Epidemiological profile of dog attacks to patients under 14 years old assisted at the pediatric referral emergency unit of a tertiary hospital in Campinas, Brazil.

Introduction: Accidents involving dog attacks are very common, which makes this type of accident a global public health issue. The estimates point to 20% of the victims of such accidents seeking care in health units, and half of them being children. In addition to acute injuries, dog attacks might result in fractures, infections, scars, and psychological traumas. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological profile of dog attacks to children under 14 years old assisted in a pediatric emergency service in Brazil. Methods: The database of the Information and Toxicological Assistance Center of Campinas was surveyed to identify cases of children under 14 years old assisted after a dog attack in a 9-years period. Demographic data, number and type of lesions, type of exposure, part of the body affected, dog origin and condition, and the accident location and cause were analyzed. The data were presented in a descriptive way, and the age groups were classified as follows: 0-3 years old, 4-6 years old, and 7-14 years old. The different age groups were compared one to another regarding the markers evaluated using the chi-square test and the Fisher's exact test. A 0.05 alpha was adopted in all analyses. Results: The number of children assisted in the study period totaled 1,012. The 7-14-year-old group was the most affected (n = 498; 49.2%), male patients were also majority (n = 660; 65.2%). Most injuries were found on the head/neck area (n = 378; 37.4%). However, the older the patients were, the higher the frequency of lesions on upper and lower limbs was, as well as attacks occurred in external environments, thus involving animals that could not be observed. A significant increase in accidents with provoked causes was observed in younger patients. Conclusion: Accidents involving dog attacks are more likely to happen among boys. Younger children run higher risks of becoming victims of these accidents inside homes, being attacked by pets, and showing a greater incidence of head and neck lesions. Older children present more injuries on their limbs, which are caused by dogs that cannot be observed.

Nucleophilic Neutralization of Organophosphates: Lack of Selectivity or Plenty of Versatility?

Neutralization of organophosphates is an issue of public health and safety, involving agrochemicals and chemical warfare. A promising approach is the nucleophilic neutralization, scope of this review, which focuses on the molecular nucleophiles: hydroxide, imidazole derivatives, alpha nucleophiles, amines and other nucleophiles. A reactivity mapping is given correlating the pathways and reaction efficiency with structural dependence of the nucleophile (basicity) and the organophosphate (electrophilic centers, P=O/P=S shift, leaving and non-leaving group). Reactions extremely unfavorable (>20 years) can be reduced to seconds with various nucleophiles, some which are catalytic. Although there is no universal nucleophile, a lack of selectivity in some cases accounts for plenty of versatility in other reactions. The ideal neutralization requires a solid mechanistic understanding, together with balancing factors such as milder conditions, fast process, selectivity and less toxic products.

Analysis of oral health conditions and risk factors for dental caries in patients with sickle cell disease / Condições de saúde bucal e análise de fatores de risco de cárie dentária de pacientes portadores de doença falciforme

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the oral health conditions and risk factors for caries in patients with sickle cell disease. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted in the clinic of the Association of Persons with Hemoglobinopathies of Alagoas, in the city of Maceió-AL, Brazil. The sample composed of 43 patients were included by census sampling. The ICDAS/DMFT/dmf-t caries indices were used, and simplified oral hygiene, salivary flow and buffer capacity tests were performed. Patients were interviewed to check their level of knowledge about oral hygiene and diet. Spearman correlation and ANOVA statistical tests were applied (p<0.05). Results: The mean DMFT was 15.49±4.43; oral hygiene regular (IHOS=2.22±0.18); mean salivary flow 0.92±0.26, and mean buffer capacity 4.60±0.32. Correlation was found between salivary flow and buffer capacity (p = 0.009). Patients with the highest caries prevalence, in the age-ranges 6 to 12, and 20 to 26 years, had the lowest buffer capacity values (p = 0.04). Interviews showed that 58% did not use dental floss, 88% consumed cariogenic snacks, 100% reported never having received guidance from dentists about the cariogenic potential of foods and 60% reported the use of anticholinergic medications to reduce drooling (Tramal® and morphine) during pain crises. Conclusion: These patients presented extremely high caries prevalence, with predominance of carious teeth. The salivary parameters analyzed and level of knowledge about oral hygiene and cariogenic diet presented, showed that patients with sickle cell disease belonged to a group with risk for development of dental caries.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as condições de saúde bucal e fatores de risco de cárie de pacientes com doença falciforme. Métodos: A pesquisa observacional e transversal foi realizada na Associação de Pessoas com Hemoglobinopatias de Alagoas situada na cidade de Maceió-AL. Amostra composta por 43 pacientes incluídos por amostragem censitária. Foram utilizados os índices de cárie ICDAS/CPOD/ceod e de higiene oral simplificado, testes de fluxo salivar e capacidade tampão. Os pacientes foram entrevistados para a verificação do nível de conhecimento sobre higiene bucal e dieta. Foram aplicados os testes de correlação de Spearman e ANOVA (p<0,05). Resultados: O CPOD médio foi de 15,49±4,43, higiene oral regular (IHOS=2,22±0,18), fluxo salivar médio de 0,92±0,26 e capacidade tampão média de 4,60±0,32. Existiu correlação entre o fluxo salivar e capacidade tampão (p= 0,009). Os pacientes com maiores prevalências de cárie, nas faixas etárias de 6 a 12 anos e 20 a 26 anos, possuíam os mais baixos valores de capacidade tampão (p= 0,04). A entrevista mostrou que 58% não utilizavam fio dental, 88% lanchavam alimentos cariogênicos, 100% relataram nunca ter recebido orientações do cirurgião dentista sobre o potencial cariogênico dos alimentos e 60% relataram que utilizavam medicamentos redutores de salivação (Tramal® e morfina) durante as crises álgicas. Conclusão: Os pacientes apresentaram uma prevalência de cárie muito alta, com a predominância de dentes cariados. Os parâmetros salivares analisados e o nível de conhecimento, sobre higiene bucal e dieta cariogênica apresentados, mostraram que pacientes com doença falciforme pertencem a um grupo de risco de desenvolvimento de cárie dentária.

Perfil epidemiológico de puérperas com quadro de depressão pós-parto em unidades de saúde de um município da Serra Catarinense, SC / Epidemiological profile of puerperal patients with postpartum depression in health units of a city in the Santa Catarina mountain range

Introdução: Foi realizada uma pesquisa acerca do perfil epidemiológico de depressão pós-parto em um município de médio porte da Serra Catarinense, SC. Teve como principal objetivo traçar e analisar o perfil epidemiológico da população de puérperas atendidas pelas Unidades de Saúde pesquisadas. É uma patologia que pode comprometer os cuidados da mulher consigo mesma e com o recém-nascido, implicando em vários aspectos psicossociais entre mãe e bebê. A prevalência de depressão pós-parto parece variar tanto em números quanto em apresentação dos sintomas de acordo com as diferentes populações. Metodologia: A pesquisa deu-se por corte transversal dos dados obtidos através da aplicação da Escala de Depressão Pós-natal de Edimburgo, de um questionário estruturado e análise das informações encontradas nas pacientes puérperas atendidas pelas unidades pesquisadas. Foram incluídas na pesquisa pacientes que tiverem dado a luz em um período menor ou igual a 6 meses, de qualquer faixa etária e que sejam atendidas pelas Unidades de Saúde pesquisadas durante o período da coleta de dados. Resultados: Os resultados foram obtidos a partir de uma amostra de 40 entrevistas feitas em três unidades de saúde. A prevalência de possíveis diagnósticos de depressão pós-parto foi de 40%, e os principais fatores relacionados foram tabagismo, nível elevado de estresse e má relação com o pai da criança. Sugerem-se novas pesquisas com mais sujeitos e maior tempo de amostragem para que mais diferenças significativas possam ser examinadas (AU)

Introduction: A survey was carried out on the epidemiological profile of postpartum depression in a medium-sized city of the Santa Catarina mountain range. Its main aim was to find and analyze the epidemiological profile of the population of puerperal patients seen at the Health Units surveyed. Postpartum depression is a disorder that can compromise the mother's care with herself and the newborn, implying in several psychosocial aspects between mother and baby. The prevalence of postpartum depression seems to vary both in numbers and in the presentation of symptoms according to the different populations. Methods: A cross-sectional study of the obtained data was performed by administering the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and a structured questionnaire, and by analyzing the information from the puerperal patients visiting the units surveyed. Included in the study were patients who had given birth within a period of less than or equal to 6 months of any age group and who were seen at the Health Units surveyed during the data collection period. Results: The results were obtained from a sample of 40 interviews carried out in three health units. The prevalence of possible diagnoses of postpartum depression was 40% and the main related factors were smoking, high stress level, and poor relation with the child's father. Further research with more subjects and longer sampling time is suggested so that more significant differences can be examined (AU)

Supramolecular phosphate transfer catalysis by pillar[5]arene.

A kinetic study on dinitrophenylphosphate monoester hydrolysis in the presence of a cationic pillararene, P5A, has been carried out. Formation of the supramolecular complex between phosphate ester and P5A has been studied by NMR showing complexation-induced upfield proton shifts indicative of aromatic ring inclusion in the pillararene cavity. Molecular dynamic calculations allow structure characterization for the 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 complexes. As a result of the supramolecular interaction both the acidity of DNPP and its hydrolysis rate constants are increased. Catalysis results from combination of both electrostatic stabilization reducing the negative electron density on the PO3(=) oxygens and monoester dianion destabilization by the steric effects of close NMe3(+) groups hindering the hydrogen-bonding with water and destabilising the monoester dianion.

Atlas culinário da literatura brasileira: alimentação e cultura / Culinary atlas of brazilian literature: food and culture

Introdução: Acredita-se que pensar a alimentação e seu aspecto cultural no território brasileiro, como salienta a Política Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição, possa ser uma tarefa apoiada pela literatura. Pensar na literatura a partir do geoespaço pode fornecer uma reflexão sobre a alimentação no território brasileiro. Objetivo: Analisar a relação entre território e alimentação em obras da Literatura brasileira. Métodos: A metodologia foi elaborada em três fases: (1) explorar as obras para ordená-las no mapa; (2) sintetizar essa literatura em cada mancha; e, (3) produzir uma reflexão sobre o que essa literatura expressa com relação a alimentação no território brasileiro. Resultados: Foram mapeados um total de 28 autores. Desses, conseguiu-se identificar 47 obras de interesse. Elencam-se, a partir delas, características para cada uma das manchas propostas a priori: (1) na culinária da "Costa" litorânea uma tendência à abertura para inovação, influências que chegavam via mar, sendo também fortemente marcada injustiças, geradas por séculos pelos latifúndios da monocultura; (2) na culinária do "Recôncavo baiano" um protagonismo de enfrentamentos culturais históricos, bem como da fome, fruto desta intensa cultura de subjugação e dominação; (3) na culinária "Caipira" a expressão de uma geoculinária indoors dos comedores familiares, com seus conflitos protagonizados em cena; (4) na culinária "Amazônica" o remanescente do homem que com a natureza coabita e dela extrai seu meio de vida, utilizando-a integralmente; (5) na culinária "Meridional", representada por uma longa faixa de terra, com expressões intensamente heterogêneas, da fome à abundância. Conclusão: Percebeu-se que sete manchas expressariam melhor o componente cultural alimentar no território, o quanto os autores expressam de seu território em suas produções artísticas, o que levanta o tópico das cartografias imaginárias e/ou heterotopias. Além disso, fala-se de uma geoculinária literária que pode auxiliar na tarefa de promover alimentação adequada e saudável (AU).

Introduction: It is believed that thinking about food and its cultural aspect in Brazilian territory, as highlighted by the National Food and Nutrition Policy, can be a task supported by literature. Thinking about literature from geospatial can provide a reflection on the food in the Brazilian territory. Objective: The objective of this research is to analyze the relationship between territory and food in works of Brazilian Literature. Methods: For this was thought of in three phases: (1) explore the works to order them on the map; (2) synthesize this literature in each spot; And, (3) produce a reflection on what this literature expresses about food in Brazilian territory. Results: A total of 28 authors were mapped as results. Of these, 47 works of interest were mapped. The characteristics of each of the spots proposed a priori are listed: (1) in Costa cuisine a tendency towards openness to innovation, influences that came via sea, and also marked injustices, generated for centuries by the latifundia of the Monoculture; (2) in the cuisine of the Recôncavo a protagonism of historical cultural confrontations, as well as hunger, fruit of this intense culture of subjugation and domination; (3) in the Caipira cuisine the expression of a geoculinary indoors of the family eaters, with their conflicts staged on the scene; (4) in the Amazonian cuisine the remnant of the man who cohabits with nature and from it extracts his way of life, using it integrally; (5) in southern cuisine, represented by a long strip of land, with intensely heterogeneous expressions, from hunger to abundance. Conclusion: It was noticed that seven spots would better express the food cultural component in the territory, as the authors express of their territory in their artistic productions, which raises the topic of imaginary and/or heterotopian cartographies. In addition, there is talk of a literary geoculinary that can assist in the task of promoting adequate and healthy food (AU).

Major mechanistic differences between the reactions of hydroxylamine with phosphate di- and tri-esters.

Hydroxylamine reacts as an oxygen nucleophile, most likely via its ammonia oxide tautomer, towards both phosphate di- and triesters of 2-hydroxypyridine. But the reactions are very different. The product of the two-step reaction with the triester TPP is trapped by the NH2OH present in solution to generate diimide, identified from its expected disproportionation and trapping products. The reaction with H3N(+)-O(-) shows general base catalysis, which calculations show is involved in the breakdown of the phosphorane addition-intermediate of a two-step reaction. The reactivity of the diester anion DPP(-) is controlled by its more basic pyridyl N. Hydroxylamine reacts preferentially with the substrate zwitterion DPP(±) to displace first one then a second 2-pyridone, in concerted S(N)2(P) reactions, forming O-phosphorylated products which are readily hydrolysed to inorganic phosphate. The suggested mechanisms are tested and supported by extensive theoretical calculations.

Olhares sobre a alimentação contemporânea: a gastro-anomia e os corpos de Botero / Looking at contemporary food: gastro-anomy and Botero's bodies

O excesso de discursos e informação em torno do tema da alimentação gera um cenário em que o comensal já não sabe como decidir pelo que comer. O sociólogo francês Claude Fischler, partindo do conceito durkheimiano, criou o neologismo gastro-anomia para falar sobre o paradoxo que vivenciamos frente à alimentação contemporânea: nunca soubemos tanto sobre os efeitos da alimentação sobre o corpo e, curiosamente, nunca tivemos tantos problemas de saúde relacionados a ela. É sobre este fenômeno gastro-anômico que trata o presente ensaio. Como a anomia se apresenta na sociedade contemporânea quando o assunto é alimentação? Como nutricionistas entendem esta questão? A arte, por realizar a síntese das propriedades intrínsecas da sociedade, foi utilizada como fio condutor das reflexões. O ponto de partida foi análise de duas obras de épocas distintas: Idade Média e contemporaneidade. O casal Arnolfini representado por Jan van Eyck é uma obra que data do século XV, época em que o discurso médico e o religioso eram aqueles que majoritariamente regiam as escolhas alimentares dos indivíduos. A paródia de Botero, por sua vez, traz à tona corpos volumosos, como uma referência ao excesso: o excesso de informações com que se depara o comensal hoje.

Excess discourses and information on food results in commensals not knowing what to eat. The Durkheim concept led the French sociologist Claude Fischler to create the neologism gastro-anomy to refer to the paradox that we face today regarding food: we have never known so much about the effects of food on the body and, curiously, we have never had so many food-related health problems. The present essay is about this gastro-anomy phenomenon. How does anomy present itself in today's society with respect to food? How do dieticians understand this issue? Since art synthesizes the intrinsic properties of a society, these reflections were guided by art. We started off by analyzing two works from very different time periods: the Middle Ages and today. The Arnolfini couple represented by Jan van Eyck is a work from the 15th century, time when the medical and religious discourse mostly determined people's food choices. On the other hand, Botero's parody elicits plump bodies in reference to excess: the excess information available to commensals nowadays.

Dephosphorylation reactions of mono-, di-, and triesters of 2,4-dinitrophenyl phosphate with deferoxamine and benzohydroxamic acid.

This work presents a detailed kinetic and mechanistic study of biologically interesting dephosphorylation reactions involving the exceptionally reactive nucleophilic group, hydroxamate. We compare results for hydroxamate groups anchored on the simple molecular backbone of benzohydroxamate (BHA) and on the more complex structure of the widely used drug, deferoxamine (DFO). BHA shows extraordinary reactivity toward the triester diethyl 2,4-dinitrophenyl phosphate (DEDNPP) and the diester ethyl 2,4-dinitrophenyl phosphate (EDNPP) but reacts very slowly with the monoester 2,4-dinitrophenyl phosphate (DNPP). Nucleophilic attack on phosphorus is confirmed by the detection of the phosphorylated intermediates formed. These undergo Lossen-type rearrangements, resulting in the decomposition of the nucleophile. DFO, which is used therapeutically for the treatment of acute iron intoxication, carries three hydroxamate groups and shows correspondingly high nucleophilic activity toward both triester DEDNPP and diester EDNPP. This result suggests a potential use for DFO in cases of acute poisoning with phosphorus pesticides.

Comensalidade e cuidado: meninas-jovens-mulheres órfãs no contexto de HIV/Aids / Commensality and care: orphan girls and young women in the context of HIV/Aids / Comensalia y cuidado: chicas-jóvenes-mujeres huérfanas en el contexto del VIH/Sida

O "monopólio da cozinha", histórica e culturalmente, é atribuído às mulheres, mães. Para cuidar da família, elas elegem alimentos, compram, cozinham e os servem. Sustentam a comensalidade. Em contextos de HIV/Aids, onde há perda da mãe, as filhas tornam-se responsáveis por esses cuidados. O que pensam as meninas do papel de cuidadoras com o qual, prematuramente, deparam-se? O que dizem seus irmãos sobre isso? Realizamos entrevistas semidirigidas com 14 jovens órfãos. Os dados foram analisados pela proposta de Mills (2009). As jovens não demonstram insatisfação por executarem novas tarefas, mas deploram o fato de impedirem o estudo e a vida além-casa. Seus irmãos entendem a lida da cozinha como coisa de mulher e, por isso, dificilmente colaboram. Essas jovens necessitam de cuidados direcionados à situação vulnerável em que vivem. As políticas de Saúde Pública poderiam pleitear macroestruturas que atuassem sobre essa demanda.

"Monopoly of the kitchen" is historically and culturally attributed to women and mothers. To care for their families, they select and buy food, and cook and serve it. They sustain commensality. In contexts of HIV/AIDS, when mothers die, the daughters become responsible for such care. What do the girls think of the caregiver's role that they prematurely have to face? What do their brothers think about this? Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 young orphans. The data were analyzed as proposed by Mills (2009). The young women did not show any dissatisfaction with the new tasks that they were doing, but deplored the fact that this impeded them from studying and having a life beyond the home. Their brothers viewed dealing with the kitchen as women's business and rarely collaborated. These young women need care directed towards the vulnerable situation in which they live. Public health policies could seek macrostructures that would act on this demand.

Histórica y culturalmente, el "monopolio de la cocina" se atribuye a las mujeres, a las madres. Para cuidar de la familia eligen los alimentos, los compran, los cocinan y los sirven. Mantienen la comensalia. En el contexto del VIH/SIDA, cuando la madre muere, las hijas se hacen responsables de dichos cuidados. ¿Qué piensan las niñas del papel de cuidadoras? ¿Qué dicen sus hermanos al respecto? Realizamos entrevistas semi-estructuradas con 14 jóvenes huérfanos. Los datos fueron analizados por la propuesta de Mills (2009). Las huérfanas no mostraron descontento por desarrollar nuevas tareas, pero lamentaron el hecho de que esas tareas les impiden de estudiar y vivir una vida más allá del hogar. Sus hermanos conciben la cocina como cosa de mujeres y casi nunca colaboran. Estas jóvenes necesitan de atención por su situación de vulnerabilidad. Las políticas de Salud Pública podrían reclamar macro-estructuras para cubrir esa demanda.

Domestic violence against children and adolescents: a challenge.

OBJECTIVE: To study children and adolescents victims of domestic violence treated at the Referenced Pediatric Emergency Unit of the Hospital de Clínicas of the Universidade Estadual de Campinas and its specialized outpatient clinic between January 2003 and December 2007, emphasizing sexual abuse. METHODS: The variables gender, age, origin, and classification were studied. For victims of sexual abuse, the following variables were also studied: type of abuse (rape), location (domestic/urban), duration (acute/chronic), perpetrator (known, incestuous), alterations at medical examination, notification to child protection agencies, and antiretroviral medication and serology (HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and C). Patients were divided into two groups according to the type of abuse and type of perpertrator and they were associated with gender, age, and duration. For the comparison, chi-squared or Fisher's exact test were performed (significance p < 0.05), as well as raw prevalence odds ratio. RESULTS: Of the total cases of abuse (551), neglect (33.9%) and sexual abuse (31.9%) predominated; the victims were female in 55.9% of the cases, and 50% were up to 5 years of age. Of the sexual abuse cases (95), 80% were female, and 58.9% were between 5 and 10 years of age. Rape was observed in 39% and indecent assault in 59.6%; 72.6% occurred in the domestic area, 81.1% by known perpetrator; 31.6% were incestuous, 47.4% were chronic, and 76.5% had no clinical alterations. 81.1% were referred to child protection agencies. Antiretroviral medication was prescribed to 49.1% of patients, and serological tests (HIV in 46 [48.4%], syphilis in 42 [44.2%], hepatitis B in 44 [46.3%] and hepatitis C in 45 [47.4%]%), all of which were negative, were more frequent in rape victims (p = 0.00). There was an association between rape and age (10 and 15 years, p = 0.01) and between incestuous perpetrator and chronic duration (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Although this study does not reflect reality, it can be used as a warning to pediatricians.

Violência doméstica contra crianças e adolescentes: um desafio / Domestic violence against children and adolescents: a challenge

OBJETIVO: Estudar crianças e adolescentes vítimas de violência doméstica da Unidade de Emergência Referenciada Pediátrica (UERP) do Hospital das Clínicas (HC) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) e ambulatório especializado, entre janeiro de 2003 e dezembro de 2007, enfatizando o abuso sexual. MÉTODOS: Analisou-se: gênero, idade, procedência e classificação. Para as vítimas de abuso sexual estudou-se: tipo de abuso (estupro), local (doméstico/urbano), duração (aguda/crônica), autor (conhecido; incestuoso), alterações no exame médico, notificação ao conselho tutelar, medicação antirretroviral e sorologias (HIV, Lues, hepatite B e C). Dividiu-se em dois grupos com relação ao tipo de abuso e ao autor e associou-se a gênero, idade e duração. Para a comparação calculou-se o Qui-quadrado ou Exato de Fisher (significância p < 0,05) e a razão de chance prevalente bruta. RESULTADOS: Do total (551), predominou a negligência (33,9%) e abuso sexual (31,9%), sendo 55,9% nas meninas e 50% até 5 anos. Do abuso sexual (95), 80% eram meninas e 58,9% entre 5-10 anos. Observou-se estupro entre 39% e atentado ao pudor em 59,6%; 72,6% foram em área doméstica, 81,1% por autor conhecido, 31,6% por relação incestuosa, 47,4% crônica e 76,5% sem alteração clínicas, sendo 81,1% encaminhados ao conselho tutelar. Medicação antirretroviral foi indicada para 49,1% dos pacientes, e sorologias: HIV em 46 (48,4%), Lues em 42 (44,2%), hepatite B em 44 (46,3%) e hepatite C em 45 (47,4%), todas negativas, mais frequente nas vítimas de estupro (p = 0,00). Ocorreu associação entre estupro e idade (10 e 15 anos p = 0,01) e autor incestuoso e duração crônica (p = 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de não refletir a realidade, serve como alerta aos pediatras.

OBJECTIVE: To study children and adolescents victims of domestic violence treated at the Referenced Pediatric Emergency Unit of the Hospital de Clínicas of the Universidade Estadual de Campinas and its specialized outpatient clinic between January 2003 and December 2007, emphasizing sexual abuse. METHODS: The variables gender, age, origin, and classification were studied. For victims of sexual abuse, the following variables were also studied: type of abuse (rape), location (domestic/urban), duration (acute/chronic), perpetrator (known, incestuous), alterations at medical examination, notification to child protection agencies, and antiretroviral medication and serology (HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B and C). Patients were divided into two groups according to the type of abuse and type of perpertrator and they were associated with gender, age, and duration. For the comparison, chi-squared or Fisher's exact test were performed (significance p < 0.05), as well as raw prevalence odds ratio. RESULTS: Of the total cases of abuse (551), neglect (33.9%) and sexual abuse (31.9%) predominated; the victims were female in 55.9% of the cases, and 50% were up to 5 years of age. Of the sexual abuse cases (95), 80% were female, and 58.9% were between 5 and 10 years of age. Rape was observed in 39% and indecent assault in 59.6%; 72.6% occurred in the domestic area, 81.1% by known perpetrator; 31.6% were incestuous, 47.4% were chronic, and 76.5% had no clinical alterations. 81.1% were referred to child protection agencies. Antiretroviral medication was prescribed to 49.1% of patients, and serological tests (HIV in 46 [48.4%], syphilis in 42 [44.2%], hepatitis B in 44 [46.3%] and hepatitis C in 45 [47.4%]%), all of which were negative, were more frequent in rape victims (p = 0.00). There was an association between rape and age (10 and 15 years, p = 0.01) and between incestuous perpetrator and chronic duration (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Although this study does not reflect reality, it can be used as a warning to pediatricians.

Avaliação de conhecimento contraceptivo entre adolescentes grávidas em uma unidade básica de saúde do Distrito Federal / Evaluation of contraceptive knowledge among pregnant adolescents in a basic health unit of the Distrito Federal

Objetivo - Avaliar o conhecimento de adolescentes grávidas sobre métodos contraceptivos em relação às ações dos mesmos, bem como a importância referente a seu uso. Métodos - O método empregado foi quantitativo, de caráter descritivo. A amostra correspondeu a 50 adolescentes grávidas, com idade entre 11 a 19, que responderam a um questionário contendo perguntas sobre o tema. A seguir, foram calculadas as frequências da distribuição dos dados. Resultados - A análise dos dados mostrou que a média de idade encontrada foi de 16 anos; os métodos mais conhecidos por elas são os preservativos masculino (94%) e feminino (68%), o anticoncepcional oral (70%), injetável (70%)e de emergência (64%). Das gestantes, 54% relataram que não utilizaram nenhum método na primeira relação sexual, justificando o "esquecimento"ou a "abstração" durante a relação; todavia 40% já fazia uso frequente de algum método anticoncepcional antes de engravidar, sendo o anticoncepcional oral o mais usado por elas. Conclusão - As adolescentes demonstraram conhecimento inadequado com relação a alguns métodos anticoncepcionais e baixa frequência de uso desses métodos.

Objective - To evaluate the knowledge of pregnant adolescents on contraception in relation to the action of the same, and the importance on to use. Methods - The method that has been used was descriptive, qualitative and quantitative. The samples corresponded to 50 pregnant adolescents whose ages varies from 11 and 19 years old that have been answered a questionnaire about the proposed topic. Following it were calculated the frequency distribution of the dates. Results - The adolescents had an average age of 16, contraceptives are most notorious for male condoms (94%) and females (68%), the oral contraceptive (70%), injection (70%) and emergency (64% ), and 54% of them did not use any method at first intercourse, the main reason the fact was their "failure" of that time and 40% had frequent use of any contraceptive method before pregnancy, oral contraception being the most used by them. Conclusion - The adolescents showed inadequate knowledge about certain contraceptive methods and low frequency of using these methods.

Dephosphorylation reactions with deferoxamine, a potential chemical nuclease.

We report a detailed kinetic and mechanistic study of the reaction of a widely used therapeutic agent, deferoxamine (DFO), which contains three nucleophilic hydroxamate groups, with the model phosphate diester bis-2,4-dinitrophenylphosphate BDNPP. We clarify the mechanism by detecting important phosphorylated intermediates in the model reaction and show that the mechanism can be extended to the reaction with DNA. The effectiveness of DFO in cleaving DNA was examined over a range of pH in the absence and presence of a biologically available metal (Zn(2+)). The results inform and complement ongoing studies involving DFO, which can act as a powerful nucleophile toward DNA and other targets susceptible to nucleophilic attack.

Phosphorylimidazole derivatives: potentially biosignaling molecules.

The phosphorylation of imidazole by two activated phosphate diesters and a triester gives phosphorylimidazole derivatives that are stable enough in aqueous solution to be observed and identified by ESI-MS/MS and NMR. Half-lives ranging from hours to days (in the case of the monoethyl ester) show that it is possible to design molecules with variable half-lives with potential to be used for biological intervention experiments as possible inhibitors of biosignaling processes or as haptens for the generation of antibodies.

Topographical relationships among the portal branchesand the hepatic tributaries in the left lateral division or the liver of brazilian individuals

The left lateral division or left anatomical lobe of the liver is subdivided into posterior lateral or S2 and the anteriorlateral or S3 segments. Because this lobe is widely used in hepatic transplantation, the ramifications of the portal veinand of the hepatic veins have been extensively studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency ofcases in which it is possible to delimit the S2 and S3 hepatic segments. Forty livers from Brazilian subjects ofEuropean and African descent were fixed in neutral formalin solution and dissected. In segment S2, there was alwaysa portal branch located dorsally to the left hepatic tributary. In segment S3, there were three types of interdigitationsdistributed among two portal branches and two hepatic tributaries. In type A (26/40 cases, 65%), the tributariescrossed the dorsal portal branch posteriorly. In subtype A1 (19/26 cases), the tributaries pinched the ventral branch,and in subtype A2 (7/26 cases), they crossed the ventral branch posteriorly. In type B (11/40 cases, 27.5%), the twotributaries pinched the dorsal portal branch, with both pinching the ventral portal branch in subtype B1 (7/11 cases)but only the ventral tributary crossing the latter branch in subtype B2 (4/11 cases). In type C (3/40 cases, 7.5%), theventral and dorsal tributaries crossed the dorsal portal branch anteriorly, with both vessels also crossing the ventralportal branch anteriorly in subtype C1 (2 cases) and only the ventral tributary crossing this branch in C2 (1 case). Inall cases, it was possible to differentiate S2 from S3, even when in type C cases there was no hepatic tributaryseparating them. Moreover, in 23/40 cases (57.5%) there was a fissural umbilical vein greater than 5 mm in diameterand, in 5/23 cases this vein superficially crossed the portal branch destined to segment S3.