Topical Vancomycin is More Efficient than Povidone-Iodine Treatment in Controlling Bacterial Growth in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Keratitis Model in Rabbits.

To evaluate the efficacy of topical vancomycin and povidone iodine (PI) application on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) keratitis model in rabbits.MRSA keratitis was induced by injecting 0.1 mL MRSA containing 1000 colony-forming units (CFU) into central cornea of right eyes of 24 New Zealand White rabbits. Animals were divided into four groups (n = 6): control (treated with balanced salt solution), 50 mg/mL topical vancomycin, 5% topical PI, and combination; examined before and after treatment, and corneal tissues were harvested for analysis at 9th hour of treatment.Bacterial load was determined as: 7.63 ± 0.82 log10 CFU/g in control group, 6.95 ± 1.66 log10 CFU/g in PI group, 4.67 ± 0.77 log10 CFU/g in combination group, and 4.33 ± 0.71 log10 CFU/g in vancomycin group (p = 0.001). Median of total clinical score increased significantly from 7 [range: 5-8] to 11.5 [range: 11-15] (p = 0.001) in control group, did not change (6 [range: 5-8] to 7 [range: 5-7]; p = 0.695) in vancomycin group, increased significantly from 7 [range: 5-8] to 12.5 [range: 10-14] (p < 0.001) in PI group, increased significantly from 6.5 [range: 5-7] to 8 [range: 7-9] in combination group (p = 0.002). Post-treatment clinical scores for chemosis, conjunctival injection, iritis, hypopyon, epithelial erosion, and corneal infiltrate were significantly lower in vancomycin-treated groups compared to others (p < 0.05). In PI-treated groups, especially scores for chemosis, conjunctival injection, epithelial erosion and corneal infiltrate were significantly higher than vancomycin (p < 0.05).Topical vancomycin significantly inhibited bacterial growth in MRSA keratitis. However, PI was ineffective in controlling this growth; additionally, exerted toxic effect on ocular surface. When vancomycin was combined with PI, no additional increase in efficacy of treatment was detected compared to only vancomycin.

Evaluation of eye and serum findings in different waters in rabbits by drowning and submersion modeling.

Background/aim: This study investigated serum, vitreous, and anterior chamber fluid electrolyte changes, corneal thickness (CT), corneal volume (CV), anterior chamber volume (ACV), and anterior chamber depth (ACD) as an auxiliary diagnostic method in the identification of drowning in fresh or salt water. Materials and methods: The study used 35 healthy, adult, male, white New Zealand rabbits, seperated into five groups (control, saltwater drowning (SWD), saltwater immersion (SWI), freshwater drowning (FWD), freshwater immersion (FWI)). CT, CV, ACV, and ACD measurements were made with Pentacam topography at 0, 2, and 4 h in all groups. Magnesium (mg), sodium (Na), and chlorine (Cl) were measured in the blood at 0 and 2 h, and in blood, vitreous fluid, and humor aqueous at 4 h. Results: It was determined that CT, CV, ACV, and ACD are not of great value in drowning diagnosis and are affected by the fresh or salt water rather than drowning. Vitreous Na, Cl, and Mg levels are ineffective in determining drowning after one h. Anterior chamber fluid may provide valuable information in the differentiation freshwater - saltwater drownings at the 4th h in corpses retrieved from water. Conclusion: Anterior chamber fluid Na and Cl levels, especially in corpses removed from salt water, can be an easily used test that can help diagnose drowning.

Evaluation and comparison of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) parameters in normal and moderate myopic individuals.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) parameters in patients with moderate myopia and healthy individuals retrospectively. METHODS: A total of 80 male individuals aged 18-20 years were included in the study with 40 moderate myopic and 40 healthy persons. All participants underwent detailed ocular examination including refraction, intraocular pressure (IOP), visual acuity, biomicroscopy, OCTA measurement and optic biometry measurement. Retinal, retinal nerve fiber layer and choroidal layer thicknesses were evaluated in µm with the help of the software available in the OCTA device. RESULTS: The mean axial length (24.32 ± 0.53 mm) was statistically significantly higher in the moderate myopic group (24.32 mm) compared to the healthy group (23.33 ± 0.61 mm) (p < 0.001). Spherical equivalent (SE) was found as -3.79 ± 0.91 D in the moderate myopic group and -0.22 ± 0.32 D in the healthy group (p < 0.05). The mean superficial foveal mean density (FovSupMVD) and the mean deep foveal mean density (FovDepMVD) were statistically significantly lower in the moderate myopic group than in the healthy group (both, p < 0.001). The mean retinal temporal thickness (RTt) was statistically significantly lower in the moderate myopic group (p = 0.017). There was a mild negative correlation between axial length and FovSupMVD, FovDepMVD in myopes. In axial length ROC analysis, the cutoff value for moderate myopes was found to be 24.15 mm. Mean superficial foveal mean density (FovSupMVD) and mean deep foveal mean density (FovDepMVD), mean retinal temporal thickness (RTt) were significantly lower in the group above 24.15 mm axial length compared to the group below 24.15 mm axial length (all three, p < 0.001). Foveal avascular zone was significantly higher in the group above 24.15 mm axial length (p = 0.016) CONCLUSION: The results of our study indicate that the mean axial length and spherical equivalent were significantly higher, while retinal temporal thickness, the mean superficial foveal mean density and the mean deep foveal mean density were significantly lower in patients with myopia up to -6.0 D compared to the healthy individuals.

Bilateral acute depigmentation of the iris determined in two cases after COVID-19 infection.

Bilateral acute depigmentation of the iris (BADI) is a rare disease characterized by iris atrophy. Although it can be self-limiting, it is sometimes progressive and can lead to glaucoma and severe vision loss. Two female patients were admitted to our clinic because of a change in iris color following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. After the exclusion of other etiologies in the eye examination, BADI was diagnosed in both cases. Thus, it was shown that COVID-19 may also be involved in the etiology of BADI.

Investigation of the short-term effects of water drinking test on the eye using optical coherence tomography angiography in young healthy male subjects.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the acute effects of the water drinking test (WDT) on the eye using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) on healthy young male subjects. METHODS: The study included 25 eyes of 25 male subjects. Selected parameters of the retinal vasculature were measured, including macular flow indices, foveal avascular zone, and vessel densities (VDs) of the macula using OCTA. The measurements were taken on the first day without drinking water at 0 min, 30 min and 60 min, then repeated on the second day before drinking water at 0 min, and after drinking water at 30 min and 60 min. The Paired Samples t-test and repeated measures One-way analysis of variance test were used in the statistical analyses. RESULTS: The repeated measures analysis of variance test using Bonferroni adjustment demonstrated a significant increase in superficial and deep foveal VD following WDT (p < 0.001 for both). Intraocular pressure, retinal nerve fibre layer thickness, foveal avascular zone, flow area of choriocapillaris, flow area of outer retina, foveal non-flow area of superficial layer, and retinal thickness measurements showed no significant changes following WDT. CONCLUSIONS: WDT is associated with temporary flow modifications in superficial and deep foveal vascular plexus in young male subjects.

Investigating the effects of carvacrol in rats using oxygen-induced retinopathy model.

Purpose: Investigating the effects of intraperitoneal carvacrol administration in rats using the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model. Methods: A total of 28 newborn Sprague Dawley rats were used and the OIR model was created using the 50/10% oxygen model. The study composed of four groups in total. While the OIR model was not used in Group I (control group), it was created for Groups II, III, and IV. About 0.01 mL carvacrol, bevacizumab, or 0.9% NaCl was administered intraperitoneal (IP) to the rats in all groups on postnatal day (PND) 14 as follows: Group I and Group II were administered 0.9% NaCl, Group III was administered bevacizumab, and Group IV was administered carvacrol. On PND 18, rats were sacrificed and their right eyes were enucleated. Results: Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies showed that the number of vascular endothelial cells (VECs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) decreased similarly in Group III and Group IV compared with Group II. VECs values for Group I, Group II, Group III, and Group IV were measured as 0 ± 0, 26.45 ± 4.57, 7.75 ± 1.98, and 5.78 ± 1.72, respectively, and it differed significantly between groups (P < 0.001). Likewise, VEGF levels were observed as 0.06 ± 0.01, 3.31 ± 0.53, 2.47 ± 0.44, and 2.49 ± 0.52, respectively, and it differed significantly between groups (P < 0.001). TNF-α levels were recorded as 0.06 ± 0.01, 3.58 ± 0.38, 2.46 ± 0.49, and 2.29 ± 0.25, respectively, and it differed significantly between groups (P < 0.001). VECs, VEGF, and TNF-α were similar between Group III and IV (range of P values were 0.486-0.998). Conclusion: The study demonstrated that carvacrol significantly reduced retinal pathological angiogenesis, NV, VEC nuclei count, VEGF, and TNF-α levels. Moreover, the observed effects were comparable to those of bevacizumab.

Evaluation of the acute effects of cigarette smoking on the eye of non-Smoking healthy young male subjects by optical coherence tomography angiography.

Purpose: Investigation of the acute effects of cigarette smoking on the eye using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) on young healthy non-smoking male subjects.Materials and methods: The right eye of 25 healthy non-smoking male subjects were included in this study. Selected parameters of the macular and circumpapillary vasculature were measured, including macular flow indices, foveal avascular zone, vessel densities of macula and optic disc using OCTA. The measurements of the subjects were performed on the first day without smoking at 0 min, 5 min, 30 min and 60 min. Measurements were repeated at the same regime on the second day after smoking. Paired samples t-test and repeated measures one-way analysis of variance test was used for the statistical analysis.Results: The repeated measures analysis of variance test using the Bonferroni adjustment demonstrated a significant change for superficial and deep foveal vessel density, flow area of choriocapillaris, and circumpapillary capillary density following smoking (range of p value was <0.001-0.004). Intraocular pressure, foveal avascular zone area, flow area of outer retina and foveal non-flow area of superficial layer measurements did not have any significant changes following smoking (range of p value was 0.192-0.812).Conclusion: In non-smoking cases, even smoking only one cigarette significantly decreased the vessel density parameters at the acute period. Even though there was an increase in measured parameters shortly after smoking, it had lessened when compared to non-smokers, even one hour following smoking.

Evaluation of subjects with a moderate cup to disc ratio using optical coherence tomography and Heidelberg retina tomograph 3: impact of the disc area.

AIM: The aim was to evaluate subjects with a moderate cup to disc ratio using optical coherence tomograph (OCT) and Heidelberg retina tomograph (HRT) 3. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: We included 80 patients with early glaucoma and 80 nonglaucomatous subjects with moderate cup/disc ratio (range of 0.5-0.8) to this cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We compared results of color-coded algorithms of HRT 3 (Moorfields regression analysis [MRA] and Glaucoma probability score [GPS]) and OCT. All outputs are classified into three categories: Within normal limits (WNLs), borderline and outside normal limits (ONLs). Diagnostic accuracies of algorithms were determined using the highest sensitivity criteria. RESULTS: The sensitivities of global MRA, GPS and OCT were 0.75, 0.925 and 0.725, respectively, in average disc area group and 0.85, 1.0 and 0.425, respectively, in large disc area group. The specificities of global MRA, GPS and OCT were 0.55, 0.15 and 0.85, respectively, in average disc area group and 0.425, 0.025 and 0.80, respectively, in large disc area group. Area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of global MRA, GPS and OCT were 0.667, 0.617 and 0.792, respectively, in average disc area group and 0.746, 0.576 and 0.627, respectively, in large disc area group. AUROC of global MRA and OCT combination in the average and large disc area groups were 0.828 and 0.825, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to GPS and OCT algorithms, diagnostic performance of MRA algorithm increased in large disc area group. Combining MRA and OCT algorithms produced satisfactory diagnostic performance in subjects with an average and large disc area.