows. Moreover, STC2 knockdown upregulated glutathione peroxidase 4 protein expression, elicited an elevation in lipid ROS concentrations, and inhibited the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway, consequently repressing downstream genes involved in lipid synthesis regulated by mTORC1 and ultimately inducing ferroptosis. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of our study suggest that STC2 suppresses autophagy and ferroptosis through the activation of mTORC1. Mechanically, STC2 exerts an inhibitory effect on ferroptosis by activating antioxidative stress-related proteins, such as glutathione peroxidase 4, to suppress lipid ROS production and stimulating the mTORC1 signaling pathway to enhance the expression of genes associated with lipid synthesis.

In vitro enhancement of Zika virus infection by preexisting West Nile virus antibodies in human plasma-derived immunoglobulins revealed after P2 binding site-specific enrichment.

Human immunoglobulin preparations contain a diverse range of polyclonal antibodies that reflect past immune responses against pathogens encountered by the blood donor population. In this study, we examined a panel of intravenous immunoglobulins (IGIVs) manufactured over the past two decades (1998-2020) for their capacity to neutralize or enhance Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in vitro. These IGIVs were selected specifically based on their production dates in relation to the occurrences of two flavivirus outbreaks in the U.S.: the West Nile virus (WNV) outbreak in 1999 and the ZIKV outbreak in 2015. As demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) experiments, IGIVs made before the ZIKV outbreak already harbored antibodies that bind to various peptides across the envelope protein of ZIKV because of the WNV outbreak. Using phage display, the most dominant binding site was mapped precisely to the P2 peptide between residues 211 and 230 within domain II, where BF1176-56, an anti-ZIKV monoclonal antibody, also binds. When tested in permissive Vero E6 cells for ZIKV neutralization, the IGIVs, even after undergoing rigorous enrichment for P2 binding specificity, failed, as did BF1176-56. Meanwhile, BF1176-56 enhanced ZIKV infection in both FcγRII-expressing K562 cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, for enhancement by the IGIVs to be detected in these cells, a substantial increase in their P2 binding specificity was required, thus linking the P2 site with ZIKV enhancement in vitro. Our findings warrant further study of the significance of elevated levels of anti-WNV antibodies in IGIVs, considering that various mechanisms operating in vivo may modulate ZIKV infection outcomes.IMPORTANCEWe investigated the capacity of intravenous immunoglobulins manufactured previously over two decades (1998-2020) to neutralize or enhance Zika virus infection in vitro. West Nile virus antibodies in IGIVs could not neutralize Zika virus initially; however, once the IGIVs were concentrated further, they enhanced its infection. These findings lay the groundwork for exploring how preexisting WNV antibodies in IGIVs could impact Zika infection, both in vitro and in vivo. Our observations are historically significant, since we tested a panel of IGIV lots that were carefully selected based on their production dates which covered two major flavivirus outbreaks in the U.S.: the WNV outbreak in 1999 and the ZIKV outbreak in 2015. These findings will facilitate our understanding of the interplay among closely related viral pathogens, particularly from a historical perspective regarding large blood donor populations. They should remain relevant for future outbreaks of emerging flaviviruses that may potentially affect vulnerable populations.

[Effect of different cleaning methods on bond strength and surface wettability of high translucency zirconia].

PURPOSE: To study the effect of different cleaning methods on the shear bond strength of self-adhesive resin cement to saliva-contaminated high translucency zirconia and surface wettability. METHODS: Eighty zirconia specimens were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=16), i.e., control group(not contaminated), 75% ethanol group,cleaning paste group,airborne-particle abrasion group, and atmospheric pressure cold plasma group. The contact angles was measured, shear bond strength were examined, and fracture types were determined. SPSS 26.0 software package was used for statistical analysis of the data. RESULTS: The atmospheric pressure cold plasma group produced the lowest contact angle(P＜0.05). The shear bond strength of the airborne-particle abrasion group, the cleaning paste group and the atmospheric pressure cold plasma group respectively were similar to the control group without significant difference(P＞0.05), while those were significantly higher than 75% ethanol group(P＜0.05). The mixed fracture mode of the atmospheric pressure cold plasma group evidently increased. CONCLUSIONS: Airborne-particle abrasion, cleaning paste and atmospheric pressure cold plasma overcome the effects of saliva contamination, producing the shear bond strength to zirconia similar to the control group. The atmospheric pressure cold plasma improves hydrophilicity of high translucency zirconia significantly.

Abnormal cell sorting and altered early neurogenesis in a human cortical organoid model of Protocadherin-19 clustering epilepsy.

Introduction: Protocadherin-19 (PCDH19)-Clustering Epilepsy (PCE) is a developmental and epileptic encephalopathy caused by loss-of-function variants of the PCDH19 gene on the X-chromosome. PCE affects females and mosaic males while male carriers are largely spared. Mosaic expression of the cell adhesion molecule PCDH19 due to random X-chromosome inactivation is thought to impair cell-cell interactions between mutant and wild type PCDH19-expressing cells to produce the disease. Progress has been made in understanding PCE using rodent models or patient induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). However, rodents do not faithfully model key aspects of human brain development, and patient iPSC models are limited by issues with random X-chromosome inactivation. Methods: To overcome these challenges and model mosaic PCDH19 expression in vitro, we generated isogenic female human embryonic stem cells with either HA-FLAG-tagged PCDH19 (WT) or homozygous PCDH19 knockout (KO) using genome editing. We then mixed GFP-labeled WT and RFP-labeled KO cells and generated human cortical organoids (hCOs). Results: We found that PCDH19 is highly expressed in early (days 20-35) WT neural rosettes where it co-localizes with N-Cadherin in ventricular zone (VZ)-like regions. Mosaic PCE hCOs displayed abnormal cell sorting in the VZ with KO and WT cells completely segregated. This segregation remained robust when WT:KO cells were mixed at 2:1 or 1:2 ratios. PCE hCOs also exhibited altered expression of PCDH19 (in WT cells) and N-Cadherin, and abnormal deep layer neurogenesis. None of these abnormalities were observed in hCOs generated by mixing only WT or only KO (modeling male carrier) cells. Discussion: Our results using the mosaic PCE hCO model suggest that PCDH19 plays a critical role in human VZ radial glial organization and early cortical development. This model should offer a key platform for exploring mechanisms underlying PCE-related cortical hyperexcitability and testing of potential precision therapies.

Bibliometric and visualized analysis of type 2 diabetic osteoporosis from 2013 to 2022.

Type 2 diabetic osteoporosis (T2DOP) has received increasing attention from researchers. In this study, a total of 453 publications related to T2DOP from 2013 to 2022 were analyzed using bibliometric and visual analysis to identify the research trends and research hotspots in the field of T2DOP. PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of T2DOP-related publications from 2013 to 2022 to determine global research trends in T2DOP in terms of number of publications, countries/regions, institutions, authors, journals, funding agencies, and keywords. METHODS: All data were collected from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC). All original research publications regarding T2DOP from 2013 to 2022 were retrieved. VOSviewer and Microsoft Office Excel were used to conduct the bibliometric and visual analysis. RESULTS: From 2013 to 2022, 515 relevant publications were published, with a peak in 2022 in the annual number of publications. The countries leading the research were USA and China. Sugimoto was the most influential authors. Capital Medical University and Nanjing Medical University were the most prolific institutions. Osteoporosis International was the most productive journal concerning T2DOP research. National Natural Science Foundation of China was the primary funding source for this research area. "Bone-mineral density", "fracture risk", and "postmenopausal women" were the most high-frequency keywords over the past 10 years. CONCLUSION: This was the first bibliometric study of diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis to exclusively examine type 2 diabetes mellitus. Our findings would provide guidance to understand the research frontiers and hot directions in the near future.

Efficacy of Wolbachia-mediated sterility to reduce the incidence of dengue: a synthetic control study in Singapore.

BACKGROUND: Due to the absence of available therapeutics and good vaccines, vector control solutions are needed to mitigate the spread of dengue. Matings between male Aedes aegypti mosquitoes infected with the wAlbB strain of Wolbachia and wildtype females yield non-viable eggs. We evaluated the efficacy of releasing wAlbB-infected A aegypti male mosquitoes to suppress dengue incidence. METHODS: In this synthetic control study, we conducted large-scale field trials in Singapore involving release of wAlbB-infected A aegypti male mosquitoes for dengue control via vector population suppression, from epidemiological week (EW) 27, 2018, to EW 26, 2022. We selected two large towns (Yishun and Tampines) to adopt an expanding release strategy and two smaller towns (Bukit Batok and Choa Chu Kang) to adopt a targeted-release approach. Releases were conducted two times a week in high-rise public housing estates. All intervention and control locations practised the same baseline dengue control protocol. The main outcome was weekly dengue incidence rate caused by any dengue virus serotype. We used incidence data collected by the Singapore Ministry of Health to assess the efficacy of the interventions. To compare interventions, we used the synthetic control method to generate appropriate counterfactuals for the intervention towns using a weighted combination of 30 control towns between EW 1, 2014 and EW 26, 2022. FINDINGS: Our study comprised an at-risk population of 607 872 individuals living in intervention sites and 3 894 544 individuals living in control sites. Interventions demonstrated up to 77·28% (121/156, 95% CI 75·81-78·58) intervention efficacy despite incomplete coverage across all towns until EW 26, 2022. Intervention efficacies increased as release coverage increased across all intervention sites. Releases led to 2242 (95% CI 2092-2391) fewer cases per 100 000 people in intervention sites during the study period. Secondary analysis showed that these intervention effects were replicated across all age groups and both sexes for intervention sites. INTERPRETATION: Our results demonstrated the potential of Wolbachia-mediated incompatible insect technique for strengthening dengue control in tropical cities, where dengue burden is the greatest. FUNDING: Singapore Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Sustainability, and the National Environment Agency, and the Singapore National Robotics Program.

Catalpol alleviates hypoxia ischemia-induced brain damage by inhibiting ferroptosis through the PI3K/NRF2/system Xc-/GPX4 axis in neonatal rats.

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a brain damage caused by perinatal hypoxia and blood flow reduction. Severe HIE leads to death. Available treatments remain limited. Oxidative stress and nerve damage are major factors in brain injury caused by HIE. Catalpol, an iridoid glucoside found in the root of Rehmannia glutinosa, has antioxidant and neuroprotective effects. This study examined the neuroprotective effects of catalpol using a neonatal rat HIE model and found that catalpol might protect the brain through inhibiting neuronal ferroptosis and ameliorating oxidative stress. Behavior tests suggested that catalpol treatment improved functions of motor, learning, and memory abilities after hypoxic-ischemic injury. Catalpol treatment inhibited changes to several ferroptosis-related proteins, including p-PI3K, p-AKT, NRF2, GPX4, SLC7A11, SLC3A2, GCLC, and GSS in HIE neonatal rats. Catalpol also prevented changes to several ferroptosis-related proteins in PC12 cells after oxygen-glucose deprivation. The ferroptosis inducer erastin reversed the protective effects of catalpol both in vitro and in vivo. We concluded that catalpol protects against hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) by inhibiting ferroptosis through the PI3K/NRF2/system Xc-/GPX4 axis.