Cancer-associated fibroblasts-secreted exosomal miR-92a-3p promotes tumor growth and stemness in hepatocellular carcinoma through activation of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway by suppressing AXIN1.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are a major cellular component in the tumor microenvironment and have been shown to exhibit protumorigenic effects in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to delve into the mechanisms underlying the tumor-promoting effects of CAFs in HCC. Small RNA sequencing was conducted to screen differential expressed microRNAs in exosomes derived from CAFs and normal fibroblasts (NFs). The miR-92a-3p expression was then measured using reverse transcriptase quantitative real-time PCR in CAFs, NFs, CAFs-derived exosomes (CAFs-Exo), and NF-derived exosomes (NFs-Exo). Compared to NFs or NF-Exo, CAFs and CAFs-Exo significantly promoted HCC cell proliferation, migration, and stemness. Additionally, compared to NFs or NF-Exo, miR-92a-3p level was notably higher in CAFs and CAFs-Exo, respectively. Exosomal miR-92a-3p was found to enhance HCC cell proliferation, migration, and stemness. Meanwhile, AXIN1 was targeted by miR-92a-3p. Exosomal miR-92a-3p could activate ß-catenin/CD44 signaling in HCC cells by inhibiting AXIN1 messenger RNA. Furthermore, in vivo studies verified that exosomal miR-92a-3p notably promoted tumor growth and stemness through targeting AXIN1/ß-catenin axis. Collectively, CAFs secreted exosomal miR-92a-3p was capable of promoting growth and stemness in HCC through activation of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway by suppressing AXIN1. Therefore, targeting CAFs-derived miR-92a-3p may be a potential strategy for treating HCC.

Phosphorylation of USP27X by PIM2 promotes glycolysis and breast cancer progression via deubiquitylation of MYC.

Aberrant cell proliferation is a hallmark of cancer, including breast cancer. Here, we show that USP27X is required for cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in breast cancer. We identify a PIM2-USP27X regulator of MYC signaling axis whose activity is an important contributor to the tumor biology of breast cancer. PIM2 phosphorylates USP27X, and promotes its deubiquitylation activity for MYC, which promotes its protein stability and leads to increase HK2-mediated aerobic glycolysis in breast cancer. Moreover, the PIM2-USP27X-MYC axis is also validated in PIM2-knockout mice. Taken together, these findings show a PIM2-USP27X-MYC signaling axis as a new potential target for breast cancer treatment.

A case of Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia and EGFR mutant lung adenocarcinoma synchronous overlap: may one TKI drug solve two diseases?

BACKGROUND: Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) refers to ALL patients with t(9;22) cytogenetic abnormalities, accounting for about 25% of ALL. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common pathological type of non-small-cell lung cancer, which has a frequency of approximately 45% cases with mutations in EGFR. Both Ph+ ALL and EGFR mutant LUAD are involved in the pathogenesis of the abnormal activation of the tyrosine kinase pathway. Although the second primary hematological malignancy after the treatment of solid tumors is common in clinics, the synchronous multiple primary malignant tumors of hematological malignancy overlap solid tumors are uncommon, even both tumors involved in the pathogenesis of the abnormal activation of the tyrosine kinase pathway are extremely rare. CASE PRESENTATION: An 84-year-old man with fatigue and dizziness was diagnosed with Ph+ ALL. Meanwhile, a chest CT indicated a space-occupying lesions, characterized by the presence of void, in the right lower lope with the enlargement of mediastinal lymph node and right pleural effusion. After a few weeks, the patient was diagnosed with LUAD with EGFR exon 19 mutation. Both tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) (Flumatinib) and EGFR-TKI (Oxertinib) was used for the patients, and finally have controlled both diseases. CONCLUSION: As far as we know, we for the first time reported a case of Ph+ ALL and EGFR mutant LUAD synchronous overlap, of which pathogenesis is related to abnormal tyrosine kinase activation. This patient was successfully treated with two different TKIs without serious adverse events.

High sensitivity distributed dynamic pressure sensor based on dual-linear frequency modulated optical frequency domain reflectometry.

In this Letter, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a highly sensitive distributed dynamic pressure sensor based on a dual-linear frequency modulated optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) and a coating thickness-enhanced single-mode fiber (SMF). A dual-sideband linear frequency modulation (LFM) signal is used to interrogate the sensing fiber, which allows us to obtain a dual-sideband Rayleigh backscattering signal. Due to the opposite slopes of the two LFM sidebands, the Rayleigh backscattering spectra of the two sidebands drift in opposite directions when the fiber is disturbed. By subtracting the frequency shifts of the two spectra, we can double the system's sensitivity. We further enhance the sensitivity by using an SMF with a coating thickness of 200 µm. This results in a pressure sensitivity of 3979 MHz/MPa, a measurement accuracy of 0.76 kPa, and a spatial resolution of 35 cm over a 500 m optical fiber. Our system successfully detected a dynamic pressure change at a sampling rate of 1.25 kHz, demonstrating the sensor's excellent dynamic measuring capabilities.

Deep Learning Analysis for Predicting Tumor Spread through Air Space in Early-Stage Lung Adenocarcinoma Pathology Images.

The presence of spread through air spaces (STASs) in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma is a significant prognostic factor associated with disease recurrence and poor outcomes. Although current STAS detection methods rely on pathological examinations, the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) offers opportunities for automated histopathological image analysis. This study developed a deep learning (DL) model for STAS prediction and investigated the correlation between the prediction results and patient outcomes. To develop the DL-based STAS prediction model, 1053 digital pathology whole-slide images (WSIs) from the competition dataset were enrolled in the training set, and 227 WSIs from the National Taiwan University Hospital were enrolled for external validation. A YOLOv5-based framework comprising preprocessing, candidate detection, false-positive reduction, and patient-based prediction was proposed for STAS prediction. The model achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.83 in predicting STAS presence, with 72% accuracy, 81% sensitivity, and 63% specificity. Additionally, the DL model demonstrated a prognostic value in disease-free survival compared to that of pathological evaluation. These findings suggest that DL-based STAS prediction could serve as an adjunctive screening tool and facilitate clinical decision-making in patients with early-stage lung adenocarcinoma.

Outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection versus esophagectomy for poorly differentiated superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A 10-year cohort study.

BACKGROUNDS: The efficacy of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) to treat poorly differentiated superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SESCC) is unclear. AIMS: To exploring the efficacy and prognosis of ESD treatment poorly differentiated SESCC compared with esophagectomy. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted, the data of poorly differentiated SESCC patients who received ESD or esophagectomy from Jan 2011 to Jan 2021 were analyzed. Overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and procedure-related variables were compared between ESD and esophagectomy group. RESULTS: 95 patients underwent ESD, while 86 underwent esophagectomy. No significant differences were found between the two groups in OS (P = 0.587), DSS (P = 0.172), and RFS (P = 0.111). Oncologic outcomes were also similar between the two groups in propensity score-matched analysis. For T1a ESCC, the rates of R0 resection, LVI or nodal metastasis and additional therapy were similar between ESD and esophagectomy groups. But for T1b ESCC, the rates of positive resection margin and additional therapy were significantly higher in ESD group than those in esophagectomy group. CONCLUSIONS: ESD is a minimally invasive procedure that has comparable oncologic outcomes with esophagectomy for treatment poorly differentiated T1a ESCC. However, ESD is not suitable for poorly differentiated T1b ESCC, additional surgery or radiochemotherapy should be required.

Clonal spread of blaNDM-1-carrying Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium clone ST34 and wide spread of IncHI2/ST3-blaNDM-5 plasmid in China.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize blaNDM-carrying Salmonella recovered from a pig slaughterhouse. METHODS: In this study, 46 environment samples were collected from a slaughterhouse in China, and screened for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales. WGS, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and conjugation experiments were carried out to identify the isolates' resistance phenotypes and genetic characteristics. The phylogenetic relatedness of the Salmonella isolates obtained in this study and Salmonella (ST34 and ST29) in GenBank was determined. RESULTS: Two ST34 Salmonella Typhimurium and one ST29 Salmonella Stanley, recovered from three environmental samples (6.52%), were positive for blaNDM-1 and blaNDM-5, respectively. The two ST34 S. Typhimurium strains exhibited a close relationship (10-36 SNPs) with two human-derived blaNDM-1-bearing isolates from China (Hong Kong and Guangxi Province) and two blaNDM-negative ST34 Salmonella strains from the UK. The blaNDM-1 genes were located on IncHI2/ST3 plasmids. The capture of blaNDM-1 by the IncHI2/ST3 plasmid seems to be due to homologous recombination mediated by circular structures, as the genetic arrangements of the blaNDM-1 gene contain two IS26 elements of the same orientation. The blaNDM-5 gene was also carried by the IncHI2/ST3 plasmid, which shares highly similar structures with other blaNDM-5-bearing IncHI2/ST3 plasmids from other sources (fish, chicken, duck, human). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of a blaNDM-5-carrying IncHI2/ST3 plasmid in Salmonella. The clonal spread of NDM-1-producing ST34 S. Typhimurium across human and animal-associated environments, and the widespread dissemination of epidemic blaNDM-5-carrying IncHI2/ST3 plasmids among Enterobacteriaceae in China indicate the potential of further dissemination of blaNDM among Salmonella, which poses a threat to public health.

Quantification of Resection Margin following Sublobar Resection in Lung Cancer Patients through Pre- and Post-Operative CT Image Comparison: Utilizing a CT-Based 3D Reconstruction Algorithm.

Sublobar resection has emerged as a standard treatment option for early-stage peripheral non-small cell lung cancer. Achieving an adequate resection margin is crucial to prevent local tumor recurrence. However, gross measurement of the resection margin may lack accuracy due to the elasticity of lung tissue and interobserver variability. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an objective measurement method, the CT-based 3D reconstruction algorithm, to quantify the resection margin following sublobar resection in lung cancer patients through pre- and post-operative CT image comparison. An automated subvascular matching technique was first developed to ensure accuracy and reproducibility in the matching process. Following the extraction of matched feature points, another key technique involves calculating the displacement field within the image. This is particularly important for mapping discontinuous deformation fields around the surgical resection area. A transformation based on thin-plate spline is used for medical image registration. Upon completing the final step of image registration, the distance at the resection margin was measured. After developing the CT-based 3D reconstruction algorithm, we included 12 cases for resection margin distance measurement, comprising 4 right middle lobectomies, 6 segmentectomies, and 2 wedge resections. The outcomes obtained with our method revealed that the target registration error for all cases was less than 2.5 mm. Our method demonstrated the feasibility of measuring the resection margin following sublobar resection in lung cancer patients through pre- and post-operative CT image comparison. Further validation with a multicenter, large cohort, and analysis of clinical outcome correlation is necessary in future studies.

Electroacupuncture for oculomotor nerve palsy after chemotherapy: A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Oculomotor nerve palsy (ONP) is often discovered in the ophthalmology department, manifested as ptosis with the same side, eyeball in the fixed external booth, or accompanied by limited inward, upward, and downward movements. The present case report described the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) on a breast cancer patient with ONP after chemotherapy. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 56-year-old breast cancer patient presented with severe ptosis and fixed right eye exotropia. Besides, it is challenging to perform the movement inward, upward, and downward, and with obvious diplopia. DIAGNOSES: The breast cancer patient was diagnosed with ONP, chemotherapy history. INTERVENTIONS: The patient was introduced to acupuncture department to receiving EA treatment. OUTCOMES: After 12 times of EA treatments, the symptom of ptosis was significantly improved, and the right upper eyelid can lift autonomously as same as the left eye. Besides, the patient's right lateral eye could move freely, and the symptoms of double vision disappeared. CONCLUSION: The case suggests that EA may be an effective alternative treatment for ONP.

Metastable Supramolecular Assembly of Simple Monomers Enabled by Confinement: Towards Aqueous Phase Room Temperature Phosphorescence.

The application of supramolecular assembly (SA) with room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in aqueous phase has the potential to revolutionize numerous fields. However, using simple molecules with crystalline RTP to construct SA with aqueous phase RTP is hardly possible from the standpoint of forces. The reason lies in that the transition from crystal to SA involves a structure transformation from highly stable to more dynamic state, leading to increased non-radiative deactivation pathways and silent RTP signal. Here, with the benefit of the confinement from the layered double hydroxide (LDH), various simple molecules (benzene derivatives) can successfully form metastable SA with aqueous phase RTP. The maximum of RTP lifetime and efficiency can reach 654.87 ms and 5.02%, respectively. Mechanistic studies reveal the LDH energy trap can strengthen the intermolecular interaction, providing the prerequisite for the existence of metastable SA and appearance of aqueous phase RTP. The universality of this strategy will usher exploration into other multifunctional monomer, facilitating the development of SAs with aqueous phase RTP.

Changes in soil organic carbon components and microbial community following spent mushroom substrate application.

While spent mushroom substrate (SMS) has shown promise in increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) and improving soil quality, research on the interplay between SOC components and microbial community following the application of diverse SMS types remains scant. A laboratory soil incubation experiment was conducted with application of two types of SMSs from cultivation of Pleurotus eryngii (PE) and Agaricus bisporus (AB), each at three application rates (3, 5.5, and 8%). Advanced techniques, including solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-throughput sequencing, were employed to investigate on SOC fractions and chemical structure, microbial community composition and functionality. Compared to SMS-AB, SMS-PE application increased the relative abundances of carbohydrate carbon and O-alkyl C in SOC. In addition, SMS-PE application increased the relative abundance of the bacterial phylum Proteobacteria and those of the fungal phyla Basidiomycota and Ascomycota. The relative abundances of cellulose-degrading bacterial (e.g., Flavisolibacter and Agromyces) and fungal genera (e.g., Myceliophthora, Thermomyces, and Conocybe) were increased as well. The application of SMS-AB increased the aromaticity index of SOC, the relative abundance of aromatic C, and the contents of humic acid and heavy fraction organic carbon. In addition, SMS-AB application significantly increased the relative abundances of the bacterial phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria. Notably, the genera Actinomadura, Ilumatobacter, and Bacillus, which were positively correlated with humic acid, experienced an increase in relative abundance. Functional prediction revealed that SMS-PE application elevated carbohydrate metabolism and reduced the prevalence of fungal pathogens, particularly Fusarium. The application of high-rate SMS-AB (8%) enhanced bacterial amino acid metabolism and the relative abundances of plant pathogenic fungi. Our research provides strategies for utilizing SMS to enrich soil organic carbon and fortify soil health, facilitating the achievement of sustainable soil management.

Photodynamic therapy for cancer: mechanisms, photosensitizers, nanocarriers, and clinical studies.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a temporally and spatially precisely controllable, noninvasive, and potentially highly efficient method of phototherapy. The three components of PDT primarily include photosensitizers, oxygen, and light. PDT employs specific wavelengths of light to active photosensitizers at the tumor site, generating reactive oxygen species that are fatal to tumor cells. Nevertheless, traditional photosensitizers have disadvantages such as poor water solubility, severe oxygen-dependency, and low targetability, and the light is difficult to penetrate the deep tumor tissue, which remains the toughest task in the application of PDT in the clinic. Here, we systematically summarize the development and the molecular mechanisms of photosensitizers, and the challenges of PDT in tumor management, highlighting the advantages of nanocarriers-based PDT against cancer. The development of third generation photosensitizers has opened up new horizons in PDT, and the cooperation between nanocarriers and PDT has attained satisfactory achievements. Finally, the clinical studies of PDT are discussed. Overall, we present an overview and our perspective of PDT in the field of tumor management, and we believe this work will provide a new insight into tumor-based PDT.

Rapid Antidepressant-Like Potential of Chaihu Shugan San Depends on Suppressing Glutamate Neurotransmission and Activating Synaptic Proteins in Hippocampus of Female Mice.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the rapid antidepressant potential and the underlying mechanism of Chaihu Shugan San (CSS) in female mice. METHODS: Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS was used to determine the content of main components in CSS to determine its stability. Female C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 4 groups, including control (saline), vehicle (saline), CSS (4 g/kg) and ketamine (30 mg/kg) groups. Mice were subjected to irregular stress stimulation for 4 weeks to establish the chronic mild stress (CMS) model, then received a single administration of drugs. Two hours later, the behavioral tests were performed, including open field test, tail suspension test (TST), forced swimming test (FST), novelty suppression feeding test (NSF), and sucrose preference test (SPT). Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression levels of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA) subtypes [N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 (NR1), NR2A, NR2B], synaptic proteins [synapsin1 and post synaptic density protein 95 (PSD95)], and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Moreover, the rapid antidepressant effect of CSS was tested by pharmacological technologies and optogenetic interventions that activated glutamate receptors, NMDA. RESULTS: Compared with the vehicle group, a single administration of CSS (4 g/kg) reversed all behavioral defects in TST, FST, SPT and NSF caused by CMS (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CSS also significantly decreased the expressions of NMDA subtypes (NR1, NR2A, NR2B) at 2 h in hippocampus of mice (all P<0.01). In addition, similar to ketamine, CSS increased levels of synaptic proteins and BDNF (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Furthermore, the rapid antidepressant effects of CSS were blocked by transient activation of NMDA receptors in the hippocampus (all P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Rapid antidepressant effects of CSS by improving behavioral deficits in female CMS mice depended on rapid suppression of NMDA receptors and activation of synaptic proteins.

Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in children of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

OBJECTIVES: In Pakistan, cutaneous leishmaniasis is an emerging tropical disease and a very high number (>70%) of children are afflicted by this marring infection. This study aimed to scrutinise the prevalence, spatial distribution and socio-demographic and behavioural risk factors associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis in children aged <5-15 years in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. METHODS: A total of 1, 559 clinically confirmed records of children diagnosed with cutaneous leishmaniasis (January-December) from 2020 and 2022 were obtained from selected district hospitals. In addition, a risk factors-related questionnaire was administered to 1, 011 households (400 in 2020 and 611 in 2022) in nine districts during a household survey. RESULTS: The maximum number of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases was recorded in 2022 (n = 877, 56.25%) as compared to 2020 (n = 682, 43.75%). The hospital records showed a greater number of male patients in the 2022 cohort (n = 603, 68.76%). The highest number of cases were observed in children aged 5-9 years in 2022 (n = 282, 32.16%) and 2020 (n = 255, 37.39%). In 2020 and 2022, cutaneous leishmaniasis cases showed peak aggregation in March (n = 118, 17.3%) and January (n = 322, 36.72%). From a spatial analysis, the maximum number of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases was recorded at 59-1700 m elevation in various land-use/land-cover and climatic regions with quaternary alluvium rock formations. A multivariate logistic regression model analysis of risk factors from the households survey suggested that age group, socio-economic status, construction materials of the house, use of insect repellents, Afghan refugee camps in the village/district, knowledge and biting times of sand flies, frequent use of mosquito bed nets, presence of domestic animals in the house, knowledge of the transmission period and peak month of leishmaniasis infection increased the risk of acquiring cutaneous leishmaniasis (p value < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our analysis demonstrated that cutaneous leishmaniasis in children is influenced by a variety of environmental, socio-demographic and behavioural risk factors in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The increase in recorded cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis in children in 2022 compared to 2020 suggests that the infection likely extended to new foci in the province.

Exosomes secreted by adipose mesenchymal stem cells overexpressing circPIP5K1C exert.

BACKGROUND: Erectile dysfunction (ED) seriously affects men's normal life, and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) has been diagnosed as a causative factor. Currently, exosomes secreted by adipose mesenchymal stem cells (ADSC) have been used in the non-clinical experimental treatment of ED disease with prominent efficacy due to the advantages of high stability and no immune exclusion. METHODS: In this study, chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) exposure was used to induce ED-corresponding phenotypes in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats as well as in cavernous smooth muscle cells (CCSMCs). ED symptoms were treated using exosomes secreted by ADSCs overexpressing circPIP5K1C (EXO-circ) injected into the rat corpus cavernosum. RESULTS: EXO-circ has the effect of ameliorating ED induced by CIH exposure in rats, the mechanism of which is to promote the expression of the downstream target gene SMURF1 after adsorption of miR-153-3p through the sponge so that SMURF1 and PFKFB3 occur protein-protein binding and ubiquitination degradation of PFKFB3 appears to inhibit the occurrence of spongiotic smooth muscle cells glycolysis, and to restore the function of the smooth muscle. CONCLUSIONS: These findings show that EXO-circ have a promising therapeutic potential in OSA-induced ED.

A novel laser-EMAT ultrasonic longitudinal wave resonance method for wall thickness measurement at high temperatures.

In this paper we propose a novel ultrasonic longitudinal wave resonance method for measuring the thickness of metal walls using a laser-electromagnetic acoustic transducer (Laser-EMAT). The method is based on the surface constraint mechanism (SCM) of the material and is expected to be capable of accurately detecting local thinning of metal walls in a non-contact manner and at high temperatures. Based on finite element analysis of laser-EMAT ultrasonic resonance measurement of aluminum alloy thickness, we investigated the effects of such key factors as SCM, irradiation parameters of laser source, and the size of EMAT receiving coil on the accuracy of thickness measurement (resonance frequency position) and on the amplitude of the resonance wave. Both numerical simulations and experiments are conducted to demonstrate that the measurement accuracy of the proposed method is not affected by SCM, irradiation laser source parameters, and EMAT receiving coil size, and that accurate detection of stepped aluminum plates with thickness thinning from 3.0 mm to 0.5 mm is achieved. Furthermore, we were able to perform rapid detection of aluminum thin plate thickness at 500 °C temperature with an EMAT lift-off of 5.0 mm and achieved a relative experimental error as small as 3.40 %. The results obtained in this study showed that the proposed method performed well in non-contact measurement of metal thinning in harsh environment of high temperature.

Novel interacting proteins identified by tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry associated with IFITM3 protein during PDCoV infection.

Interferon-induced transmembrane 3 (IFITM3) is a membrane-associated protein that exhibits antiviral activities against a wide range of viruses through interactions with other cellular and viral proteins. However, knowledge of the mechanisms of IFITM3 in Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) infection has been lacking. In this study, we demonstrate that IFN-α treatment induces the upregulation of IFITM3 activity and thus attenuates PDCoV infection. PDCoV replication is inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by IFITM3 overexpression. To clarify the novel roles of IFITM3 during PDCoV infection, proteins that interact with IFITM3 were screened by TAP/MS in an ST cell line stably expressing IFITM3 via a lentivirus. We identified known and novel candidate IFITM3-binding proteins and analyzed the protein complexes using GO annotation, KEGG pathway analysis, and protein interaction network analysis. A total of 362 cellular proteins associate with IFITM3 during the first 24 h post-infection. Of these proteins, the relationship between IFITM3 and Rab9a was evaluated by immunofluorescence colocalization analysis using confocal microscopy. IFITM3 partially colocalized with Rab9a and Rab9a exhibited enhanced colocalization following PDCoV infection. We also demonstrated that IFITM3 interacts specifically with Rab9a. Our results considerably expand the protein networks of IFITM3, suggesting that IFITM3 participates in multiple cellular processes during PDCoV infection.

Realization of fractional quantum Hall state with interacting photons.

Fractional quantum Hall (FQH) states are known for their robust topological order and possess properties that are appealing for applications in fault-tolerant quantum computing. An engineered quantum platform would provide opportunities to operate FQH states without an external magnetic field and enhance local and coherent manipulation of these exotic states. We demonstrate a lattice version of photon FQH states using a programmable on-chip platform based on photon blockade and engineering gauge fields on a two-dimensional circuit quantum electrodynamics system. We observe the effective photon Lorentz force and butterfly spectrum in the artificial gauge field, a prerequisite for FQH states. After adiabatic assembly of Laughlin FQH wave function of 1/2 filling factor from localized photons, we observe strong density correlation and chiral topological flow among the FQH photons. We then verify the unique features of FQH states in response to external fields, including the incompressibility of generating quasiparticles and the smoking-gun signature of fractional quantum Hall conductivity. Our work illustrates a route to the creation and manipulation of novel strongly correlated topological quantum matter composed of photons and opens up possibilities for fault-tolerant quantum information devices.