Encapsulation of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum with casein-gellan gum emulsions to enhance its storage, pasteurization, and gastrointestinal survival.

Probiotics serve a very important role in human health. However, probiotics have poor stability during processing, storage, and gastrointestinal digestion. The gellan gum (GG) is less susceptible to enzymatic degradation and resistant to thermal and acidic environments. This study investigated the effect of casein (CS)-GG emulsions to encapsulate Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CICC 6002 (L. plantarum CICC 6002) on its storage stability, thermal stability, and gastrointestinal digestion. L. plantarum CICC 6002 was suspended in palm oil and emulsions were prepared using CS or CS-GG complexes. We found the CS-GG emulsions improved the viability of L. plantarum CICC 6002 after storage, pasteurization, and digestion compared to the CS emulsions. In addition, we investigated the influence of the gellan gum concentration on emulsion stability, and the optimal stability was observed in the emulsion prepared by CS-0.8% GG complex. This study provided a new strategy for the protection of probiotics based on CS-GG delivery system.

Correlation analysis and modeling application from objective indicators to subjective evaluation of scented tea: A case study of rose tea.

Different scented teas provide various choices for consumers from appearance, aroma, flavor and others. Aiming to define advantages and market positions of different scented teas and promote optimization of market structure, characteristics for scented tea favored by consumers and outstanding attributes of different scented teas should be clarified. Rose tea was taken as study object. Sensory evaluation and consumer acceptance were investigated. GC-MS and HPLC fingerprints were established. Physicochemical characteristics were determined. RGB integration analysis was inventively proposed for correlation analysis. The volatile compounds with spicy, green or herbal odor as camphene, ß-phenethyl acetate, eugenol, and physicochemical parameters as antioxidant capacity, reducing sugar content, pH showed positive correlation with popular sensory properties. Six models for consumer preference by objective description were built through GA-SVR (accuracy = 1), and APP was developed. The research mode of scented tea has been successfully established to study multiple subjective characteristics with measurable objective parameters.

Combustion aerosols and suspended dust with controlled processes in Lhasa: Elemental analysis and size distribution characteristics.

To explore air contamination resulting from special biomass combustion and suspended dust in Lhasa, the present study focused on the size distribution and chemical characteristics of particulate matter (PM) emission resulting from 7 types of non-fossil pollution sources. We investigated the concentration and size distribution of trace elements from 7 pollution sources collected in Lhasa. Combining Lhasa's atmospheric particulate matter data, enrichment factors (EFs) have been calculated to examine the potential impact of those pollution sources on the atmosphere quality of Lhasa. The highest mass concentration of total elements of biomass combustion appeared at PM0.4, and the second highest concentration existed in the size fraction 0.4-1 µm; the higher proportion (12 %) of toxic metals was produced by biomass combustion. The elemental composition of suspended dust and atmospheric particulate matter was close (except for As and Cd); the highest concentration of elements was all noted in PM2.5-10 (PM3-10). Potassium was found to be one of the main biomass markers. The proportion of Cu in suspended dust is significantly lower than that of atmospheric particulate matter (0.53 % and 3.75 %), which indicates that there are other anthropogenic sources. The EFs analysis showed that the Cr, Cu, Zn, and Pb produced by biomass combustion were highly enriched (EFs > 100) in all particle sizes. The EFs of most trace elements increased with decreasing particle size, indicating the greater influence of humanfactors on smaller particles.

Arsenic exposure and oxidative damage to lipid, DNA, and protein among general Chinese adults: A repeated-measures cross-sectional and longitudinal study.

Arsenic-related oxidative stress and resultant diseases have attracted global concern, while longitudinal studies are scarce. To assess the relationship between arsenic exposure and systemic oxidative damage, we performed two repeated measures among 5236 observations (4067 participants) in the Wuhan-Zhuhai cohort at the baseline and follow-up after 3 years. Urinary total arsenic, biomarkers of DNA oxidative damage (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)), lipid peroxidation (8-isoprostaglandin F2alpha (8-isoPGF2α)), and protein oxidative damage (protein carbonyls (PCO)) were detected for all observations. Here we used linear mixed models to estimate the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between arsenic exposure and oxidative damage. Exposure-response curves were constructed by utilizing the generalized additive mixed models with thin plate regressions. After adjusting for potential confounders, arsenic level was significantly and positively related to the levels of global oxidative damage and their annual increased rates in dose-response manners. In cross-sectional analyses, each 1% increase in arsenic level was associated with a 0.406% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.379% to 0.433%), 0.360% (0.301% to 0.420%), and 0.079% (0.055% to 0.103%) increase in 8-isoPGF2α, 8-OHdG, and PCO, respectively. More importantly, arsenic was further found to be associated with increased annual change rates of 8-isoPGF2α (ß: 0.147; 95% CI: 0.130 to 0.164), 8-OHdG (0.155; 0.118 to 0.192), and PCO (0.050; 0.035 to 0.064) in the longitudinal analyses. Our study suggested that arsenic exposure was not only positively related with global oxidative damage to lipid, DNA, and protein in cross-sectional analyses, but also associated with annual increased rates of these biomarkers in dose-dependent manners.

Phagosome Isolation with Magnetic Beads and Purification of Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) Complexes in Phagosomes.

Phagocytosis is a central process by which macrophage cells internalize and eliminate microbes as well as apoptotic cells. The nascent phagosome undergoes a complex maturation process involving sequential fusion with endosomal compartments. The endosomal TLRs, including TLR3, -7, -8, and -9, play a critical role in innate immunity by sensing bacterial or viral nucleic acids and are preferentially transported to the phagosomal membrane of innate immune cells upon activation. Therefore, phagosome isolation is helpful for studies on pathogenic invasion and the functions of phagosome proteins, including endosomal TLRs.

Evaluation of a new scoring system for assessing nerve invasion in resected pancreatic cancer: A single-center retrospective analysis.

Nerve invasion (NI) is a characteristic feature of pancreatic cancer. Traditional dichotomous statements on the presence of NI are unreasonable because almost all cases exhibit NI when sufficient pathological sections are examined. The critical implications of NI in pancreatic cancer highlight the need for a more effective criterion. This study included 511 patients, who were categorized into a training group and a testing group at a ratio of 7:3. According to the traditional definition, NI was observed in 91.2 % of patients using five pathological slides in our study. The prevalence of NI increased as more pathological slides were used. The criterion of 'two points of intraneural (endoneural) invasion in the case of four pathological slides' has the highest receiver operating characteristic (ROC) score. Based on this new criterion, NI was proved to be an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) and was also correlated with tumor recurrence (P = 0.004). Interestingly, gemcitabine-based chemotherapy regimen is an independent favorable factor for patients with high NI. In the high NI group, patients who received a gemcitabine-based regimen exhibited a better prognosis than those who did not receive the gemcitabine-based regimen for OS (P = 0.000) and DFS (P = 0.001). In conclusion, this study establishes assessment criteria to evaluate the severity of NI in order to predict patient outcomes.

Efficacy and safety of recombinant human thrombopoietin for the treatment of chronic primary immune thrombocytopenia in children and adolescents: A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial.

The efficacy and safety of recombinant human thrombopoietin (rhTPO) in children and adolescent patients with chronic primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) remains unclear. A multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial was performed. Patients aged 6-17 years, diagnosed with ITP and resistant or relapsed to corticosteroid treatment were included. For the trial, part 1 was exploratory and part 2 was the main analysis, with part 1 determining whether part 2 was stratified by age. Patients in part 1 were treated with rhTPO (the 6- to 11-/12- to 17-year-old groups; 1:1). Patients in part 2 were randomized (3:1) to receive either rhTPO treatment or placebo. Patients received rhTPO or placebo at a dose of 300 U/kg once daily for up to 14 days. A total of 68 patients were included [part 1 (12 patients), part 2 (56 patients)]. The total response rate (TRR) in part 1 was 50.0% (95% CI: 21.09%-78.91%). For part 2, the TRR was 58.5% (95% CI: 42.11%-73.68%) and 13.3% (95% CI: 1.66%-40.46%) in the rhTPO and placebo groups (FAS) respectively. The difference in TRR between the rhTPO group and placebo group was 45.2% (95% CI: 22.33%-68.08%) and 44.6% (95% CI: 21.27%-67.85%) on the FAS and per-protocol set (PPS), respectively, which indicates the superiority of rhTPO treatment.

Distinct prebiotic effects of polysaccharide fractions from Polygonatum kingianum on gut microbiota.

This study investigated the physicochemical properties, digestive stability, and in vitro fermentation behavior of Polygonatum kingianum polysaccharide (PKP) fractions (PKP60, PKP70, PKP80) obtained through graded ethanol precipitation. High-performance gel permeation chromatography revealed significant molecular weight differences among the fractions, while reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography indicated consistent monosaccharide types with variations in their proportions. Uronic acid analysis confirmed that all polysaccharide fractions met the criteria for neutral polysaccharides. Congo red staining confirmed the presence of a triple-helix structure in all PKP fractions. Comprehensive analysis demonstrated that these fractions remained stable during in vitro digestion, as evidenced by consistent molecular weights and total carbohydrate content, with no significant production of free monosaccharides or reducing sugars. All PKP fractions were fermented by gut microbiota, resulting in the production of short-chain fatty acids. Beta diversity and structural analyses of gut microbiota revealed distinct modulatory effects associated with each PKP fraction. The PKP fractions promoted probiotic growth, especially PKP70, which significantly enhanced Bifidobacterium proliferation, indicating strong prebiotic potential. These findings underscore the importance of isolation and purification methods in determining the functionality and gut microbiota-modulating effects of plant-derived polysaccharides, emphasizing the need for in-depth research that extends beyond merely evaluating their source.

The value of the electrocardiogram in the recognition of cardiac amyloidosis: a systematic meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the diagnostic value of the electrocardiogram (ECG) method in detecting cardiac amyloidosis (CA) to indicate its clinical application. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, OVID Medline, and Cochrane Library databases for clinical trials assessing the diagnostic performance of ECG in detecting CA. We employed the risk ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI) to explicit estimates. QUADAS-2 was applied to evaluate the bias risk and the clinical applicability of the included studies. Reviewer Manager (RevMan) 5.3 and Stata 16.0 were employed to complete all statistical analyses. RESULTS: This meta-analysis included ten studies (N = 6353 patients). Overall, the findings of the study exposed that, for CA patients in whom the ECG method was used, the sensitivity and specificity were 0.49 and 0.91, respectively. The positive likelihood ratio (LR) and negative LR were 5.17 and 0.57, respectively. The diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) and diagnostic score of the ECG in detecting CA were 9.11 and 2.21. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.83(95% CI = 0.79-0.86). The hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (HSROC) curve further confirmed the diagnostic accuracy of the ECG, demonstrating a high prediction and confidence interval for the pooled estimate. No significant publication bias was detected, as confirmed by funnel plot analysis. Sensitivity analysis confirmed that the pooled estimates for ECG remained stable after the exclusion of individual studies, underscoring the robustness of the findings. The combined DOR and diagnostic score were 9.11 and 2.21, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: ECM has low sensitivity and high specificity in the diagnosis of CA. AUC > 0.5, indicating that ECM has accuracy and diagnostic value in the diagnosis of CA to some extent.

Plasma Biochemistry, Intestinal Health, and Transcriptome Analysis Reveal Why Laying Hens Produce Translucent Eggs.

Producing translucent eggs has been found to reduce the quality and safety of the eggs, as well as the demand from consumers. However, the intestinal function and the molecular mechanism for the production of translucent eggs remain uncertain. A total of 120 eggs from 276-day-old Jining Bairi were divided into two groups based on eggshell translucence: the translucent egg group (group T) and the normal group (group C). Group T exhibited thicker eggshells and a lower egg yolk color. Subsequently, we divided the chickens into translucent and normal groups based on their egg quality. We then assessed the plasma biochemical index, intestinal morphology and structure, enzyme activity, and antioxidant capacity of the hens producing translucent eggs compared to those producing normal eggs. The results showed that the ratio of duodenal villus length to crypt depth, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, chymotrypsin, total ATPase (T-ATPase), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were decreased in the hens produced translucent eggs (p < 0.05), but malondialdehyde (MDA) content was increased (p < 0.05); jejunal lipase activity, Na+K+-ATPase activity, total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and GSH-Px activities were decreased (p < 0.05) in group T; ileal amylase and Ca2+Mg2+-ATPase activities were also decreased (p < 0.05) in group T. In addition, we identified a total of 471 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in duodenal tissue, with 327 up-regulated genes and 144 down-regulated genes (|log2FC| ≥ 1 and p < 0.05). Enrichment analysis showed that the up-regulated genes, such as GSTT1, GSTO2, and GSTA3, were mostly enriched in metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, drug metabolism-cytochrome P450, and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. The results of our study indicate that plasma lipid metabolism disorder, decreased intestinal antioxidant capacity, and altered intestinal metabolism capabilities may influence the formation of translucent eggs.

Polyamine Derived Photosensitizer: A Novel Approach for Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer.

Polyamines play a pivotal role in cancer cell proliferation. The excessive polyamine requirement of these malignancies is satisfied through heightened biosynthesis and augmented extracellular uptake via the polyamine transport system (PTS) present on the cell membrane. Meanwhile, photodynamic therapy (PDT) emerges as an effective anti-cancer treatment devoid of drug resistance. Recognizing these intricacies, our study devised a novel polyamine-derived photosensitizer (PS) for targeted photodynamic treatment, focusing predominantly on pancreatic cancer cells. We synthesized and evaluated novel spermine-derived fluorescent probes (N2) and PS (N3), exhibiting selectivity towards pancreatic cancer cells via PTS. N3 showed minimal dark toxicity but significant phototoxicity upon irradiation, effectively causing cell death in vitro. A significant reduction in tumor volume was observed post-treatment with no pronounced dark toxicity using the pancreatic cancer CDX mouse model, affirming the therapeutic potential of N3. Overall, our findings introduce a promising new strategy for cancer treatment, highlighting the potential of polyamine-derived PSs in PDT.

Dietary Carbohydrates, Genetic Susceptibility, and Gout Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study in the UK.

This study aimed to investigate the associations between carbohydrate intake and gout risk, along with interactions between genetic susceptibility and carbohydrates, and the mediating roles of biomarkers. We included 187,387 participants who were free of gout at baseline and completed at least one dietary assessment in the UK Biobank. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the associations between carbohydrate intake and gout risk. Over a median follow-up of 11.69 years, 2548 incident cases of gout were recorded. Total carbohydrate intake was associated with a reduced gout risk (Q4 vs. Q1: HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.60-0.74), as were total sugars (0.89, 0.80-0.99), non-free sugars (0.70, 0.63-0.78), total starch (0.70, 0.63-0.78), refined grain starch (0.85, 0.76-0.95), wholegrain starch (0.73, 0.65-0.82), and fiber (0.72, 0.64-0.80), whereas free sugars (1.15, 1.04-1.28) were associated with an increased risk. Significant additive interactions were found between total carbohydrates and genetic risk, as well as between total starch and genetic risk. Serum urate was identified as a significant mediator in all associations between carbohydrate intake (total, different types, and sources) and gout risk. In conclusion, total carbohydrate and different types and sources of carbohydrate (excluding free sugars) intake were associated with a reduced risk of gout.

GOI-YOLOv8 Grouping Offset and Isolated GiraffeDet Low-Light Target Detection.

In the realm of computer vision, object detection holds significant importance and has demonstrated commendable performance across various scenarios. However, it typically requires favorable visibility conditions within the scene. Therefore, it is imperative to explore methodologies for conducting object detection under low-visibility circumstances. With its balanced combination of speed and accuracy, the state-of-the-art YOLOv8 framework has been recognized as one of the top algorithms for object detection, demonstrating outstanding performance results across a range of standard datasets. Nonetheless, current YOLO-series detection algorithms still face a significant challenge in detecting objects under low-light conditions. This is primarily due to the significant degradation in performance when detectors trained on illuminated data are applied to low-light datasets with limited visibility. To tackle this problem, we suggest a new model named Grouping Offset and Isolated GiraffeDet Target Detection-YOLO based on the YOLOv8 architecture. The proposed model demonstrates exceptional performance under low-light conditions. We employ the repGFPN feature pyramid network in the design of the feature fusion layer neck to enhance hierarchical fusion and deepen the integration of low-light information. Furthermore, we refine the repGFPN feature fusion layer by introducing a sampling map offset to address its limitations in terms of weight and efficiency, thereby better adapting it to real-time applications in low-light environments and emphasizing the potential features of such scenes. Additionally, we utilize group convolution to isolate interference information from detected object edges, resulting in improved detection performance and model efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate that our GOI-YOLO reduces the parameter count by 11% compared to YOLOv8 while decreasing computational requirements by 28%. This optimization significantly enhances real-time performance while achieving a competitive increase of 2.1% in Map50 and 0.6% in Map95 on the ExDark dataset.

OsFAD1-OsMYBR22 modulates clustered spikelet through regulating BRD3 in rice.

The phenotype of rice clustered spikelet mutants results from the upregulation of the FAD/NAD(P)-binding oxidoreductase family gene OsFAD1. Enhanced interaction between OsFAD1 and the transcription factor OsMYBR22 leads to the upregulation of the spikelet clustering-related BR catabolic gene BRD3.

Geometric Phase-Driven Scattering Evolutions.

Conventional approaches for scattering manipulations largely rely on the technique of field expansions into spherical harmonics (electromagnetic multipoles), which nevertheless is not only nongeneric (expansion coefficients depend on the origin position of the coordinate system) but also more descriptive than predictive. Here, we explore this classical topic from a different perspective of controlled excitations and interferences of quasinormal modes (QNMs) supported by the scattering system. Scattered waves are expanded into coherent additions of QNMs, among which the relative amplitudes and phases are crucial factors to architect for scattering manipulations. Relying on the electromagnetic reciprocity, we provide full geometric representations based on the Poincaré sphere for those factors, and discover the hidden geometric phase of QNMs that drives the scattering evolutions. Further synchronous exploitations of the incident polarization-dependent geometric phase and excitation amplitudes enable efficient manipulations of both scattering intensities and polarizations. Continuous geometric phase spanning 2π is directly manifest through scattering variations, even in the rather elementary configuration of an individual particle scattering waves of varying polarizations. We have essentially established a profoundly all-encompassing framework for the calculations of geometric phase in arbitrary scattering systems that are reciprocal. Our theoretical model will greatly broaden horizons of many disciplines not only in photonics but also in general wave physics where geometric phase is generic and ubiquitous.

Variant of internal jugular vein reconstruction in bilateral radical neck dissection.

BACKGROUND: The internal jugular vein (IJV) plays a major role in collecting venous blood from the cranium, face, and neck. Preserving or reconstructing at least one IJV during bilateral radical neck dissection (RND) allows preventing severe complications. The aim of this report was to present a variant of IJV reconstruction in bilateral radical neck dissection. CASE SUMMARY: A 55-year-old male complained for a gingival mass for about 2 months, which was approximately 4 × 2 cm in size with a surface ulceration, located in the anterior mandibular area. There were bilateral cervical adenopathy. The computed tomography (CT) scan revealed mandibular bone destruction with surrounding soft tissue masse, multiple enlarged lymph nodes around bilateral submandibular space and bilateral carotid sheath, with obvious necrosis in the center. The preoperative diagnosis was mandibular gingiva squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), staged T4aN2bM0. Under general anesthesia, the patient underwent bilateral RND with sacrifice of right IJV and reconstruction of left IJV by anastomosis of IJV to the ipsilateral EJV using the common facial vein as a communicating way, followed by an expanded resection of mandibular gingiva SCC via marginal mandibulectomy, left anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap reconstruction of the resulting defects, and tracheotomy. The patient's post-operative course was uneventfully. CONCLUSION: In our case report, the immediate IJV reconstruction by the W method was performed without compromising oncologic principles and was found feasible, safe and effective to prevent the occurrence of severe postoperative complications related to bilateral RND with sacrifice of both IJV.

Exploration in the establishment of cervical disc degeneration model and mechanism of acupuncture therapy in rabbits.

Acupuncture is an important therapy method in traditional Chinese medicine for treating intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), offering a wide range of applications. It is based on the theory of Chinese veterinary medicine and combines the stage of the disease course and individual differences for syndrome differentiation and treatment. However, there are few studies on the acupuncture treatment of cervical disc degeneration (CDD) in rabbits. Treatment based on syndrome differentiation is the basic principle of Chinese veterinary treatment. The selection of acupoints for external treatment should be based on individual etiology and pathogenesis. Nevertheless, most current studies do not follow this guideline. In this study, we established the CDD model and explored the mechanism of acupuncture treatment in alleviating CDD in rabbits by selecting a group of main acupoints including cervical Jiaji, Fengchi, Tianzhu, Naohu, Dazhui, and Houxi acupoints, combined with Western medicine's understanding of the pathogenesis of cervical spondylosis, from the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and tissue-repairing perspectives. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed the successful establishment of the rabbit CDD model. Acupuncture stimulation reduced the increase of average and maximum neck temperature due to CDD in rabbits. The acupuncture treatment relieved the spinal disc damage in the neck of the rabbit, which also decreased the expression level of pro-apoptotic factor Bax and increased the expression level of anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2. In addition, it can alleviate the abnormal apoptosis of rabbit intervertebral disc, decrease the expression level of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-2, and PGE2α, and alleviate the intense inflammation and pain response caused by CDD in rabbits. In conclusion, Acupuncture treatment can slow down the CDD of rabbits by regulating the inflammatory response and abnormal apoptosis of intervertebral disc tissue.

Graphene-Wrapped Magnetic Multichamber Ti3C2Tx Spheres for Stable Broadband Microwave Absorption.

Two-dimensional transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) have aroused widespread interest in the field of microwave absorption because of their unique layered structures. However, the inherent aggregation, poor impedance matching, and low chemical stability of MXenes inevitably obstruct their practical applications. Herein, a multichamber Fe3O4/Ti3C2Tx@reduced graphene oxide (FT@RGO) hierarchical structure was constructed through self-assembly and sacrificial template strategies where the Ti3C2Tx nanosheets were assembled into hollow microspheres that were decorated with Fe3O4 nanospheres and wrapped by RGO nanosheets. The massive heterointerfaces and interior cavities favor enhanced microwave absorption performance via interfacial polarization, multiple scattering/reflections, and dielectric-magnetic synergistic effects. Consequently, the synthesized ultralight FT@RGO foam (0.009 g/cm3) presents superior microwave absorption ability with the minimum reflection loss of -50.5 dB at the matching thickness of 2.5 mm and effective absorption bandwidth of 8.0 GHz covering the frequency range of 10.0-18.0 GHz at the thickness of 2 mm. Furthermore, the encapsulation of hollow Ti3C2Tx spheres by RGO nanosheets avoids direct contact with external air, which considerably improves the stability of Ti3C2Tx and ensures the long-term application of FT@RGO foam in a conventional environment. This work provides a reference for the structural design of MXene-based materials as broadband and durable microwave absorbers.

Investigating drug-induced urinary retention: a pharmacovigilance analysis of FDA adverse event reports from 2004 to 2024.

BACKGROUND: Drug-induced urinary retention (DIUR) can severely impact patient quality of life and complicate treatment. This study investigates the incidence and characteristics of DIUR using data from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) over 20 years. METHODS: FAERS reports related to urinary retention (UR) from Q1 2004 to Q1 2024 were analyzed. Potential causative drugs were identified, and the top 30 drugs with the most UR reports were ranked. Statistical disproportionality analyses, including Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR) and Reporting Odds Ratio (ROR), were conducted to detect significant safety signals. RESULTS: Out of 17,703,515 reports in the FAERS database 28,423 cases of UR were identified. Anticholinergics, antidepressants, and opioids were the most frequently implicated drug classes. The highest ROR and PRR values were observed for drugs like ezogabine. Additionally, less commonly associated drugs, such as adalimumab and others, were implicated, suggesting potential under-recognition of this adverse effect. However, these associations should be interpreted with caution, as they do not confirm a direct causal relationship. CONCLUSION: This study underscores the importance of pharmacovigilance in identifying and understanding DIUR. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and develop strategies to manage and reduce the risk, improving patient outcomes.