Polymer Mechanochemistry in Confined Spaces.

With the development of mechanophores, polymer mechanochemistry has emerged as a powerful tool for creating force-responsive materials with a variety of desired functions, ranging from color change to molecular release. However, it remains challenging to improve the efficiency of mechanochemical activation, especially for mechanophores embedded within polymer networks, which has profound implications for translating mechanochemical responses into materials-centered applications. The physical and chemical conditions under spatial confinement differ significantly from those in the surrounding bulk environment, offering opportunities to facilitate mechanochemical activation. In this Minireview, we discuss and summarize recent progress in polymer mechanochemistry within confined spaces including surfaces/interfaces, polymer assemblies, and other nanostructures, specifically focusing on the effects of spatial confinement on the enhancement of mechanophore activation. We envision that combining confinement effects with advances in molecular and materials engineering will further improve the activation efficiency, capitalizing more fully on the potential of mechanophores toward practical applications.

Integrin αVß3 mediates porcine deltacoronavirus infection and inflammatory response through activation of the FAK-PI3K-AKT-nf-κB signalling pathway.

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes acute watery diarrhoea in piglets, resulting in significant economic losses to the global swine industry. However, the underlying mechanism of PDCoV infection is not well defined, which seriously hinders the development of effective drugs and vaccines. Integrins (ITG) are heterodimeric transmembrane glycoproteins that play important roles in the life cycle of many viruses. In the current study, the viral entry pathways of PDCoV were explored and the role of ITGαVß3 was investigated during PDCoV infection. Our results showed that the lysosomal acidification inhibitor bafilomycin-A1 (Baf-A1) significantly reduced PDCoV infection, while exogenous protease facilitated PDCoV infection and even allowed PDCoV entry to bypass the endosomal pathway, suggesting PDCoV entry into cells via the endocytic pathway and the exogenous protease-mediated pathway simultaneously. Furthermore, ITGαVß3 was identified to be involved in PDCoV infection, especially during viral entry stages. PDCoV infection triggers the activation of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-serine/threonine-specific protein kinase (AKT) signalling pathway, and this activation is ITGαVß3-dependent, suggesting that the activation of the FAK-PI3K-AKT signalling pathway during PDCoV infection is mediated by ITGαVß3. Our results further demonstrated that PDCoV infection induced the expression of inflammatory cytokines, which was mediated by activation of the ITGαVß3-FAK-PI3K-AKT-nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) signalling pathway. Overall, the results revealed that ITGαVß3 is an essential host factor for PDCoV infection and can serve as a supplementary receptor to facilitate PDCoV infection, which can help us to explore the molecular mechanism of PDCoV infection.

Identifying the host factors required for entry will be helpful in uncovering the pathogenesis mechanisms and developing antivirals against the emerging coronavirus porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV). Herein, we revealed that PDCoV enters cells via the endocytic and exogenous protease-mediated pathways simultaneously. Integrins (ITG) αVß3 is a host factor required for PDCoV infection, especially during virus adhesion, invasion, and release. Most importantly, PDCoV promotes viral infection by activating the ITGαVß3-focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-serine/threonine-specific protein kinase (AKT) signalling pathway and induces inflammation by activating the ITGαVß3-FAK-PI3K-AKT-NF-κB signalling pathway. Overall, this is the first study to identify ITGαVß3 as an essential factor for PDCoV infection, which can help us to confirm the molecular regulatory mechanism and provide a comprehensive resource for PDCoV infection.

Interfacial and foaming properties of plant and microbial proteins: Comparison of structure-function behavior of different proteins.

Many plant proteins are amphiphilic molecules that can adsorb to air-water interfaces and form protective coatings around gas bubbles. In this study, the composition, structure, physicochemical properties, air-water interfacial properties, and foaming properties of 16 plant and microbial proteins were characterized. We found a correlation between the composition, structure, physicochemical properties, and foaming properties of the proteins. The foaming capacity of them showed a highly significant positive correlation (p ≤ 0.01) with their foaming stability, α-helix content, surface hydrophobicity, and free sulfhydryl content. The foaming capacity and foaming stability showed highly significant negative correlations with disulfide bond content (p ≤ 0.01). We found wheat gluten protein (WGP) and mung bean protein (MBP) had higher foaming capacity (102.67 ± 8.08 % and 89.33 ± 4.72 %), which could be attributed to higher surface hydrophobicity (179.68 ± 1.40 and 130.28 ± 1.41) and larger contact angle (82.369 ± 0.016° and 82.949 ± 0.228°).

Benzodiazole-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Photocatalytic Dehalogenation of Phenacyl Bromide Derivatives.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have garnered significant interest within the scientific community due to their distinctive ability to act as organic semiconductors responsive to visible light. This unique attribute makes them up-and-coming candidates for facilitating photocatalytic organic reactions. Herein, two donor-acceptor COFs, TPE-BSD-COF and TPE-BD-COF, have been designed and synthesized by incorporating electron-rich tetraphenylethylene and electron-deficient benzoselenadiazole and benzothiadiazole units into the framework through a Schiff-base polycondensation reaction. Both COFs exhibit exceptional crystallinity and enduring porosity. TPE-BSD-COF and TPE-BD-COF exhibit broad light absorption capabilities, a narrow optical band gap, and low electrochemical impedance spectrum (EIS) levels, indicating that the two COFs are effective heterogeneous photocatalysts for the reductive dehalogenation of phenacyl bromide derivatives under blue LED irradiation. A high photocatalytic yield of 98% and 95% was achieved by TPE-BSD-COF and TPE-BD-COF catalysts, respectively, within only one hour.

Enhanced intrinsic chiroptical response of resonant metallic metasurfaces.

The physics of resonant metasurfaces underpins many electromagnetic functionalities with enhanced performance by virtue of resonant excitations. Resonances originating from bound states in the continuum (BICs) were recently recognized in photonics for their superior optical properties, strong local field enhancement, and suppression of radiative losses. Very recently, a concept of intrinsically chiral dielectric BIC metasurfaces was proposed that combines strong narrowband resonant features with the polarization control of scattered light. Here, we design a resonant chiral metallic metasurface supporting a BIC resonance in the microwave wavelength range. In our structure, the metasurface units (meta-atoms) are characterized with rotational and mirror spatial symmetries. We numerically characterize metasurface mode properties in eigenmode calculations and scattering spectra for linearly polarized excitation under oblique incidence. Then, we investigate intrinsic chiroptical effects for transmission of normally propagating excitation beams by breaking the meta-atom in-plane mirror symmetries. We predict that the intrinsic circular dichroism in such structures may exceed 0.74.

Diagnostic and prognostic value of diquat plasma concentration and complete blood count in patients with acute diquat poisoning based on random forest algorithms.

Currently, the incidence of diquat (DQ) poisoning is increasing, and quickly predicting the prognosis of poisoned patients is crucial for clinical treatment. In this study, a total of 84 DQ poisoning patients were included, with 38 surviving and 46 deceased. The plasma DQ concentration of DQ poisoned patients, determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were collected and analyzed with their complete blood count (CBC) indicators. Based on DQ concentration and CBC dataset, the random forest of diagnostic and prognostic models were established. The results showed that the initial DQ plasma concentration was highly correlated with patient prognosis. There was data redundancy in the CBC dataset, continuous measurement of CBC tests could improve the model's predictive accuracy. After feature selection, the predictive accuracy of the CBC dataset significantly increased to 0.81 ± 0.17, with the most important features being white blood cells and neutrophils. The constructed CBC random forest prediction model achieved a high predictive accuracy of 0.95 ± 0.06 when diagnosing DQ poisoning. In conclusion, both DQ concentration and CBC dataset can be used to predict the prognosis of DQ treatment. In the absence of DQ concentration, the random forest model using CBC data can effectively diagnose DQ poisoning and patient's prognosis.

Experiences and prospects for national survey of terrestrial wildlife resources in China.

Wildlife resources are strategic resources of a country, and the investigation of which is a key task for effective management in protection and utilization. Since the 1990s, two national surveys of terrestrial wildlife resources have been carried out in China, and the situation of wildlife resources has been known to a certain extent. Due to the complexity and difficulty of national wildlife survey, we are still not able to grasp the background and dynamics of wildlife resources as a whole promptly and effectively. The results and effectiveness of wildlife resources investigation will directly affect the decision-making related in wildlife protection. According to Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife and Regulations of the People's Republic of China for the Implementation of the Protection of Terrestrial Wildlife, it is imperative to carry out the third national survey of terrestrial wildlife resources, and to be integrated with the national strategy of ecological civilization construction. The aims of this review were to summarize the earlier experiences in time, to further improve the investigation scheme and technical methods, to serve the third national survey of terrestrial wildlife resources, in addition to obtain more comprehensive and reliable data of wildlife resources, grasp the development trend of domestic wildlife resources, and provide more effective supports for the wildlife conservation in China.

Theory of the Spectral Function of Fermi Polarons at Finite Temperature.

We develop a general theory of Fermi polarons at nonzero temperature, including particle-hole excitations of the Fermi sea shakeup to arbitrarily high orders. The exact set of equations of the spectral function is derived by using both Chevy ansatz and diagrammatic approach, and their equivalence is clarified to hold in free space only, with an unregularized infinitesimal interaction strength. The correction to the polaron spectral function arising from two-particle-hole excitations is explicitly examined for an exemplary case of Fermi polarons in one-dimensional optical lattices. We find quantitative improvements at low temperatures with the inclusion of two-particle-hole excitations, in both polaron energies and decay rates. Our exact theory of Fermi polarons with arbitrary orders of particle-hole excitations might be used to better understand the intriguing polaron dynamical responses in two or three dimensions, whether in free space or within lattices.

Douyin and Bilibili as sources of information on lung cancer in China through assessment and analysis of the content and quality.

Lung cancer has emerged as a major global public health concern. With growing public interest in lung cancer, online searches for related information have surged. However, a comprehensive evaluation of the credibility, quality, and value of lung cancer-related videos on digital media platforms remains unexamined. This study aimed to assess the informational quality and content of lung cancer-related videos on Douyin and Bilibili. A total of 200 lung cancer-related videos that met the criteria were selected from Douyin and Bilibili for evaluation and analysis. The first step involved recording and analyzing the basic information provided in the videos. Subsequently, the source and type of content for each video were identified. All videos' educational content and quality were then evaluated using JAMA, GQS, and Modified DISCERN. Douyin videos were found to be more popular in terms of likes, comments, favorites, and shares, whereas Bilibili videos were longer in duration (P < .001). The majority of video content on both platforms comprised lung cancer introductions (31/100, 31%), with medical professionals being the primary source of uploaded videos (Douyin, n = 55, 55%; Bilibili, n = 43, 43%). General users on Douyin scored the lowest on the JAMA scale, whereas for-profit businesses scored the highest (2.50 points). The results indicated that the videos' informational quality was insufficient. Videos from science communications and health professionals were deemed more reliable regarding completeness and content quality compared to videos from other sources. The public should exercise caution and consider the scientific validity when seeking healthcare information on short video platforms.

Silica-induced ROS in alveolar macrophages and its role on the formation of pulmonary fibrosis via polarizing macrophages into M2 phenotype: a review.

Alveolar macrophages (AMs), the first line against the invasion of foreign invaders, play a predominant role in the pathogenesis of silicosis. Studies have shown that inhaled silica dust is recognized and engulfed by AMs, resulting in the production of large amounts of silica-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), including particle-derived ROS and macrophage-derived ROS. These ROS change the microenvironment of the AMs where the macrophage phenotype is stimulated to swift from M0 to M1 and/or M2, and ultimately emerge as the M2 phenotype to trigger silicosis. This is a complex process accompanied by various molecular biological events. Unfortunately, the detailed processes and mechanisms have not been systematically described. In this review, we first systematically introduce the process of ROS induced by silica in AMs. Then, describe the role and molecular mechanism of M2-type macrophage polarization caused by silica-induced ROS. Finally, we review the mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis induced by M2 polarized AMs. We conclude that silica-induced ROS initiate the fibrotic process of silicosis by inducing macrophage into M2 phenotype, and that targeted intervention of silica-induced ROS in AMs can reprogram the macrophage polarization and ameliorate the pathogenesis of silicosis.

Effect of Tourmaline Addition on the Anti-Poisoning Performance of MnCeOx@TiO2 Catalyst for Low-Temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx.

In view of the flue gas characteristics of cement kilns in China, the development of low-temperature denitrification catalysts with excellent anti-poisoning performance has important theoretical and practical significance. In this work, a series of MnCeOx@TiO2 and tourmaline-containing MnCeOx@TiO2-T catalysts was prepared using a chemical pre-deposition method. It was found that the MnCeOx@TiO2-T2 catalyst (containing 2% tourmaline) exhibited the best low-temperature NH3-selective catalytic reduction (NH3-SCR) performance, yielding 100% NOx conversion at 110 °C and above. When 100-300 ppm SO2 and 10 vol.% H2O were introduced to the reaction, the NOx conversion of the MnCeOx@TiO2-T2 catalyst was still higher than 90% at 170 °C, indicating good anti-poisoning performance. The addition of appropriate amounts of tourmaline can not only preferably expose the active {001} facets of TiO2 but also introduce the acidic SiO2 and Al2O3 components and increase the content of Mn4+ and Oα on the surface of the catalyst, all of which contribute to the enhancement of reaction activity of NH3-SCR and anti-poisoning performance. However, excess amounts of tourmaline led to the formation of dense surface of catalysts that suppressed the exposure of catalytic active sites, giving rise to the decrease in catalytic activity and anti-poisoning capability. Through an in situ DRIFTS study, it was found that the addition of appropriate amounts of tourmaline increased the number of Brønsted acid sites on the catalyst surface, which suppressed the adsorption of SO2 and thus inhibited the deposition of NH4HSO4 and (NH4)2HSO4 on the surface of the catalyst, thereby improving the NH3-SCR performance and anti-poisoning ability of the catalyst.

Personality and Health-Related Quality of Life of Older Chinese Adults: Cross-Sectional Study and Moderated Mediation Model Analysis.

Background: Personality has an impact on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of older adults. However, the relationship and mechanisms of the 2 variables are controversial, and few studies have been conducted on older adults. Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between personality and HRQoL and the mediating and moderating roles of sleep quality and place of residence in this relationship. Methods: A total of 4123 adults 60 years and older were from the Psychology and Behavior Investigation of Chinese Residents survey. Participants were asked to complete the Big Five Inventory, the Brief version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and EQ-5D-5L. A backpropagation neural network was used to explore the order of factors contributing to HRQoL. Path analysis was performed to evaluate the mediation hypothesis. Results: As of August 31, 2022, we enrolled 4123 older adults 60 years and older. Neuroticism and extraversion were strong influencing factors of HRQoL (normalized importance >50%). The results of the mediation analysis suggested that neuroticism and extraversion may enhance and diminish, respectively, HRQoL (index: ß=-.262, P<.001; visual analog scale: ß=-.193, P<.001) by increasing and decreasing brief version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores (neuroticism: ß=.17, P<.001; extraversion: ß=-.069, P<.001). The multigroup analysis suggested a significant moderating effect of the place of residence (EQ-5D-5L index: P<.001; EQ-5D-5L visual analog scale: P<.001). No significant direct effect was observed between extraversion and EQ-5D-5L index in urban older residents (ß=.037, P=.73). Conclusions: This study sheds light on the potential mechanisms of personality and HRQoL among older Chinese adults and can help health care providers and relevant departments take reasonable measures to promote healthy aging.

Retrosynthetic analysis via deep learning to improve pilomatricoma diagnoses.

BACKGROUND: Pilomatricoma, a benign childhood skin tumor, presents diagnostic challenges due to its manifestation variations and requires surgical excision upon histological confirmation of its characteristic cellular features. Recent artificial intelligence (AI) advancements in pathology promise enhanced diagnostic accuracy and treatment approaches for this neoplasm. METHODS: We employed a multiscale transfer learning model, initiating the training process at high resolutions and adapting to broader scales. For evaluation purposes, we applied metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, the F1 score, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) to measure the performance of the model, with the statistical significance of the results assessed via two-sided P tests. Our novel approach also included a retrosynthetic saliency mapping technique to achieve enhanced lesion visualization in whole-slide images (WSIs), supporting pathologists' diagnostic processes. RESULTS: Our model effectively navigated the challenges of global-scale classification, achieving a high validation accuracy of up to 0.973 despite some initial fluctuations. This method displayed excellent accuracy in terms of identifying basaloid and ghost cells, especially at lower scales, with slight variability in its ghost cell accuracy and more noticeable changes in the 'Other' category at higher scales. The consistent performance attained for basaloid cells was clear across all scales, whereas areas for improvement were identified in the 'Other' category. The model also excelled at generating detailed and interpretable saliency maps for lesion visualization purposes, thereby enhancing its value in digital pathology diagnostics. CONCLUSION: Our pilomatricoma study demonstrates the efficacy of a deep learning-based histopathological diagnosis model, as validated by its high performance across various scales, and it is enhanced by an innovative retrosynthetic approach for saliency mapping.

Downsizing gum Arabic-based abamectin particles using flash nanoprecipitation method for enhanced pesticide deposition.

Pesticides are vital for ensuring crop protection and stable yields, but their low efficiency and eco-unfriendly carriers raise environmental concerns. In this study, abamectin nanopesticides were designed and fabricated using natural polysaccharides [gum arabic (GA)] and a co-stabiliser via flash nanoprecipitation (FNP) method to reduce the size of nanopesticides and enhance their foliar affinity and deposition. Various co-stabilisers were innovatively introduced into the FNP process; the synergy between GA and the co-stabiliser significantly reduced the particle size (111.5 nm), narrowed the size distribution (polydispersity index = 0.078), and enhanced the stability and release performance of the nanopesticides. Importantly, the downsized nanopesticides effectively improved retention on leaf surfaces, reducing pesticide loss. In addition, because of the excellent control capability of the FNP method, the particle size of the nanopesticides could be flexibly adjusted by modifying the flow-based process parameters. Nanopesticides with small sizes demonstrated good control efficacy against Tetranychus urticae, comparable to those of commercial emulsion in water formulations. This study provides an effective approach for enhancing the utilisation efficiency of pesticide droplets by reducing particle size to ensure sustainable agriculture.

Fluorescence nanoprobes bearing low temperature-derived biochar nanoparticles as efficient quenchers for the detection of single-stranded DNA and 17ß-estradiol and their analytical potential.

Bagasse-derived biochar nanoparticles obtained under a low pyrolysis condition (400 °C) were first revealed to be capable of highly efficiently quenching the fluorescence of 6-carboxyfluorescein, with a significantly improved quenching rate constant over that of other quenchers and high-temperature prepared ones, and were designated as bagasse-derived quencher nanoparticles (BQNPs). The BQNPs are suitable for the construction of fluorescence nanoprobes, taking advantage of their various beneficial properties, including low cost, environmental friendliness, high dispersibility, and rich functional groups that allow their easy and versatile molecular modification. They were demonstrated to be capable of stably binding single-stranded oligonucleotides through both adsorption and covalent interactions and were utilized for the construction of both BQNPs/DNA and BQNPs/aptamer probes. The BQNPs/DNA probe had strong resistance against degradation by deoxyribonuclease I and showed high precision and selectivity for the detection of single-stranded DNA, with a limit of detection of 1.04 nM. Moreover, the BQNPs/aptamer probe demonstrated the rapid and sensitive detection of 17ß-estradiol (E2) with a limit of detection of 0.4 ng mL-1 with no cross-reactivity with the analogues, and it was also applied for real environmental sample detection and demonstrated reasonable signal recoveries. Benefiting from their strong quenching ability, low cost, and great dispersibility, the BQNPs show great potential for the development of cost-effective and sensitive fluorescence sensors.

Identification and validation of oxidative stress-related diagnostic markers for recurrent pregnancy loss: insights from machine learning and molecular analysis.

It has been recognized that oxidative stress (OS) is implicated in the etiology of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), yet the biomarkers reflecting oxidative stress in association with RPL remain scarce. The dataset GSE165004 was retrieved from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. From the GeneCards database, a compendium of 789 genes related to oxidative stress-related genes (OSRGs) was compiled. By intersecting differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in normal and RPL samples with OSRGs, differentially expressed OSRGs (DE-OSRGs) were identified. In addition, four machine learning algorithms were employed for the selection of diagnostic markers for RPL. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves for these genes were generated and a predictive nomogram for the diagnostic markers was established. The functions and pathways associated with the diagnostic markers were elucidated, and the correlations between immune cells and diagnostic markers were examined. Potential therapeutics targeting the diagnostic markers were proposed based on data from the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database and ClinicalTrials.gov. The candidate biomarker genes from the four models were further validated in RPL tissue samples using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. A set of 20 DE-OSRGs was identified, with 4 genes (KRAS, C2orf69, CYP17A1, and UCP3) being recognized by machine learning algorithms as diagnostic markers exhibiting robust diagnostic capabilities. The nomogram constructed demonstrated favorable predictive accuracy. Pathways including ribosome, peroxisome, Parkinson's disease, oxidative phosphorylation, Huntington's disease, and Alzheimer's disease were co-enriched by KRAS, C2orf69, and CYP17A1. Cell chemotaxis terms were commonly enriched by all four diagnostic markers. Significant differences in the abundance of five cell types, namely eosinophils, monocytes, natural killer cells, regulatory T cells, and T follicular helper cells, were observed between normal and RPL samples. A total of 180 drugs were predicted to target the diagnostic markers, including C544151, D014635, and CYP17A1. In the validation cohort of RPL patients, the LASSO model demonstrated superiority over other models. The expression levels of KRAS, C2orf69, and CYP17A1 were significantly reduced in RPL, while UCP3 levels were elevated, indicating their suitability as molecular markers for RPL. Four oxidative stress-related diagnostic markers (KRAS, C2orf69, CYP17A1, and UCP3) have been proposed to diagnose and potentially treat RPL.

Genomic epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile sequence type 35 reveals intraspecies and interspecies clonal transmission.

Clostridioides difficile sequence type (ST) 35 has been found in humans and animals worldwide. However, its genomic epidemiology and clonal transmission have not been explored in detail. In this study, 176 C. difficile ST35 isolates from six countries were sequenced. Genomic diversity, clonal transmission and epidemiological data were analyzed. Sporulation and virulence capacities were measured. Four ribotypes (RT) were identified including RT046 (97.2%), RT656 (1.1%), RT427 (0.6%), and RT AI-78 (1.1%). Phylogenetic analysis of 176 ST35 genomes, along with 50 publicly available genomes, revealed two distinctive lineages without time-, region-, or source-dependent distribution. However, the distribution of antimicrobial resistance genes differed significantly between the two lineages. Nosocomial and communal transmission occurred in humans with the isolates differed by ≤ two core-genome single-nucleotide polymorphism (cgSNPs) and clonal circulation was found in pigs with the isolates differed by ≤ four cgSNPs. Notably, interspecies clonal transmission was identified among three patients with community acquired C. difficile infection and pigs with epidemiological links, differed by ≤ nine cgSNPs. Toxin B (TcdB) concentrations were significantly higher in human isolates compared to pig isolates, and ST35 isolates exhibited stronger sporulation capacities than other STs. Our study provided new genomic insights and epidemiological evidence of C. difficile ST35 intraspecies and interspecies clonal transmission, which can also be facilitated by its strong sporulation capacity.

Information density threshold of urban road traffic signs based on visual comfort.

The content and density of traffic signs directly affect the operation of urban road traffic and drivers. To overcome the limitations of quantitative research on the density threshold of traffic signs on urban roads, a real vehicle experiment was conducted to record the psychological characteristics of drivers. Four psychological parameters of drivers-pupil area, fixation intensity, heart rate change rate, and heart rate variability-were explored. Subsequently, principal component analysis was used to present a new index, S, divided into 5 grade scales, to represent the driving visual comfort level. The information entropy theory was applied to quantify the amount of information on road traffic signs that are included in driving tests, and a regression relationship between the traffic sign information and comfort index S was established. The visual psychological load thresholds for different comfort levels were -2.289≤S < -1.526 for very comfortable, 1.526≤S < -0.763 for relatively comfortable, -0.763≤S ≤ 0.763 for comfortable, 0.763

Endovascular management of pediatric pial arteriovenous fistulas with hereditary GDF2 mutation: illustrative case.

BACKGROUND: Intracranial pial arteriovenous fistulas (PAVFs) are uncommon neurovascular anomalies that primarily affect the pediatric population. PAVFs are often linked to hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia, yet the specific genetic mutations remain unidentified. While endovascular embolization is the preferred treatment for PAVFs, complications like hydrocephalus and sinus thrombosis pose challenges in management. OBSERVATIONS: The authors present a rare case of PAVF in a 6-month-old male neonate with a hereditary GDF2 mutation, where the fistula was supplied by the posterior inferior cerebellar artery and drained directly into the sigmoid sinus. The PAVF was effectively treated with endovascular embolization using coils and Onyx. Furthermore, the authors describe the successful use of rivaroxaban in managing subsequent sinus thrombosis after the embolization of PAVFs. Additionally, the authors review treatment strategies and complications following fistula disconnection. LESSONS: Endovascular embolization is the primary treatment choice for the majority of pediatric PAVFs, while a hereditary GDF2 mutation is considered a potential contributing factor to the formation of these malformations in children. Rivaroxaban has shown promise as an effective therapeutic option for pediatric sinus thrombosis, supported by its established safety profile. https://thejns.org/doi/10.3171/CASE24182.